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Chen H, Chen C, Zhao X, Wang J, Wang Y, Xian Q. Disinfection byproducts and their cytotoxicity contribution from dissolved black carbon in source water during chlor(am)ination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172834. [PMID: 38688374 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Dissolved black carbon (DBC), the soluble component of black carbon, which mainly comes from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or biomass, is widely spread in source water and significantly contributes to the formation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the origin of DBC in different types of source water in China has not been well studied, as well as its subsequent transformation and toxicity contribution during disinfection of source water DOM by chlor(am)ine. In this study, DBC from 17 different source water in East China at different seasons was collected. The δ13C compositions indicated that straw burning was the main origin of DBC in source water. After simulated chlor(am)ination of DBC, 5 categories of aliphatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, halonitromethanes and 6 categories of aromatic DBPs including halophenols, halonitrophenols, halohydroxybenzaldehyde, halohydroxybenzoic acid, halobenzoquinones and haloaniline were detected. Compared with chlorination of DBC, higher levels of nitrogenous DBPs and aromatic DBPs were generated during chloramination. Detected DBPs accounted for 42 % of total organic halogen. What's more, Chinese hamster ovary cells cytotoxicity tests showed that the cytotoxicity of DBPs formed by chlor(am)ination of DBC was 4 times higher than that by chlor(am)ination of DOM. Haloacetonitriles contributed to the highest cytotoxicity in the chloramination of DBC, and haloacetic acids contributed to the highest cytotoxicity in chlorination. 67 % of the total cytotoxicity attributed to the undetected DBPs. As a result, DBPs generated from DBC contributed to 11.7 % of the total cytotoxicity in the chlor(am)ination of the source water DOM although DBC only took up 2 % of DOC in the source water. Results obtained from this study systematically revealed the DBPs formation from DBC and their potential cytotoxicity contribution in the chlor(am)ination of source water DOM, which should not be ignored in drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuze Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiating Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Chen Y, Lu Y, Qi B, Ma Q, Zang K, Lin Y, Liu S, Pan F, Li S, Guo P, Chen L, Lan W, Fang S. Atmospheric CO 2 in the megacity Hangzhou, China: Urban-suburban differences, sources and impact factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171635. [PMID: 38490430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Limited observation sites and insufficient monitoring of atmospheric CO2 in urban areas restrict our comprehension of urban-suburban disparities. This research endeavored to shed light on the urban-suburban differences of atmospheric CO2 in levels, diurnal and seasonal variations as well as the potential sources and impact factors in the megacity of Hangzhou, China, where the economically most developed region in China is. The observations derived from the existing Hangzhou Atmospheric Composition Monitoring Center Station (HZ) and Lin'an Regional Atmospheric Background Station (LAN) and the newly established high-altitude Daming Mountain Atmospheric Observation Station (DMS), were utilized. From November 2020 to October 2021, the annual averages of HZ, LAN and DMS were 446.52 ± 17.01 ppm, 441.56 ± 15.42 ppm, and 422.02 ± 10.67 ppm. The difference in atmospheric CO2 mole fraction between HZ and LAN was lower compared to the urban-suburban differences observed in other major cities in China, such as Shanghai, Nanjing, and Beijing. Simultaneous CO2 enhancements were observed at HZ and LAN, when using DMS observations as background references. The seasonal variations of CO2 at LAN and DMS exhibited a high negative correlation with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values, indicating the strong regulatory of vegetation canopy. The variations in boundary layer height had a larger influence on the low-altitude HZ and LAN stations than DMS. Compared to HZ and LAN, the atmospheric CO2 at DMS was influenced by emissions and transmissions over a wider range. The potential source area of DMS in autumn covered most areas of the urban agglomeration in eastern China. DMS measurements could provide a reliable representation of the background level of CO2 emissions in the Yangtze River Delta and a broader region. Conventional understanding of regional CO2 level in the Yangtze River Delta through LAN measurements may overestimate background concentration by approximately 10.92 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yanran Lu
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bing Qi
- Hangzhou Meteorological Bureau, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Lin'an Regional Background Station, China Meteorological Administration, Zhejiang 314016, China
| | - Kunpeng Zang
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fengmei Pan
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shan Li
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lihan Chen
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wengang Lan
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shuangxi Fang
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute & Zhejiang International Cooperation Base for Science and Technology on Carbon Emission Reduction and Monitoring, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Liang D, Niu Z, Zhou W, Wang G, Feng X, Lyu M, Lu X, Liu W, Qu Y. Vertical measurements of atmospheric CO 2 and 14CO 2 at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171200. [PMID: 38408662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The CO2 and 14CO2 levels in air samples from the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains (Xi'an, China) were determined. In 2021, a hexacopter unmanned aerial vehicle sampled air at different heights, from near-ground to 2000 m. The objectives of this study were to determine vertical characteristics of CO2 and 14CO2, the sources of different-height CO2, and the influence of air mass transport. The CO2 concentrations mainly exhibited a slight decreasing trend with increasing height during summer observations, which was in contrast to the increasing trend that was followed by a subsequent gradual decreasing trend during early winter observations, with peak CO2 levels (443.4 ± 0.4-475.7 ± 0.5 ppm) at 100-500 m. The variation in vertical concentrations from 20 to 1000 m in early winter observations (21.6 ± 19.3 ppm) was greater than that in summer observations (14.6 ± 14.3 ppm), and the maximum vertical variation from 20 to ∼2000 m reached 61.1 ppm. Combining Δ14C and δ13C vertical measurements, the results showed that fossil fuel CO2 (CO2ff, 56.1 ± 15.2 %), which mainly come from coal combustion (81.2 ± 3.4 %), was the main contributor to CO2 levels in excess of the background level (CO2ex) during early winter observations. In contrast, biological CO2 (CO2bio) dominated CO2ex in summer observations. The vertical distributions of CO2ff in early winter observations and CO2bio in summer observations were consistent with those of CO2 during early winter and summer observations, respectively. The strong correlation between winter CO2bio and ΔCO (r = 0.81, p < 0.01) indicated that biomass burning was the main contributor to CO2bio during early winter observations. Approximately half of the air masses originated from the Guanzhong Basin during observations. The results provide insights into the vertical distribution of different-sources of atmospheric CO2 in scientific support of formulating carbon emission-reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenchuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Weijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengni Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi'an AMS Center, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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