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Wang M, Yu P, Tong Z, Shao X, Peng J, Hamid Y, Huang Y. A Modified Model for Quantitative Heavy Metal Source Apportionment and Pollution Pathway Identification. TOXICS 2024; 12:382. [PMID: 38922062 PMCID: PMC11209494 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Current source apportionment models have successfully identified emission sources and quantified their contributions. However, when being utilized for heavy metal source apportion in soil, their accuracy needs to be improved, regarding migration patterns. Therefore, this work intended to improve the pre-existing principal component analysis and multiple linear regression with distance (PCA-MLRD) model to effectively locate pollution pathways (traffic emissions, irrigation water, atmospheric depositions, etc.) and achieve a more precise quantification. The dataset of soil heavy metals was collected from a typical area in the Chang-Zhu-Tan region, Hunan, China in 2021. The identification of the contribution of soil parent material was accomplished through enrichment factors and crustal reference elements. Meanwhile, the anthropogenic emission was identified with principal component analysis and GeoDetector. GeoDetector was used to accurately point to the pollution source from a spatial differentiation perspective. Subsequently, the pollution pathways linked to the identified sources were determined. Non-metal manufacturing factories were found to be significant anthropogenic sources of local soil contamination, mainly through rivers and atmospheric deposition. Furthermore, the influence of irrigation water on heavy metals showed a more pronounced effect within a distance of 1000 m, became weaker after that, and then gradually disappeared. This model may offer improved technical guidance for practical production and the management of soil heavy metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maodi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.W.); (P.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Pengyue Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.W.); (P.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Zhenglong Tong
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.W.); (P.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Xingyuan Shao
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.W.); (P.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jianwei Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.W.); (P.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Yasir Hamid
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environment, Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Ying Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Efficient Use on Soil and Fertilizer, College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.W.); (P.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.S.); (J.P.)
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Zeng P, Liu J, Zhou H, Wang Y, Ni L, Liao Y, Gu J, Liao B, Li Q. Long-term effects of compound passivator coupled with silicon fertilizer on the reduction of cadmium and arsenic accumulation in rice and health risk evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171245. [PMID: 38408656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) are precedence-controlled contaminants in paddy soils, that can easily accumulate in rice grains. Limestone and sepiolite (LS) compound passivator can obviously reduce Cd uptake in rice, whereas Si fertilizer can effectively decrease rice As uptake. Here, the synergistic effects of the LS compound passivator coupled with Si fertilizer (LSCS) on the soil pH and availability of Si, Cd, and As, as well as rice grain Cd and As accumulation and its health risk were studied based on a 3-year consecutive field experiment. The results showed that the LSCS performed the best in terms of synchronously decreasing soil Cd and As availability and rice Cd and As uptake. In the LSCS treatments, soil pH gradually decreased with the rice-planting season, while soil available Cd and As contents gradually increased, suggesting that the influence of LSCS on Cd and As availability gradually weakened with rice cultivation. Nonetheless, the contents of Cd and inorganic As (i-As) in rice grains treated with LSCS were slightly affected by cultivation but were significantly lower than the single treatments of LS compound passivator or Si fertilizer. According to the Cd and As limit standards in food (GB2762-2022), the Cd and i-As content in rice grains can be lowered below the standard by using the 4500 kg/hm2 LS compound passivator coupled with 90 kg/hm2 Si fertilizer in soil and spraying 0.4 g/L Si fertilizer on rice leaves for at least three years. Furthermore, health risk evaluation revealed that LSCS treatments significantly reduced the estimated daily intake, annual excess lifetime cancer risk, and hazard quotient of Cd and i-As in rice grains. These findings suggest that LSCS could be a viable approach for reducing Cd and As accumulation in rice grains and lowering the potential health risks associated with rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Soil Pollution Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Soil Pollution Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China
| | - Li Ni
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ye Liao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jiaofeng Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Soil Pollution Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Changsha 410004, China; Hunan Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd., Changsha 410100, China
| | - Bohan Liao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Soil Pollution Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Qian Li
- Hunan Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd., Changsha 410100, China
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Liu H, Wang H, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li M, Wang X. Environmental cadmium pollution and health risk assessment in rice-wheat rotation area around a smelter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:433-444. [PMID: 38012484 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution induced by smelting process is of great concern worldwide. However, the comprehensive risk assessment of Cd exposures in smelting areas with farming coexist is lacking. In this study, atmospheric deposition, soil, surface and drinking water, rice, wheat, vegetable, fish, pork, and human hair samples were collected in rice-wheat rotation area near nonferrous smelter to investigate smelting effect on environmental Cd pollution and human health. Results showed high Cd deposition (0.88-2.61 mg m-2 year-1) combined with high bioavailability (37-42% totality) in study area. Moreover, 90%, 83%, 57%, and 3% of sampled soil, wheat, rice, and vegetable of Cd were higher than national allowable limits of China, respectively, indicating smelting induced serious environmental Cd pollution. Especially, higher Cd accumulation occurred in wheat compared to rice by factors of 1.5-2.0. However, as for Cd exposure to local residents, due to rice as staple food, rice intake ranked as main route and accounted for 49-53% of total intake, followed by wheat and vegetable. Cd exposure showed high potential noncarcinogenic risks with hazard quotient (HQ) of 0.63-4.99 using Monte Carlo probabilistic simulation, mainly from crop food consumption (mean 94% totality). Further, residents' hair Cd was significant correlated with HQ of wheat and rice ingestion, highlighting negative impact of cereal pollution to resident health. Therefore, smelting process should not coexist with cereal cultivating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, People's Republic of China
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, People's Republic of China
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Guo Z, Yang J, Li K, Shi J, Peng Y, Sarkodie EK, Miao B, Liu H, Liu X, Jiang L. Leaching Behavior of As and Pb in Lead-Zinc Mining Waste Rock under Mine Drainage and Rainwater. TOXICS 2023; 11:943. [PMID: 37999595 PMCID: PMC10675770 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
At present, the pollution of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) is becoming increasingly serious. The pollution caused by the release of As and Pb from lead-zinc mines has seriously affected the water and soil environment and threatened human health. It is necessary to reveal the release characteristics of As and Pb. The actual scene of mine drainage (MD) and rainwater (RW) leaching waste rocks is the one of the main reasons for the release of As and Pb. However, the leaching behavior of As and Pb in these waste rocks under MD and RW suffered from a lack of in-depth research. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of As and Pb in waste rocks (S1-S6) by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and then, the changes in As and Pb concentration and the hydrochemical parameter in leaching solution were systematically studied. Furthermore, the correlation between the release of As and Pb and mineral composition was also evaluated. Results showed that these waste rocks were mainly composed of carbonate and sulfide minerals. As and Pb were mainly bounded or associated with sulfide minerals such as arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena in these waste rocks, and small parts of As and Pb were absorbed or encased by clay minerals such as kaolinite and chlorite. Under MD and RW leaching, the pH, redox potential (Eh), and electric conductivity (EC) of each waste rock tended to be consistent due to their buffering ability; the leachate pH of waste rocks with more carbonate minerals was higher than that of sulfide minerals. Both As and Pb were released most under MD leaching in comparison to RW, reaching 6.57 and 60.32 mg/kg, respectively, due to MD's low pH and high Eh value. However, As in waste rock released more under alkaline conditions because part of the arsenic was in the form of arsenate. As and Pb release were mainly positively correlated with the proportions of sulfide minerals in these waste rocks. MD leaching significantly promoted the release of As and Pb from waste rocks, which would cause a great threat to the surrounding environment, and control measures were imperative. This paper not only reveals the As and Pb pollution mechanism around the lead-zinc mining area but also provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of As and Pb pollution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (Z.G.); (J.Y.); (K.L.); (J.S.); (Y.P.); (E.K.S.); (B.M.); (H.L.); (X.L.)
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Huang Q, Di X, Liu Z, Zhao L, Liang X, Yuebing S, Qin X, Xu Y. Mercapto-palygorskite efficiently immobilizes cadmium in alkaline soil and reduces its accumulation in wheat plants: A field study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115559. [PMID: 37820475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in wheat fields has become a major environmental issue in many regions of the world. Mercapto-palygorskite (MPAL) is a high-performance amendment that can effectively immobilize Cd in alkaline wheat soil. However, MAPL as an in-situ Cd immobilization strategy for alkaline wheat soil remains to be evaluated on a field-scale and the underlying mechanisms requires further evaluation. Here, MPAL were used as soil amendment to evaluate their immobilization efficiency on Cd-contaminated alkaline soil in the field experiments. The field experiments showed that MPAL application significantly reduced wheat grain Cd concentration from 0.183 mg/kg to 0.056 mg/kg, with Cd concentration in wheat grain treated with MPAL all falling below the limit value of 0.1 mg/kg as defined in China's food safety standard (GB 2762-2022). The maximal immobilization efficiency of MPAL on soil Cd figured out by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction was 61.5%. The mechanisms involved in Cd immobilization by MPAL were mainly related to the enhanced sorption of Cd onto Fe oxides, and the removal of amorphous or free Fe oxides from soil had a substantial impact on Cd immobilization efficiency by MPAL. Furthermore, the antagonistic effect between Mn and Cd uptake may also contribute to the reduction of wheat Cd accumulation after MPAL application. The current research can provide theoretical and technical support for the large-scale application of MPAL in Cd-contaminated wheat fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xuerong Di
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Hebei Huakan Zihuan Survey Co., Ltd, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Sun Yuebing
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Yingming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, MARA, Tianjin 300191, China.
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Yang L, Ge S, Liu J, Iqbal Y, Jiang Y, Sun R, Ruan X, Wang Y. Spatial Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(oid)s Contamination in Topsoil around a Lead and Zinc Smelter in Henan Province, Central China. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050427. [PMID: 37235242 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A total of 137 farmland soil samples were collected around a lead/zinc smelter within 64 km2. The concentration, spatial distribution, and potential source of nine heavy metal(oid)s (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) in soils and their potential ecological risk were investigated in detail. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cr and Zn in these soils were higher than their background value in Henan Province, and the average content of Cd was 2.83 times of the risk screening values in the national standard of China (GB 15618-2018). According to the distribution of different heavy metal(oid)s in soils, Cd and Pb in soil decrease gradually with the increase of distance from the smelter to the surrounding area. This indicates that the Pb and Cd originate from smelters via airborne practices according to the typical air pollution diffusion model. The distribution of Zn, Cu, and As were similar to Cd and Pb. However, Ni, V, Cr, and Co were mainly affected by soil parent materials. The potential ecological risk of Cd was higher than those of other elements, and the risk grade of the other eight elements was mainly low. The polluted soils with significantly high and high potential ecological risk covered 93.84% of all the studied regions. This should be of serious concern to government. The results of a principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) show that Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, and As were the elements mainly stemmed from smelter and other types of plants, with a contribution rate of 60.08%, while Co, Cr, Ni, and V are mainly caused by nature, with a contribution rate of 26.26%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shiji Ge
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Younas Iqbal
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuling Jiang
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Ruiling Sun
- Puyang Branch of Municipal Bureau of Ecological Environment, Puyang 457100, China
| | - Xinling Ruan
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Control & Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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Ma C, Lin L, Yang J, Liu F, Berrettoni M, Zhang K, Liu N, Zhang H. Mechanisms of lead uptake and accumulation in wheat grains based on atmospheric deposition-soil sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163845. [PMID: 37146818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) accumulation in wheat grains depends on two aspects: i) Pb uptake by the roots and shoots, and ii) the translocation of organ Pb into the grain. However, the underlying mechanism of the uptake and transport of Pb in wheat remains unclear. This study explored this mechanism by establishing field leaf-cutting comparison treatments. Interestingly, as the organ with the highest Pb concentration, only 20.40 % of the root's relative contribution to grain Pb. The relative contributions of the spike, flag leaf, second leaf, and third leaf to grain Pb were 33.13 %, 23.57 %, 13.21 %, and 9.69 %, respectively, which was opposite to their Pb concentration distribution trends. According to Pb isotope analysis, it was found leaf-cutting treatments reduced the proportion of atmospheric Pb in grain, and grain Pb predominantly comes from atmospheric deposition (79.60 %). Furthermore, from the bottom to the top, the concentration of Pb in internodes decreased gradually, and the proportions of Pb originating from soil in the nodes also decreased, revealing that wheat nodes hindered the translocation of Pb from roots and leaves to the grain. Therefore, the hindering effect of nodes on the migration of soil Pb in wheat resulted in atmospheric Pb having a more convenient pathway to the grain than soil Pb, and further leading grain Pb accumulation primarily depended on the contribution of the flag leaf and spike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Junxing Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Fuyong Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Mario Berrettoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Ke Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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8
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Liu P, Wu Q, Hu W, Tian K, Huang B, Zhao Y. Effects of atmospheric deposition on heavy metals accumulation in agricultural soils: Evidence from field monitoring and Pb isotope analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121740. [PMID: 37121303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition is an essential pathway of heavy metals (HMs) from the atmosphere to soils, while few studies assess the effects and contributions of atmospheric deposition on HMs accumulations in agricultural soils from the field and regional scales. In this study, eleven representative field monitoring sites from industrial areas, agricultural areas, and reference site in a typical rapid industrial development region were selected to determine the effects of atmospheric deposition on soil HMs accumulation. Industrial activities significantly increased the deposited particles flux from atmospheric deposition, with annual particles fluxes in industrial areas being 1.83 and 1.90 times higher than in agricultural areas and reference site, respectively. Although the HMs deposition fluxes had decreased significantly with time by literature comparison, the deposition fluxes of Cd and Pb were still at high levels in this study area. Precipitation was the key factor affecting seasonal variations of atmospheric HMs deposition. Lead isotope analysis indicated that atmospheric Pb originated from coal combustion, and atmospheric deposition was the primary source of Pb contamination in agricultural soil adjacent to industries. This study provided insight into the effects of atmospheric deposition on agricultural soil HMs accumulations at the regional scale and an important theoretical basis for source-preventing soil HMs contamination in industrial developed and other similar areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiumei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Kang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongcun Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Liu P, Li L, Ippolito JA, Xing W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Qiu K. Heavy metal distribution in wheat plant components following foliar Cd application. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138177. [PMID: 36806811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of Cd, from anthropogenic activities, can be directly deposited onto and absorbed into wheat plants, yet, how foliar absorbed Cd is translocated in wheat plants is not well understood. A pot experiment investigated foliar Cd application on the accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in various wheat parts. Wheat was grown in a Cd/heavy metal contaminated soil, and from grain heading to the filling stage, 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg kg-1 Cd solution was sprayed repeatedly on leaves (grain heads were covered). Foliar Cd application had no effect on grain yield and Cd concentration (3.01-3.51 mg kg-1 for all treatments), while increased flag leaf blade and sheath Cd concentrations by 1.06-2.77 and 0.00-0.66 times, respectively. Cadmium concentration in the center of the peduncle, from the 40 mg kg-1 Cd solution treatment, was 1.41 times that of the control (10.3 vs 7.30 mg kg-1). Foliar Cd application also increased Cd accumulation (concentration × mass) of the flag leaf blade and sheath. Rachis and grain Pb concentrations were reduced, while stem Pb concentration was increased by Cd application. Cadmium application negatively affected whole plant Ni accumulation and concentration of certain wheat parts; Ni absorption inhibition may have occurred in roots via the downward transport of Cd. Overall results implied that the predominant portion of foliar applied Cd was retained in leaves, while lesser portions migrated to peduncle or root and affected the absorption/distribution of other metals in wheat plants. These results are important for further discerning the mechanism of wheat grain Cd accumulation, especially when grain is raised in areas where atmospheric deposition of Cd (e.g., near smelting facilities) is an issue from an environmental and human health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Liu
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Liping Li
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - James A Ippolito
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1170, USA; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Weiqin Xing
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yali Wang
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yale Wang
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yongxia Cheng
- Jiyuan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Henan Province, Jiyuan, Henan, 459000, China
| | - Kunyan Qiu
- Jiyuan Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Henan Province, Jiyuan, Henan, 459000, China
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10
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Liang X, Li L, Huang Q. Soil addition of MnSO 4 reduces wheat Cd accumulation by simultaneously increasing labile Mn and decreasing labile Cd concentrations in calcareous soil: A two-year pot study. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137900. [PMID: 36669536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution of wheat fields is a serious environmental and health problem that warrants attention. Manganese (Mn)-containing materials are considered effective for inhibiting Cd accumulation in Cd-contaminated acidic soils. However, information on the long-term remediation effects of Mn fertilizers on Cd accumulation in wheat and on the microbial community in calcareous soils remain limited. Here, a two-year pot experiment was conducted to assess the performance of 0.05-0.2% MnSO4 addition in Cd-contaminated calcareous soils (total Cd concentration: 3.65 mg/kg) on Cd accumulation in wheat as well as on the soil bacterial community. The formation of Mn oxides and transformation of exchangeable Cd to stable Cd fractions confirmed that the application of MnSO4 significantly decreased CaCl2-extractable Cd concentrations in soil (0-47.08%). In addition, MnSO4 addition improved the antagonistic effect of Cd and Mn ions in the wheat rhizosphere by increasing the available Mn concentration in the soil (1.04-3.52 times), thereby significantly reducing wheat Cd accumulation by 24.66-54.70%. Notably, the addition of MnSO4 did not affect the richness and diversity (P > 0.05) but altered the composition and function of bacterial communities, especially those involved in metabolism and genetic information processing. Importantly, the effects of MnSO4 on Cd immobilization in soil (10.66-47.08%) and the inhibition of Cd accumulation in wheat (12.13-54.30%) can last for two years after one addition. Furthermore, the maximum decrease in Cd concentration in grains was found in the low-Cd wheat cultivar, with values of 31.39-54.70% and 19.94-54.30% in the first and second years, respectively. Based on the present findings, the combination of MnSO4 with a low-Cd wheat cultivar is effective for the safe utilization of Cd-contaminated calcareous soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yingming Xu
- Innovation Team of Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Innovation Team of Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Liping Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Qingqing Huang
- Innovation Team of Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
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11
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Wang Z, Li Y, Liu M, Yang Y, Wang R, Chen S, Liu Z, Yan F, Chen X, Bi J, Dong Z, Wang F. Alleviating effects of zinc and 24-epibrassionlide on cadmium accumulation in rice plants under nitrogen application. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137650. [PMID: 36574788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) in farmland soil not only affect crop production, but also endanger human health through the food chain. Rice is the main food crop with the strongest ability to absorb Cd, remediation techniques to reduce soil uptake and grain accumulation of Cd are urgently required, for which the application of foliar spraying seems to be a convenient and auspicious method. This study clarified the effects of nitrogen (N), zinc (Zn), 24-epibrassionlide (EBL) and their combined application on the growth performance and physiological characteristics of Cd and Zn in rice plants under Cd stress. Experimental results showed that N and its combination with Zn, EBL treatments promoted rice growth and yield, especially raised the yield level by 81.12% under N + EBL treatment. Additionally, three EBL treatments (EBL, N + EBL, Zn + EBL) significantly reduced the TF values of Cd in TF stems-grains, TF leaves-grains and TF glumes-grains by 42.70%, 43.67% and 50.33%, while the EF soil-roots under Zn and N + Zn treatments was the lowest, which decreased by 55.39% and 57.71%, respectively. Further, the application of N, Zn, EBL and their combined treatments significantly increased glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) content as well as enhanced Cd distribute into cell walls of rice shoots and roots by 15.18% and 13.20%, respectively. In addition, N, Zn, EBL and their combined application increased Zn concentration, free amino acid and glutelin content, and decreased the Cd accumulation in albumin, glutelin and globulin, thus lowered Cd concentration in grains by 27.55%, 58.29% and 51.56%, respectively. These results comprehensive suggest that the possibility of N management combined with Zn or EBL application for maintaining high yield and alleviating Cd stress by regulating the absorption and remobilization process under mild stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunxin Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Mingsong Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Zongmei Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Feiyu Yan
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Xinhong Chen
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
| | - Junguo Bi
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 210095, PR China; Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhiyao Dong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, PR China
| | - Feibing Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, PR China
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12
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Qiao Y, Hou H, Chen L, Wang H, Jeyakumar P, Lu Y, Cao L, Zhao L, Han D. Comparison of Pb and Cd in wheat grains under air-soil-wheat system near lead-zinc smelters and total suspended particulate introduced modeling attempt. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156290. [PMID: 35644402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The excessive accumulation of wheat grain metals and metalloids caused by ambient air contamination has drawn an increasing concern. However, at present, the differences in the pathways of cadmium and lead accumulation in wheat grains in an air-soil-wheat system are not clear. In this study, wheat was grown around a lead‑zinc smelting area and exposed to different soil Pb and Cd levels and different ambient air Pb and Cd levels. Lead and Cd accumulation in wheat grains was examined in this study. Two models of wheat grain Pb and Cd concentrations were established based on the 3 variables including soil Pb and Cd concentration, ambient air Pb and Cd concentration, and soil pH. The results showed that total suspended particulate (TSP), soil, and wheat grains exhibited different degrees of Pb and Cd contamination in the study area, and the contamination of Cd is more serious than Pb contamination. The Pb in wheat grains was more likely to derive from ambient air than from soil, whereas the impact of ambient air on the accumulation of Cd in wheat grains might be very limited. This speculation was confirmed by the results of the predictor variable relative weight method based on the multiple regression analysis. Introduction of ambient air factor (TSP Pb and Cd) greatly improved the modeling effect of wheat grains Pb, while the modeling of grain Cd was more dependent on soil pH and total soil Cd. This research suggests that the reduction in wheat grain Pb is likely to be achieved by the control over ambient air Pb, whereas the reduction in the wheat grain Cd by the remediation of soil pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Qiao
- College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Hou
- College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Ligen Chen
- College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Paramsothy Jeyakumar
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yifu Lu
- Institute of Environmental Science of Jiyuan City, Jiyuan 459000, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Institute of Environmental Science of Jiyuan City, Jiyuan 459000, China
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dongjin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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13
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Ma C, Xie P, Yang J, Lin L, Zhang K, Zhang H. Evaluating the contributions of leaf organ to wheat grain cadmium at the filling stage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155217. [PMID: 35429556 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an element of global concern in agricultural fields owing to its high bioavailability and its risk to human health via the consumption of wheat products. However, whether wheat leaves can directly absorb atmospheric Cd and transport them to the grains along with the contribution of leaves to Cd accumulation in the grains is not clear. We evaluated this mechanism through three comparative treatments: 1) exposure to atmospheric deposition (CK), 2) no exposure to atmospheric deposition (T1), and 3) exposure to atmospheric deposition with leaf cutting (T2). The Cd accumulation rate of grains in the CK, T1, and T2 groups all showed an increasing trend, followed by a decreasing trend, which was consistent with the trend of filling rate. Moreover, the critical period for leaf Cd accumulation in the grains was the early filling period, and its contribution decreased gradually as filling progressed. The contribution of the leaves to grain Cd reached 31.73% at maturity, with the reactivation of stored Cd in leaves pre-flowering and the newly absorbed atmospheric Cd by leaves post-flowering contributing 19.76% and 11.97% to Cd accumulation in grains, respectively, at maturity. Sub-microstructure analysis of the leaves further confirmed that the direct Cd absorption by leaves from atmospheric deposition through stomata contributed to Cd accumulation in wheat grains. Therefore, controlling the sources of atmospheric Cd pollution and reducing Cd absorption by leaves during grain filling can effectively control Cd pollution of wheat grains. This study provides significant insights on how to more effectively control the Cd content of edible part of wheat and ensure food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Pan Xie
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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14
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Li K, Wang J, Zhang Y. Heavy metal pollution risk of cultivated land from industrial production in China: Spatial pattern and its enlightenment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154382. [PMID: 35278565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Industrial production is the main source of heavy metals for cultivated land in China as it has been the world's factory. However, owing to there being insufficient data and appropriate methods, it is difficult to rank the risk level and identify spatial patterns of heavy metal pollution in cultivated land. This study developed an innovative methodology for relative regional risk assessment based on the risk theory of source-pathway-receptor, and the heavy metal pollution risks of cultivated land were appraised on a national scale. The results showed that: (i) the cultivated land with high, medium, and low risk of heavy metal pollution accounted for 4.23%, 10.01%, and 4.53% in China; (ii) the heavy metal pollution risk level of cultivated land increased gradually from the northwest to the southeast of China, and the risk in the north was more serious than that in the south; (iii) the aggregated distribution areas of high-risk regions in China were the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, the Tianjin coastal area, the Sichuan-Chongqing economic zone, central-southern Hunan, central Hebei, and the Yellow River coast of Henan; and (iv) China's prevention and control policies effectively curbed heavy metal pollution in cultivated land, the pollution risks have declined significantly. It is suggested that different protection and control strategies should be upgraded and implemented according to different risk modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jieyong Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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15
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Ma C, Xie P, Yang J, Liu F, Hu H, Du J, Zhang K, Lin L, Zhang H. Relative contribution of environmental medium and internal organs to lead accumulation of wheat grain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151832. [PMID: 34813811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) pollution in wheat has received considerable research attention globally due to its persistence and ease of accumulation, posing severe health risks to humans. This study explored the relative contribution of the environmental medium (atmospheric deposition and soil) and wheat internal organs to Pb accumulation in wheat grains, using field experiments by contrasting treatments. The concentration and bioavailability of Pb in the soil were significantly lower than those of atmospherically deposited Pb (P < 0.05). Pb accumulation rate in wheat grains was consistent with the grain filling rate, which first increased and then decreased, reaching the highest level at the middle filling stage. Pb isotope analysis showed that atmospheric deposition was the main source of Pb in the shoots of wheat plants, contributing more than 80.0% of Pb in grains. Although the roots had the highest Pb concentration, the spikes had the greatest relative contribution (58.4%) to Pb accumulation in the wheat grains, followed by that of the leaves (24.5%), whereas the contribution of roots was the lowest (17.1%) among all plant organs. In addition, among all leaves, the contribution of flag leaves to Pb accumulation in the grain was higher than the cumulative contribution of all other leaves, where flag leaves and other leaves contributed 13.8% and 10.7%, respectively. Collectively, the absorption of atmospherically deposited Pb by wheat spikes is the leading cause of Pb pollution in wheat grains. These results may aid in formulating strategies to reduce Pb concentration in grains and ensure food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Ma
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Pan Xie
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Fuyong Liu
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Huafeng Hu
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Jun Du
- Henan Academy of agricultural sciences, Zhengzhou 45001, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - Hongzhong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Environmental Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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Heavy Metal(loid)s Pollution of Agricultural Soils and Health Risk Assessment of Consuming Soybean and Wheat in a Typical Non-Ferrous Metal Mine Area in Northeast China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During mining, some of the essential metal(loid)s for plants or humans are discharged into the environment with non-essential metal(loid)s. Thus, comprehensive investigations of their distribution and the health risk of consuming food crops near mines are significant. A total of 26 soils and 25 food crops (soybean grains and wheat grains) were sampled to investigate arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and manganese (Mn) in soils and crops in a typical non-ferrous metal mine area in Northeast China. The distribution patterns of soil heavy metal(loid)s and principal component analysis (PCA) results indicated that Cd, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Mn in soils were significantly affected by mining activities and were mainly or partly derived from the mines. Moreover, these soil heavy metal(loid)s (except Se) in the Tongshan copper mine area were attenuated with distance in the downstream direction. The BCF (bioconcentration factor) values of non-essential elements (Se, Hg, Cr, As, Cd, Pb) were relatively lower and positively related to soil nutrients. On the contrary, higher BCF values of essential elements (Cu, Zn, and Mo) and a weak relationship between the BCF of essential elements and soil nutrients were found. The mean Igeo values of soil heavy metal(loid)s indicated that As and Cu were at an unpolluted-to-moderately-polluted level (Igeo > 1), while other heavy metal(loid)s all presented an unpolluted level (Igeo < 1). Nevertheless, some soil samples were obviously polluted (Igeo > 1), such as KQ, D1, D3, D5, D6, and T1. The HQ (hazard quotient) and HI (hazard index) values of As and Mn both exceeded 1, indicating the higher potential health risks of consuming soybean grains and wheat grains for all people groups.
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17
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Yang L, Ren Q, Ge S, Jiao Z, Zhan W, Hou R, Ruan X, Pan Y, Wang Y. Metal(loid)s Spatial Distribution, Accumulation, and Potential Health Risk Assessment in Soil-Wheat Systems near a Pb/Zn Smelter in Henan Province, Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052527. [PMID: 35270219 PMCID: PMC8909631 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To understand the influence of Pb/Zn smelter on surrounding environment, 110 soil and 62 wheat grain samples (62 paired samples) were collected nearby a Pb/Zn smelter in Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, China. The content and spatial distribution of metal(loid)s in the soil-wheat system, and the potential health risk via consumption of wheat grains were determined. Results showed that the average content of Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni in soil were 129.16, 4.28, 17.95, 20.43, 79.36, and 9.42 mg/kg, respectively. The content of Cd in almost all soil samples (99.1%) exceeded the national limitation of China (0.6 mg/kg). Spatial distribution analysis indicated that atmospheric deposition might be the main pollution source of Pb, Cd, As, and Zn in soil. In addition, the average content of Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni in wheat grain were 0.62, 0.35, 0.10, 3.7, 35.77, and 0.15 mg/kg, respectively, with the average Pb and Cd content exceeding the national limitation of China. The average bioaccumulation factor of these metal(loid)s followed the following order: Zn (0.507) > Cu (0.239) > Cd (0.134) > Ni (0.024) > Pb (0.007) > As (0.006). Health risk assessment indicated that the average noncarcinogenic risk of children (6.78) was much higher than that of adults (2.83), and the carcinogenic risk of almost all wheat grain is higher than the acceptable range, with an average value of 2.43 × 10−2. These results indicated that humans who regularly consume these wheat grains might have a serious risk of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (L.Y.); (X.R.)
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Qiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Shiji Ge
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.R.); (S.G.)
| | - Zhiqiang Jiao
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Z.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Wenhao Zhan
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China;
| | - Runxiao Hou
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Z.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Xinling Ruan
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (L.Y.); (X.R.)
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.R.); (S.G.)
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Z.J.); (R.H.)
| | - Yanfang Pan
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (L.Y.); (X.R.)
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.R.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yangyang Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Environmental and Planning, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (L.Y.); (X.R.)
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Q.R.); (S.G.)
- Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (Z.J.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (Y.W.)
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18
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Wang Y, Xing W, Liang X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Huang Q, Li L. Effects of exogenous additives on wheat Cd accumulation, soil Cd availability and physicochemical properties in Cd-contaminated agricultural soils: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152090. [PMID: 34863754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in wheat is a serious issue. The application of exogenous additives can effectively inhibit Cd bioavailability in soil and decrease Cd accumulation in wheat. However, a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of how additives affect wheat Cd accumulation, wheat yield, soil Cd availability, and soil properties is lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis of 65 peer-reviewed papers published before April 2021 to investigate how additives application affects Cd accumulation in wheat and soil Cd availability. The results indicated that most additives application decreased the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid extractable-Cd content (5.27-56.33%) in the soil, and wheat grain and root Cd concentrations (0.03-129.87% and 0.42-52.84%, respectively); the pH values of wheat-grown soil and the properties of the additives affected the reduction percentage. Overall, most wheat-grown soils were calcareous soil (42 peer-reviewed papers); in calcareous soil, the magnitude of the Cd reduction in wheat grain was the highest under treatments with clay minerals (129.87%) due to clay modification, followed by composite (75.36%) and phosphorus materials (73.55%). Moreover, most additives application increased wheat grain yield by 0.03-51.84%, which was attributed to the positive effects of additives on wheat antioxidant capacity, photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake. Additives application increased the pH value of acidic wheat soil, and positively affected the electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content of the wheat grown soil. In addition, regression analysis showed that soil available Cd was negatively correlated with the pH value with additives application in acidic soil (r2 = 0.43), while a non-significant correlation was observed in neutral and calcareous wheat soils (r2 = 0.017 and 0.016, respectively). The results of this study can assist in the selection, modification, and utilisation of additives to remediate Cd-contaminated wheat soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Wang
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Weiqin Xing
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yingming Xu
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yali Wang
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Qingqing Huang
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Liping Li
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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19
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Wei C, Lei M, Chen T, Zhou C, Gu R. Method on site-specific source apportionment of domestic soil pollution across China through public data mining: A case study on cadmium from non-ferrous industries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118605. [PMID: 34896223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The lack of emission data of major Cd-emitting enterprises has long limited the source apportionment of soil cadmium (Cd). Non-ferrous metal enterprises (NMEs) contribute the most Cd emissions in China in recent years. We estimated the cumulative Cd emission of 8750 NMEs across China through public data collection and material balance methods for the first time. The results showed that the total Cd emissions were estimated at 133,177 tons, of which 78.68% contributed by zinc primary smelting and mining. The emission hotspots are mainly concentrated in the south of the Yangtze River, such as Nanling Mountain areas, Nanpan River Basin, and Jincheng River Basin, as well as a few parts of the North and Northwest China. Then a significant positive spatial correlation was furtherly detected between NMEs and soil Cd, except for secondary smelting enterprises. Moreover, the hotspots of soil Cd pollution caused by NMEs were identified across China. By promoting the accounting calibrator from annual emission intensity of regional (mainly provincial) scale to the cumulative emission of site-specific enterprise in its entire life cycle, this study realized the finer description of the spatial heterogeneity of Cd emission from non-ferrous industry on a large scale and make it possible to refine the reliability of follow-up site-specific source apportionment, by introducing the emission intensity instead of the enterprise sites density. Finally, a modified approach for the regional source apportionment of soil pollution was proposed to obtain a more realistic and precise drawing. The results pointed out key NMEs subcategories and the affected hotspots which require continuous strengthening of Cd-related rectification. This methodological framework is expected to contribute to the precise management and differential sources control of Cd pollution and can be further extended to other pollutants for the precise targeting of key industries and hotspots during source pollution control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Wei
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Mei Lei
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Tongbin Chen
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenghu Zhou
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Runyao Gu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, 550025, China
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20
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Miao F, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lin Q. A synthetic health risk assessment based on geochemical equilibrium simulation and grid spatial interpolation for zinc (II) species. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114207. [PMID: 34864417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil heavy metal pollution has become a global issue involving environmental safety and human health risks. This paper quantified the sources of heavy metals by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and explored the spatial distribution of heavy metals by means of grid scales, with an industrial site as the study area in Suzhou. The PMF identified four pollution sources of heavy metal in soil, and the quantitative results revealed that industrial activities (33.5%) contributed the most to heavy metals, followed by soil parent materials (30.8%) and agricultural activities (19.7%). Zinc (Zn) was screened out as the targeted metal (TM) through the potential ecological risk assessment, the metal species of which was simulated by the geochemical software PHREEQC. This research aimed to determine the dominant metal species of TM with high-risk levels to realize the transformation of toxic metal species. Herein, according to the morphological evolution of metal species, the activity and concentration of the Zn ion species were obtained for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment. The evaluation of the optimized human health risk demonstrated that the associated health risk of Zn (II) ions depended predominantly on its metal speciation. Overall, the optimized carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk value of Zn2S32- for adults was 2.01E-04 and for children was 1.31, resulting in corresponding hazardous risk to humans, which accounted for high-risk levels of 61.5% and 58.5% for adults and children, respectively. The OHRA method can provide a reference for the decision-making of soil heavy metal pollution and remediation for specific heavy metals in polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Miao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yimei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Functional Material, Suzhou Research Academy of North China Electric Power University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215213, China.
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qianguo Lin
- Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Functional Material, Suzhou Research Academy of North China Electric Power University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215213, China; Business School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JU, UK
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21
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Zhang XY, Geng LP, Gao PP, Dong JW, Zhou C, Li HB, Chen MM, Xue PY, Liu WJ. Bioimaging of Pb by LA-ICP-MS and Pb isotopic compositions reveal distributions and origins of Pb in wheat grain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149729. [PMID: 34454135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in agroecosystems has increased recently, especially in northern China, which poses serious risks to crop safety and human health via food chain. Wheat grains can accumulate high levels of Pb even when wheat is planted in soils with low levels of Pb. However, the influence of atmospheric deposition on the accumulation and distribution of Pb in wheat grain is still unclear. A field survey was conducted in three districts (A: a district with industrial and traffic pollution; B: a district with traffic pollution; and C: an unpolluted district) in Hebei Province, North China. The grain of wheat cultivated in district A accumulated more Pb from soil and atmospheric deposition than those in other districts, and the bran from district A contained 3.50 and 2.04 times more Pb than those from districts B and C, respectively. The Pb distribution pattern in wheat grain detected by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was characterized by accumulation mostly in the pericarp and seed coat rather than in the crease, embryo and endosperm. Furthermore, Pb isotopic data showed that airborne Pb was the major source (>50%) of Pb in wheat grain. Interestingly, average contributions of Pb from atmospheric deposition to white flour (78.22%) were higher than its contributions to bran (56.27%). In addition, wheat flag leaves were exposed to PbSO4 at the booting stage, and much greater Pb accumulation (0.33-0.48 mg/kg) was observed in exposed wheat grain than in the control (P < 0.05), PbSO4 constituted most (82.80-100%) of the Pb in the wheat grain. In summary, the results confirmed the efficient foliar Pb uptake and transfer from atmospheric deposition into wheat grain. It would be a new sight for understanding the contribution of airborne Pb to Pb accumulation in wheat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Li-Ping Geng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Pei-Pei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jun-Wen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Miao-Miao Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology of Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Pei-Ying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Wen-Ju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory for Farmland Eco-environment of Hebei Province, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei, Baoding 071000, China.
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22
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Li C, Du D, Gan Y, Ji S, Wang L, Chang M, Liu J. Foliar dust as a reliable environmental monitor of heavy metal pollution in comparison to plant leaves and soil in urban areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132341. [PMID: 34563786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of atmospheric particulate matter carrying heavy metals has posed a great threat to various ecosystem compartments. Here, a total of 540 samples from four ecosystem compartments (plant leaves, foliar dust, surface soil, and subsoil) were collected in urban soil-plant systems to characterize the heavy metal concentration and composition of foliar dust, to verify the suitability of foliar dust as an environmental monitor, and to explore the importance of foliar dust in shaping the heavy metal composition in plant leaves. We found that the concentrations of all detected elements (lead, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel, and manganese) in foliar dust were the highest among the four ecosystem compartments. The mass of element per unit leaf area, considering both the dust retention amount and the heavy metal concentration of foliar dust, had significant positive correlations with the degree of heavy metal pollution in soil. Foliar dust could reflect ambient elemental composition most reliably among the four ecosystem compartments. The above findings show that foliar dust is more suitable for environmental monitoring than soil and plant materials in urban areas. In addition, the elemental composition of plant leaves differed significantly with different soil-plant systems although species identity dominated the leaf elemental composition. The variation partitioning model and the partial correlation analysis confirm that foliar dust plays a more important role in shaping the elemental composition of plant leaves than soil. This study provides a new way for environmental pollution monitoring and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Daolin Du
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yandong Gan
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Shuping Ji
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lifei Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mengjie Chang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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23
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Zhou T, Wang Z, Christie P, Wu L. Cadmium and Lead Pollution Characteristics of Soils, Vegetables and Human Hair Around an Open-cast Lead-zinc Mine. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:1176-1183. [PMID: 33580295 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) was investigated together with the accumulation, distribution and health risks from potentially toxic metals in soils, vegetables and human hair at a mining area in southwest China. Annual atmospheric deposition of Cd and Pb were 41.1 and 192 g ha- 1, respectively, and consisted mainly of dry deposition. Agricultural soils experienced high levels of metal pollution around the mine, with 66.4% and 57.3 % of vegetable samples grown on these polluted fields exceeding maximum permissible Cd and Pb concentrations, particularly the leafy vegetables. Residents living near the mining area had high Cd (0.75 mg kg- 1) and Pb (6.87 mg kg- 1) concentrations in their hair, and the maximum values occurred in occupationally exposed individuals. Long-term mining activities have resulted in high health risks to the local population due to Cd and Pb deposition and accumulation from the atmosphere, soils and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter Christie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, Nanjing, China.
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24
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Liu Y, Ma Z, Liu G, Jiang L, Dong L, He Y, Shang Z, Shi H. Accumulation risk and source apportionment of heavy metals in different types of farmland in a typical farming area of northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:5177-5194. [PMID: 34115270 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The types of land used for farmland can greatly influence the source and accumulation risk of heavy metals in soil. However, the apportioning quantitatively the source of soil heavy metals has been studied insufficiently, especially in terms of different types of farmland. In this study, a total of 252 soil samples were taken from dry land, paddy fields and greenhouse fields in the Jinyuan district of Taiyuan city, China, to assess the accumulation risk of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn). The results were then integrated, and source apportionment was evaluated by geospatial analysis, multivariate statistical analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Cr, Cd and Hg were the dominant pollutants in the studied area. Accumulation risk by Cd and Cu was more severe in greenhouse fields than in dry land or paddy fields, whereas As, Hg and Pb had relatively higher accumulation in paddy fields than in dry land or greenhouse fields. Hg was derived mainly from coal combustion by atmospheric precipitation for the three types of farmland. Long-term irrigation using sewage is the main reason for the accumulation of Cu and Ni in dry land soil, Cu and Zn in paddy field soil and Zn in greenhouse soil. Cd in dry land, Cd and Pb in paddy fields and Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb in greenhouse fields were primarily added to soil through fertilization. Sewage irrigation and fertilization were the dominant sources of heavy metals for paddy field (31.3%) and greenhouse field (33.1%), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zihui Ma
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, 100037, China
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Guannan Liu
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing, 100037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Lei Jiang
- Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yue He
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Zhifeng Shang
- Shanxi Jingtianhuize Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Huading Shi
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, China
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25
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Liu B, Tian K, Huang B, Zhang X, Bian Z, Mao Z, Yuan X, Fu J, Wu L. Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Potential Toxic Elements in a Tin-polymetallic Mine Area Southwest China: Environmental Implications by Multi-Medium Analysis. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:1032-1042. [PMID: 34230989 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A multi-medium system, involving tailing area (tailings, surrounding soils and water) and downstream agricultural area (river water, sediments and farmland soils), was conceived to evaluate the pollution status of potential toxic elements (PTEs, including Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, Pb, Cr and Cd) and environmental risks in a tin-polymetallic mine area southwest China. The results indicated that tailings exhibited representative enrichment and combination characteristics of Sn, Cu, Ni, Fe, As, Pb and Cr compared to surrounding soils. Acid mine drainage (AMD) from tailings and other mining-related sources greatly affected river water and farmland soils, resulting in soil acidification and accumulation of Sn, As, Cu and Pb in paddy soils. Overall, potential ecological risks posed by tailings and river sediments, and pollution risks from Cu, As and Pb in farmland should be concerned. Therefore, effective measures should be urgently taken to prevent PTEs and AMD into surrounding environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benle Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, Nanjing, China.
| | - Biao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijin Bian
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, 110044, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuyin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 210098, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangli Fu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008, Nanjing, China
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26
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Qin X, Zhao L, Huang Q, Liang X. Effects of S,S-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid on the phytoextraction efficiency of Solanum nigrum L. and soil quality in Cd-contaminated alkaline wheat soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:42959-42974. [PMID: 33830419 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Degradable chelating agent-assisted phytoextraction is a promising method for the remediation of Cd-contaminated agricultural soil. However, there are limited studies that have examined the effect of chelating agents on soil solutions and soil quality in alkaline soil. In this study, the effects of S,S-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (EDDS) on the growth and phytoextraction of Solanum nigrum L. (S. nigrum) were studied using pot experiments. The influence of EDDS on the soil solutions, heavy metal contents, and soil enzyme activities was evaluated. EDDS application increased the height of S. nigrum by 7.25-29.25 cm and increased the biomass of stem and leaf by 4.26-14.95 and 1.14-10.78 g/pot, respectively. The Cd concentrations in the leaves and berries of S. nigrum were 1.21-2.17 and 1.7-9.47 times higher than that of the control, respectively, and the Cd extraction amount in the shoots of S. nigrum increased by 22.78-256.16 μg/pot after EDDS application. The chelation of EDDS on heavy metals reached a peak after 7 days of application, decreased gradually with the degradation of EDDS, and disappeared after 30 days of application. Soil pH, available metals, metal speciation, and soil urease were significantly related to the application time of EDDS. Importantly, EDDS application 45 days before S. nigrum harvest treatments decreased the available metal concentrations and improved soil pH and urease activity. However, when EDDS was applied 15 days before S. nigrum harvest, the available Cd and Pb concentrations significantly increased and caused additional Pb pollution. Considering the chelation and degradation effects, the environmental implication, and the cost of EDDS, the results of this study showed that one application of EDDS was better than two applications, a 45-day application before harvest was preferred to a 15-day application, and application of 1-3 mM EDDS 30-45 days before S. nigrum harvest was the most promising application method for the remediation of Cd-contaminated alkaline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Wang
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Pollution Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingming Xu
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Pollution Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Qin
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Pollution Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Zhao
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Pollution Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Huang
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Pollution Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Pollution Control, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China
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Li L, Zhang Y, Ippolito JA, Xing W, Tu C. Lead smelting alters wheat flour heavy metal concentrations and health risks. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:454-464. [PMID: 33462853 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour consumption may be a major source of human metal intake, especially when wheat is cultivated in metal-contaminated soils. This work investigated Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn distribution in whole wheat flour, wheat flour, and wheat bran when grown in an area polluted by Pb smelting. Wheat product heavy metal concentrations were analyzed, and the (non)carcinogenic risks were assessed. Mean Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in whole wheat flour were 0.38, 3.83, 0.48, and 29.3 mg kg-1 , respectively; those in flour were only slightly reduced. The ratios between noncarcinogenic average daily dose of whole wheat flour and wheat flour consumption ranged from 1.06 to 3.76, with Pb having the greatest values compared with other metals. For children, the average hazard quotients (HQs) of whole wheat flour consumption of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 4.19, 1.06, 1.53, and 1.07; those for wheat flour consumption were 3.81, 0.68, 0.70, and 0.98, respectively. The HQs of adults were less than those of children. Overall results indicated that consumption of wheat products may lead to health concerns in the heavy metal contaminated area, yet when wheat flour rather than whole wheat flour is consumed, only the human health risk from Pb ingestion is reduced. Altering or removing human edible crops in the most contaminated areas should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- School of the Environment, Henan Univ. of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- School of the Environment, Henan Univ. of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - James A Ippolito
- Dep. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1170, USA
| | - Weiqin Xing
- School of the Environment, Henan Univ. of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Chen Tu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, China
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Islam N, Saikia BK. Atmospheric particulate matter and potentially hazardous compounds around residential/road side soil in an urban area. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127453. [PMID: 32610175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient coarse and fine particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) causes premature death worldwide due to the nature of their particle size. It contains potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims to quantify the particulate matter (PM) loads on the surface of soil in twenty-five different locations including residential and roadside areas of an urban area in Northeast India. This study shows that the 24h mean concentration of PM (121 ± 49 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 153 ± 45 μg/m3 for PM10) exceeded more than three times the WHO's air quality standard limit for both PM2.5 (25 μg/m3) and PM10 (50 μg/m3) indicating poor air quality in the urban area during monsoon season. The health risk assessment of PAHs and PHEs including mutagenic or carcinogenic potency was observed to be higher as compared to other studies carried out on road traffic emissions in a similar type of urban area. This study also provides a brief database on the deposition of PM on the soil surfaces due to wet-deposition that would help to increase public awareness in such type of urban area for the control of PM pollution and further remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Polymer Petroleum and Coal Chemistry Group, Materials Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-NEIST Campus, Jorhat, 785006, India.
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Xing W, Yang H, Ippolito JA, Zhang Y, Scheckel KG, Li L. Lead source and bioaccessibility in windowsill dusts within a Pb smelting-affected area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115110. [PMID: 32622007 PMCID: PMC8892774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Windowsill, heavy metal-containing dust samples, collected at different building heights, may provide some insight into both source and human health risk. Windowsill dust samples were collected from the 1st to 9th floor (1.4-23.2 m above ground) near a lead smelter (1 km to the smelter) and in urban areas (4.2-7.3 km to the smelter) and separated into <10, 10-45 and 45-125 μm size fractions. Samples were extracted with artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) and the physiologically based extraction test (PBET) (<10 μm fractions only), subjected to scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Pb isotopic analysis. Greater Pb concentrations were found in 10-45 μm fraction than the other size fractions; at the PX site, dust Pb concentrations increased with windowsill height, while an opposite trend was found at other sites. Isotopic analysis and SEM-EDS results supported this contention. Higher floor samples collected near the smelter were more affected by lead smelting than lower floor samples; lower floor samples collected at urban sites were more affected by resuspended Pb-laden particles from the ground than higher floors. The Pb bioaccessible fraction (BAF) in the ALF and PBET ranged between 68.9-90.1 and 1.3-17.0%, respectively; urban samples had greater BAF values than samples collected near the smelter. This, first of its kind investigation regarding Pb in dusts at different building heights, provides further insight for reducing human health risks within Pb smelter vicinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Xing
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - James A Ippolito
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1170, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Liping Li
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
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