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Biasato I, Bellezza Oddon S, Loiotine Z, Resconi A, Gasco L. Wheat starch processing by-products as rearing substrate for black soldier fly: does the rearing scale matter? Animal 2024; 18:101238. [PMID: 39053157 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rearing scale may influence black soldier fly (BSF) larvae traits when they are fed on a single diet, but different feeding substrates have not been tested yet. This study evaluated the effects of wheat starch processing by-products-based diets on growth performance, bioconversion efficiency, and nutritional profile of BSF larvae reared in different scales. Four diets (D1 and D2 [isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isoenergetic]; D3 and D4 [displaying 1:1 and 1:2 as protein to carbohydrate ratios, respectively]) were tested at 3 rearing scales (4 replicate boxes/diet, with a constant volume [0.84 cm3]/larva and feed [0.7 g]/larva): 1) small (S; 12 × 12 cm, substrate height: 4 cm, 686 6-day-old larvae (6-DOL)/box), 2) medium (M, 32 × 21 cm, substrate height: 7 cm, 5 600 6-DOL/box), and 3) large (L, 60 × 40 cm, substrate height: 7 cm, 20 000 6-DOL/box). Larval weight was recorded at the beginning of trial and every 4 days, and growth rate (GR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), survival, bioconversion efficiency corrected for residue (BER), reduction rate (RR), and waste reduction index (WRI) calculated at the end of larval growth (frass DM ≥ 55%). Substrate pH, T and height were measured at the beginning, every 4 days, and end of trial. Larval proximate composition was analysed at the end of trial. Data were analysed by generalised linear mixed model (SPSS software, P < 0.05). The D1 larvae showed higher weight, GR, SGR and WRI (along with higher substrate T) than D2 at M scale, while increased SGR and FCR - as well as decreased survival, RR and WRI - were observed in D2 larvae at S scale (P < 0.05). Larval CP and ether extract (EE) contents were influenced by M and L scales only, being higher in D2 group than in D1 (P < 0.001). Differently, decreased ash was recorded in D2 larvae when reared at S and M scales, while L scale revealed higher ash in D2 group than D1 (P < 0.001). The D3 larvae displayed greater weight, SGR, survival, RR and WRI (along with greater substrate T) than D4 at M scale, with increased survival and substrate T being also highlighted in L scale (P < 0.05). The D3 larvae also showed lower DM and EE - as well as higher CP - than D4 at all the rearing scales (P < 0.001). In conclusion, D1 and D3 led to better BSF larval growth performance, bioconversion efficiency and nutritional profile mainly at M and L scales, as a consequence of their ability to facilitate larval aggregation and, in turn, allow achieving a higher substrate T.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - S Bellezza Oddon
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Z Loiotine
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - A Resconi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - L Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Belperio S, Cattaneo A, Nannoni E, Sardi L, Martelli G, Dabbou S, Meneguz M. Assessing Substrate Utilization and Bioconversion Efficiency of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae: Effect of Diet Composition on Growth and Development Temperature. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1340. [PMID: 38731343 PMCID: PMC11083502 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can utilize food by-products or residues for growth, benefiting farm animal's diets' production sustainability. The experiment aimed to assess the effect of different substrate compositions on larval growth, chemical composition, and substrate temperature. BSFL were allocated to one of the four diets (control, vegetable, carnivorous, and omnivorous) for the entire experiment (8 days). The temperature was measured twice daily using a thermal-imaging camera, and the accumulated degree hours (ADH) was calculated. The results showed that the larvae fed the vegetable diet exhibited a significantly reduced growth performance, with a biomass reduction of 26.3% compared to the control diet; furthermore, vegetable-fed larvae showed a lower dry matter content (-30% compared to the average of other diets) due to lower fat content (-65% compared to average of other diets). The nutritional composition of larvae fed an omnivorous diet was similar to larvae fed a high-quality substrate diet (control diet-chicken feed), indicating that the omnivorous diet could be an ideal solution for rearing BSFL larvae; however, the current European legislation prohibits the use of animal meal. The study also revealed that substrate temperatures did not have a discernible influence on larval growth, further emphasizing the importance of diet in BSFL rearing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Belperio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.B.); (E.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Arianna Cattaneo
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38098 San Michele All‘Adige, TN, Italy; (A.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Eleonora Nannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.B.); (E.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Luca Sardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.B.); (E.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanna Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.B.); (E.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, 38098 San Michele All‘Adige, TN, Italy; (A.C.); (S.D.)
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Laksanawimol P, Anukun P, Thancharoen A. Use of different dry materials to control the moisture in a black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) rearing substrate. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17129. [PMID: 38560477 PMCID: PMC10981887 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Controlling the substrate moisture is a significant challenge in black soldier fly (BSF) farming. Many substrates have a high moisture content, which results in a low BSF biomass and a high mortality. One potential solution involves incorporating dry substrates into the food mix to mitigate the excessive moisture. However, little information about the types and quantities of dry substrates is available. Methods Six different dry materials-rice husk (RH), rice bran (RB), rice husk ash (RHA), coconut coir dust (CC), rubberwood sawdust (RSD), and spent coffee grounds (SCGs)-were evaluated by combining with pure minced mixed vegetables in varying proportions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, and 50% by weight). This study encompassed both small-scale and medium-scale experiments to comprehensively assess the effects of the addition of each of these different dry substrates and their quantities on aspects of the development of BSF, such as BSF biomass, larval duration, mortality rates, adult sex ratio, and the moisture removal efficiency of each substrate mixture. Results Each dry substrate had specific properties. Although RB emerged as a favorable dry substrate owing to its nutritional content and substantial water-holding capacity, excessive use of RB (>15% by weight) resulted in elevated temperatures and subsequent desiccation of the substrate, potentially leading to larval mortality. In contrast, RH demonstrated the ability to support improved larval duration and growth, permitting its utilization in higher proportions (up to 50%). On the other hand, CC, RHA, and SCG are better suited for inclusion in BSF larval substrates in smaller quantities. Discussion Some dry substrates require a pretreatment process to eliminate toxic substances prior to their incorporation into substrate mixtures, such as CC and SCG. A potential alternative solution involves employing a combination of various dry substrates. This approach aims to enhance the substrate moisture control and subsequently improve the BSF rearing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pritsana Anukun
- Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Deng B, Liu Z, Gong T, Xu C, Zhang X, Cao H, Yuan Q. Addition of plantation waste to the bioconversion of pig manure by black soldier fly larvae: Effects on heavy metal content and bioavailability. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 176:64-73. [PMID: 38266476 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
During the conversion of pig manure by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), the accumulation and speciation changes of heavy metals (HMs) have adverse effects on the environment. In this study, corn straw, rice straw, bamboo chips (BC), wood chips, and rice husk char were added to a bioconversion system to study the accumulation, migration, speciation changes, and microbial correlations of HMs. The results indicated that the addition of BC was most beneficial for the accumulation of HMs (47-72 %) in the BSFL body. In the BC group, the accumulation effect of the BSFL body on zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) was the most evident (72 and 71 %, respectively). The results of linear fitting (R2 > 0.90) and redundancy analysis (RDA; 90 %) indicated that the bacterium Bacillaceae (Bacillus) was beneficial for increasing the larval weight (LW) of BSFL, and a higher LW accumulated HMs. The addition of BC helped reduce the total amount (6-51 %) of available states (weak acid extraction and reducible states) in the BSFL residue. The RDA results indicated that bacteria (55-92 %) affected the transformation of HM speciation. For example, Zn and cadmium were mainly affected by Firmicutes, whereas copper and chromium were affected by Bacteroidetes. Proteobacteria and Pseudomonas formosensis affected the conversion of lead and As. This study provides important insights into the adsorption of HMs from pig manure by BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongliang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiaoxia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Smart Farming for Agricultural Animals, College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Beesigamukama D, Tanga CM, Sevgan S, Ekesi S, Kelemu S. Waste to value: Global perspective on the impact of entomocomposting on environmental health, greenhouse gas mitigation and soil bioremediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166067. [PMID: 37544444 PMCID: PMC10594063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The innovative use of insects to recycle low-value organic waste into value-added products such as food, feed and other products with a low ecological footprint has attracted rapid attention globally. The insect frass (a combination unconsumed substrate, faeces, and exuviae) contains substantial amounts of nutrients and beneficial microbes that could utilised as fertilizer. We analyse research trends and report on the production, nutrient quality, maturity and hygiene status of insect-composted organic fertilizer (ICOF) generated from different organic wastes, and their influence on soil fertility, pest and pathogen suppression, and crop productivity. Lastly, we discuss the impact of entomocomposting on greenhouse gas mitigation and provide critical analysis on the regulatory aspects of entomocomposting, and utilization and commercialisation ICOF products. This information should be critical to inform research and policy decisions aimed at developing and promoting appropriate standards and guidelines for quality production, sustainable utilization, and successful integration of entomocompost into existing fertilizer supply chains and cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Beesigamukama
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Chrysantus M Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Subramanian Sevgan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Segenet Kelemu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Guidini Lopes I, Wiklicky V, Ermolaev E, Lalander C. Dynamics of black soldier fly larvae composting - Impact of substrate properties and rearing conditions on process efficiency. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 172:25-32. [PMID: 37708809 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate organic waste management have detrimental impact on the environment and on public health. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae composting is a biological treatment for biodegradable waste that align with circular economy principles. The bioconversion efficiency of bio-waste into larval biomass is influenced by various factors, such as substrate type and the process parameters employed in the larval rearing process. In this study, the influence of these parameters on survival, material reduction (Mat.Red), waste-to-biomass conversion efficiency (BCE) and larval yield per rearing unit was investigated through two sets of experiments. In Experiment 1, the impact of larval density in five distinct rearing substrates was evaluated, while the effect of larval feed dose and substrate depth was assessed in Experiment 2, using a model substrate (dog food). In Experiment 1 it was found that higher larval density lead to an increase in BCE and larval yield, up to a threshold (around 6.25 larvae cm-2). Surpassing this threshold led to the production of smaller larvae, while the yield remained relatively consistent. In Experiment 2 it was found that supplying the substrate in a shallow layer (1-1.5 cm depth) and providing a low feed dose (0.1 g volatile solids (VS) larva-1) led to higher BCE and Mat.Red, albeit with a reduced overall yield per unit. Increasing feed load and substrate depth reduced the conversion efficiency, Mat.Red and larval survival. This study enhances the understanding of the effect of various process parameters used in the BSF larvae treatment, and how they interrelate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivã Guidini Lopes
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 23422 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Wiklicky
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evgheni Ermolaev
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Rossi G, Ojha S, Müller-Belecke A, Schlüter OK. Fresh aquaculture sludge management with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae: investigation on bioconversion performances. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20982. [PMID: 38017013 PMCID: PMC10684894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture solid waste (ASW) is a nutrient rich material that can pose a significant environment challenge if not properly managed. This study investigated the potential of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae in converting this waste into biomass. Five substrates comprising chicken feed supplemented with varying proportions of fresh ASW (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were formulated and evaluated for larval growth and waste bioconversion efficiency. High nutrients retention (N: 23.25 ± 1.40%; C: 21.94 ± 0.99%; S: 12.20 ± 1.33%) and feed conversion ratio (1.78 ± 0.08) were detected on substrate 100ASW, although the limited feeding rate (114.54 ± 5.38 mg dry substrate/larvae) and the high amount of indigestible fibres (ADF = 15.87 ± 0.24%; ADL = 6.36 ± 0.17%) were translated to low larval growth (final larval average weight: 66.17 ± 1.81 mg). Decreasing ASW content resulted in reduced fibres and ash, increase in non-fibrous carbohydrates and C/N ratio, and improved larval growth and substrate utilization. However, high larval metabolic activity suggested higher nutrients loss to the environment. Substrate 75ASW demonstrated the best performances in terms of larval production (final larval average weight: 176.30 ± 12.12 mg), waste reduction (substrate reduction corrected by percentage of ASW: 26.76 ± 0.86%) and nutrients assimilation (N: 22.14 ± 1.14%; C: 15.29 ± 0.82%; S: 15.40 ± 0.99%). This substrate closely aligned with optimal BSF rearing substrates reported in literature. Overall, this study highlights the potential of BSF larvae in managing fresh ASW, offering a dual benefit of waste reduction and insect biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- Department of Systems Process Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shikha Ojha
- Department of Systems Process Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Land Sciences, School of Science and Computing, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford, X91 K0EK, Ireland
| | | | - Oliver K Schlüter
- Department of Systems Process Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521, Cesena, Italy.
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Quan J, Wang Y, Cheng X, Li C, Yuan Z. Revealing the effects of fermented food waste on the growth and intestinal microorganisms of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:580-589. [PMID: 37820415 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The escalating global food waste (FW) issues necessitate sustainable management strategies. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) offer a promising solution for FW management by converting organic matter into insect protein. However, the fermentation of FW during production, collection, and transportation induces changes in FW's physicochemical properties and bacterial communities, requiring further exploration of its impact on BSFL growth and gut microbiota. The results showed that feeding FW fermented for different durations (0-10 d) slightly affected the BSFL yield. Feeding FW fermented for 8 d, characterized by a lower pH and higher biodiversity, resulted in a slight increase in larval biomass (222 mg/larvae). Nearly all groups harvested the peak larval biomass after 10 day's bioconversion. The fermentation significantly altered the microbial community of FW, with an increase in the abundance of unclassified_f_Clostridiaceae and a decrease in Lactobacillus abundance. As bioconversion progressed, intricate and mutualistic microbial interactions likely occurred between the BSFL gut and FW substrate, restructuring each other's microbial community. Specifically, the abundance of unclassified_f_Clostridiaceae increased in the BSFL gut, while its abundance in the initial larval gut was extremely low (<1 %). Despite the substrate microbial changes and interactions, a stable core gut microbiota was identified across all BSFL samples, primarily composed of nine genera dominated by Enterococcus and Klebsiella. This core gut microbiome may play a crucial role in facilitating the adaptation of BSFL to various environmental conditions and maintaining efficient FW bioconversion. These findings enhance our understanding of the role of BSFL gut microbiota in FW bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Lishui Institute of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 212200, China
| | - Zengwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Lishui Institute of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 212200, China; Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Miranda CD, Cammack JA, Tomberlin JK. Large-scale production of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), larvae fed 3 manure types. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:1102-1109. [PMID: 37279773 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
House flies, Musca domestica, L., (Diptera: Muscidae) are well-known pests at animal facilities; however, they can be used for manure biodegradation. Utilizing house flies to process animal manure offers a means to recycle nutrients and reduce contaminants (e.g., pathogens and heavy metals), while also producing multiple revenue streams (e.g., protein for feed, fat for biodiesel, frass as a soil amendment). This study determined house fly larval performance on a larger scale (kilogram of wastes; thousands of larvae; single feeding) as a follow-up to a previous experiment performed at a bench-top scale (g of wastes; hundreds of larvae; incremental feeding). Four thousand larvae were fed 1 kg of swine, dairy, or poultry manure, or a control (Gainesville diet: 50% wheat bran, 30% alfalfa meal, and 20% corn meal). Peak larval weight occurred 4 days after inoculation and no significant difference in development time to first pupariation occurred across diets. However, percent survivorship to pupariation varied, with the highest occurring in Gainesville (74%), swine (73%), and poultry (67%) manure, whereas 50% survived when fed dairy manure. The highest pupal weight was found for those fed Gainesville (27 mg), and similar weights were found for those fed swine (21 mg), dairy (24 mg), and poultry (25 mg) manure. Although using house flies to manage manure has received little consideration in Western countries, other regions have this practice in place. Results may provide insight on differences between small- and large-scale studies, which is valuable for industrialization of this species for waste management and creating a more circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea D Miranda
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Yakti W, Müller M, Klost M, Mewis I, Dannehl D, Ulrichs C. Physical Properties of Substrates as a Driver for Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Growth. INSECTS 2023; 14:266. [PMID: 36975951 PMCID: PMC10054678 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growth and nutritional profile of the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is usually investigated and compared when the larvae feed on substrates that differ in the chemical composition as well as physical properties. This study compares BSFL growth on substrates that differ primarily in physical properties. This was achieved by using various fibres in the substrates. In the first experiment, two substrates with 20% or 14% chicken feed were mixed with three fibres (cellulose, lignocellulose, or straw). In the second experiment, the growth of BSFL was compared with a 17% chicken feed substrate that additionally contained straw with different particle sizes. We show that the substrate texture properties values did not influence the BSFL growth, but the bulk density of the fibre component did. The substrate mixed with cellulose led to higher larvae growth over time in comparison to substrates with higher bulk density fibres. BSFL grown on the substrate mixed with cellulose reached their maximum weight in 6 days instead of 7. Neither the fibres nor the nutrient level changed the crude protein content of BSFL and the values ranged between 33.5% and 38.3%, but an interaction between the fibre and nutrient level was observed. The size of straw particles in the substrates influenced the BSFL growth and led to a 26.78% difference in Ca concentration, a 12.04% difference in Mg concentration, and a 35.34% difference in P concentration. Our findings indicate that the BSFL-rearing substrates can be optimised by changing the fibre component or its particle size. This can improve the survival rate, reduce the cultivation time needed to reach the maximum weight, and alter the chemical composition of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Yakti
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Klost
- Department of Food Technology and Food Material Science, Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Mewis
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Dannehl
- Division Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Ulrichs
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Yakti W, Förster N, Müller M, Mewis I, Ulrichs C. Hemp Waste as a Substrate for Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Rearing. INSECTS 2023; 14:183. [PMID: 36835752 PMCID: PMC9960234 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The proper treatment of cannabis agricultural wastes can reduce the environmental impact of its cultivation and generate valuable products. This study aimed to test the potential of cannabis agricultural wastes as a substrate for the rearing of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and yellow mealworms (MW). In the case of BSFL, replacing the fibre component (straw) in the substrate with the hemp waste can increase the nutritional value of the substrate and led to bigger larvae. The bigger larvae had lower P and Mg, and higher Fe and Ca. Crude protein also varied based on the size of larvae and/or the content of protein in the initial substrate, which was boosted by replacing straw with hemp material. No other cannabinoids than cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and cannabidiol (CBD) were found in significant amounts in the larvae. In the case of MW, the larvae grew less on the hemp material in comparison to wheat bran. Replacing wheat bran with the hemp material led to smaller larvae with higher Ca, Fe, K, and crude protein content, but lower Mg and P values. No cannabinoids were detected in the MW fed with the hemp material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Yakti
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Isibika A, Simha P, Vinnerås B, Zurbrügg C, Kibazohi O, Lalander C. Food industry waste - An opportunity for black soldier fly larvae protein production in Tanzania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159985. [PMID: 36368404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae composting is an emerging treatment option with potential to improve biowaste valorization in cities of low-income countries. This study surveyed the current generation and management status of food industry biowaste and their availability and suitability as potential feedstock for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) composting treatment in three Tanzania cities, Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Dodoma. Biowaste-generating food industry companies (n = 29) in the three cities were found to produce banana peels, mango seeds, sunflower press cake, brewery waste, and coffee husks in large quantities (~100,000-1,000,000 kg y-1). Around 50 % of these companies (16/29), primarily vegetable oil companies (10/11), either sold or gave away their waste as animal feed, while most companies (9/11) with unutilized food industry waste landfilled the generated biowaste. Multi-criteria analysis based on substrate availability criteria identified banana peels, mango seeds, and coffee husks with total score points of ≥10/12 as the most suitable feedstock for BSFL composting. However, multi-criteria analysis based on physical-chemical criteria identified brewery waste and sunflower press cake with total score points of ≥11/15 as the most suitable feedstock. Combined availability and physical-chemical properties of individual biowastes showed that all identified types of food industry biowaste can be suitable feedstock for producing BSFL biomass for protein production, but certain waste streams needed to be mixed with other waste streams prior to BSFL-composting to ensure sufficient availability and provide a balanced nutritional profile compared with the single-source biowastes. This study concluded that large volumes of food industry waste are being generated from food industry companies in Tanzania and there is need to establish new biowaste management interventions for resource recovery. Furthermore, for interested stakeholders in the waste management business, multi-stream BSFL-composting can be a suitable solution for managing and closing nutrient loops of the unutilized food industry biowaste in Tanzania and in other similar settings globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Isibika
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - P Simha
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Zurbrügg
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - O Kibazohi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Sciences and Food Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35134, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - C Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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An Efficient Approach of Biodiesel Production from New Sustainable Insect Lipid Using Biomass-Based Carbon Catalyst: Kinetics and Thermodynamic Study. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Potential Applications of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Treatment of Food Waste: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172664. [PMID: 36076850 PMCID: PMC9455751 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disposal of large amounts of food waste has caused serious environmental pollution and financial losses globally. Compared to alternative disposal methods (landfills, incineration, and anaerobic digestion), composting by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is a promising alternative for food waste management. Despite extensive research into larval biomass, another valuable by-product generated from BSFL composting is BSFL frass. However, limited information is available for its potential application. The applications of BSFL frass can be intensified by understanding its physicochemical characteristics, benefits, and challenges of BSFL frass derived from food waste. BSFL frass is harvested after 9–23 days of the experiment, depending on the substrate used in the composting process. The generated BSFL frass could exceed 33% of the original weight of the substrate. The physicochemical characteristics of BSFL frass are as follows: the temperature after harvest is 24 °C to 27 °C, pH is 5.6–8.0, moisture content is 30 to 72%, C/N ratio is 8:1 to 27:1, high nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) content, and low heavy metal content. This paper reviews the characteristics, benefits, and application of BSFL frass. It will also investigate the challenges of using food waste substrates to produce BSFL frass, as well as the best way to pre-treat the food waste substrate and post-treat the BSFL frass.
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15
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Liu T, Klammsteiner T, Dregulo AM, Kumar V, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. Black soldier fly larvae for organic manure recycling and its potential for a circular bioeconomy: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155122. [PMID: 35405225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Livestock farming and its products provide a diverse range of benefits for our day-to-day life. However, the ever-increasing demand for farmed animals has raised concerns about waste management and its impact on the environment. Worldwide, cattle produce enormous amounts of manure, which is detrimental to soil properties if poorly managed. Waste management with insect larvae is considered one of the most efficient techniques for resource recovery from manure. In recent years, the use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for resource recovery has emerged as an effective method. Using BSFL has several advantages over traditional methods, as the larvae produce a safe compost and extract trace elements like Cu and Zn. This paper is a comprehensive review of the potential of BSFL for recycling organic wastes from livestock farming, manure bioconversion, parameters affecting the BSFL application on organic farming, and process performance of biomolecule degradation. The last part discusses the economic feasibility, lifecycle assessment, and circular bioeconomy of the BSFL in manure recycling. Moreover, it discusses the future perspectives associated with the application of BSFL. Specifically, this review discusses BSFL cultivation and its impact on the larvae's physiology, gut biochemical physiology, gut microbes and metabolic pathways, nutrient conservation and global warming potential, microbial decomposition of organic nutrients, total and pathogenic microbial dynamics, and recycling of rearing residues as fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Thomas Klammsteiner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25d, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrei Mikhailovich Dregulo
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Saint-Petersburg State University" 7-9 Universitetskaya emb., 199034, Saint- Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yuwen Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
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16
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Ribeiro N, Costa R, Ameixa OMCC. The Influence of Non-Optimal Rearing Conditions and Substrates on the Performance of the Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070639. [PMID: 35886815 PMCID: PMC9320413 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The black soldier fly is one of the insect species most frequently reared as an alternative protein source. Even though many advances have been made in the last decade regarding environmental and process conditions, there are still several gaps that can delay the upscaling of industrial production systems. One of such gaps is related to the effect of suboptimal feeding regimes of mono-waste streams. This research aims to assess the development and bioconversion behaviour of black soldier fly larvae under suboptimal conditions. It was observed that specific types of vegetable and fruit wastes, such as apple, spinach and grape pomace, may contribute to achieve low insect biomass yields and, thus, reduce the efficiency of industrial operations. Abstract Among the insect species reared as alternative protein sources, Hermetia illucens (black soldier Fly, BSF) has shown a huge potential mostly due to its high protein content, its bioconversion rates, and versatility in using different feeding substrates. Insect rearing may use continuous or batch feeding regimes and, among the used substrates, supermarket feedstock waste has gained recent interest under a circular economy perspective, but several uncertainties remain regarding the heterogeneity and the potential effects of the quantity and quality of these substrates on BSF larvae (BSFL) development. In this experimental work, five replicates of a hundred BSFL were fed in a continuous feeding regime, using seven different isolated vegetables as substrates (wheat bran, pumpkin, apple, grape pomace, red onion, red cabbage, and spinach), at three different temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C) and two substrate moisture conditions (natural and 70% substrate moisture), until 50% of the larvae achieved the prepupal stage. BSFL performance and bioconversion parameters were evaluated. Our results show that some substrates should be avoided when rearing Hermetia illucens on feedstocks. Among these, apple feed led to poorer and slower development performances with more than 100 days of larval stage, while grape pomace and spinach showed higher mortality rates, which may be due to some anti-nutritional compounds. Larvae fed on pumpkin, red cabbage, and red onion presented good bioconversion results with higher values of efficiency of conversion of digested feed between 14.4 and 25. This work delivers relevant results for black soldier fly reared on a continuous feeding system using vegetable feedstock substrates and their potential trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Ribeiro
- Ecomare, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (O.M.C.C.A.)
| | - Rui Costa
- Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra (IPC), Coimbra Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olga M. C. C. Ameixa
- Ecomare, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (O.M.C.C.A.)
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Liew CS, Mong GR, Abdelfattah EA, Raksasat R, Rawindran H, Kiatkittipong W, Mohamad M, Ramli A, Yunus NM, Lam MK, Da Oh W, Lim JW. Correlating black soldier fly larvae growths with soluble nutrients derived from thermally pre-treated waste activated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112923. [PMID: 35150716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been deployed to valorize various organic wastes. Nonetheless, its growth rate whilst being offered with waste activated sludge (WAS) is not promising, likely by virtue of the presence of extracellular polymeric substances' structure in WAS. In this work, the WAS were first thermally pre-treated under different treatment temperatures and durations before being administered as the feeding substrates for BSFL. The results showed the thermal pre-treatment could improve WAS palatability and subsequently, enhance the growth of BSFL especially after the pre-treatments at 75 °C and above. The highest larva weight gained was recorded at 2.16 mg/larva for the WAS sample being pre-treated at 90 °C and 16 h. Furthermore, the samples pre-treated above 75 °C also achieved higher degradation rates, indicating that the 75 °C was a threshold temperature to effectively hydrolyze the WAS. The changes of WAS characteristics, namely, (i) soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), (ii) soluble carbohydrate, (iii) soluble protein, (iv) humic substances and (v) total soluble protein and humic substances, after the thermal pre-treatments were also studied in correlating with the BSFL growth. Accordingly, a model was successfully developed with the highest R2 value attained at 0.95, evidencing the SCOD was the most suitable WAS characteristic to accurately predict the BSFL growth behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Seng Liew
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Guo Ren Mong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Hemamalini Rawindran
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Mardawani Mohamad
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Anita Ramli
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Normawati M Yunus
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
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18
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A Review of Organic Waste Treatment Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens). SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The increase in solid waste generation is caused primarily by the global population growth that resulted in urban sprawl, economic development, and consumerism. Poor waste management has adverse impacts on the environment and human health. The recent years have seen increasing interest in using black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, as an organic waste converter. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) feed voraciously on various types of organic waste, including food wastes, agro-industrial by-products, and chicken and dairy manure, and reduce the initial weight of the organic waste by about 50% in a shorter period than conventional composting. The main components of the BSFL system are the larvero, where the larvae feed and grow, and the fly house, where the adults BSF live and reproduce. It is essential to have a rearing facility that maintains the healthy adult and larval BSF to provide a sufficient and continuous supply of offspring for organic waste treatment. The BSF organic waste processing facility consists of waste pre-processing, BSFL biowaste treatment, the separation of BSFL from the process residue, and larvae and residue refinement into marketable products. BSFL digest the nutrients in the wastes and convert them into beneficial proteins and fats used to produce animal feed, and BSFL residue can be used as an organic fertilizer. This review summarizes the BSFL treatment process to provide an in-depth understanding of the value of its by-products as animal feed and organic fertilizer.
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19
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Lopes IG, Yong JW, Lalander C. Frass derived from black soldier fly larvae treatment of biodegradable wastes. A critical review and future perspectives. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 142:65-76. [PMID: 35176600 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inadequately treated biodegradable waste is considered an environmental, social and economic threat worldwide, which call for great attention. Waste treatment with larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) complies with the concepts of circular economy, as it enables the transformation of these wastes into marketable products, closing loops and promoting circularity. The processing residues of the treatment (frass) is constantly generated in waste management facilities in large volumes, and this product can be used as an organic fertilizer in agriculture, stimulating a transition to a circular economy. However, many aspects related to frass are still unknown, such as its varying composition of nutrients, microorganisms and bioactive compounds, its post-processing requirements for improved biological stabilization, its behavior in the soil and action in the plants' metabolism, among other aspects. In this review article, we highlight the potential of frass from BSF larvae treatment of biodegradable waste in the world market regarding its possible use as a fertilizer, summarize recent results with this novel product and point towards future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Wh Yong
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lalander
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
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20
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Deng B, Zhu J, Wang G, Xu C, Zhang X, Wang P, Yuan Q. Effects of three major nutrient contents, compost thickness and treatment time on larval weight, process performance and residue component in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 307:114610. [PMID: 35093757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose content in vegetable waste (VW) is high and cannot be directly digested by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). In this study, in order to treat VW using BSFL composting, kitchen waste (KW) is used as the only nutritional supplement for VW to analyze the effects of the different contents of crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), carbohydrate (3C), compost thickness (CT), and treatment time on the larval weight (LW), survival rate (SR), dry matter reduction rate (DMR), bioconversion rate (BCR), physical and chemical properties of BSFL sand and changes in the microbial community. Our results showed that when the average 3C content increased by 40%, the average LW increased by 47.6%, and the SR, DMR, BCR, and organic matter (OM) content increased by 16.82%, 8.5%, 4.77%, and 3.86%, respectively. In contrast, when the average compost thickness increased by 5 cm, the average weight of BSFL decreased by 22.64%, while the SR of larvae, DMR, BCR, OM, and total nutrients (TN + P2O5 + K2O) decreased by 5%, 5.2%, 4.42%, 9.6%, and 0.78%, respectively. Germination test showed that BSFL sand alone could not be used as soilless culture substrate. After BSFL treatment, we found that the dominant phyla in BSFL sand were Firmicutes (95.77%), Proteobacteria (2.54%), Actinobacteria (0.74%), and Chloroflexi (0.6%). Our results indicate that BSFL composting is an effective method of treating VW, and 3C content and CT have a significant effect on BSFL composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junyu Zhu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiaoxia Yuan
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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21
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Yuan MC, Hasan HA. Effect of Feeding Rate on Growth Performance and Waste Reduction Efficiency of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Trop Life Sci Res 2022; 33:179-199. [PMID: 35651642 PMCID: PMC9128650 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaysia like many other developing countries is facing the challenge of poor waste management. This research was conducted to determine the effect of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae in decomposing food waste, palm oil waste, fish waste and yard waste. The development time and waste reduction efficiency of four different organic materials were evaluated. In this study, BSF larvae were fed with all four types of waste at five feeding rates of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 g larva-1 day-1 with three replicates per feeding rate until the larvae reached the pre-pupae stage. During the study, larval development time, larval mortality, pre-pupae weight and waste reduction indexes (WRI) were determined. Food waste and yard waste achieved the highest WRI of 4.43 ± 0.06 and 0.71 ± 0.01, respectively at the feeding rate of 0.50 g larva-1 day-1 while palm oil waste and fish waste attained the highest WRI values at feeding rates of 1.00 g larva-1 day-1 (1.89 ± 0.02) and 0.25 g larva-1 day-1 (3.75 ± 0.24), respectively. The results showed that both variables significantly influenced the bioconversion process, but waste reduction efficiency was the most influential element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Chee Yuan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hadura Abu Hasan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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22
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The Effect of Rearing Scale and Density on the Growth and Nutrient Composition of Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
With the worldwide industrialization of black soldier fly (BSF) production, it is necessary to better understand how the rearing scale and larvae density influence the performance of larvae and the quality of the final product. In this study, a factorial experiment was conducted to test the effect of rearing scale and density on the growth and composition of the BSF larvae. The larvae were grown in four different scales (box sizes), keeping the area and feed provided to each larva constant and in two different densities. The results reveal significant differences in the larval growth depending on the scale and density, which could be attributed to the higher temperatures achieved in the bigger scales with a temperature difference of more than 5 °C between the smallest and the biggest scale. Both the scale and the density influenced the composition of the larvae. The crude protein levels were higher on the smallest scale, and the lower density (ranging from 32.5% to 36.5%), and crude fat concentrations were the opposite (ranging from 31.7% to 20.1%). The density also influenced the concentrations of S, Mg, K, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, Al, B, and Co, in addition to the analyzed free amino acids PPS, ALA, CIT, and ANS. Furthermore, the rearing scale influenced the concentration of S, Zn, Cu, and Mo. The results provide further insight into the optimization of BSF production processes and the transfer of lab-scale results into big-scale production.
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Cohn Z, Latty T, Abbas A. Understanding dietary carbohydrates in black soldier fly larvae treatment of organic waste in the circular economy. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 137:9-19. [PMID: 34700286 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment is promising for organic waste valorisation in the circular economy; however, waste variability impacts the process performance and quality of produced larvae. Specifically, variation in the carbohydrate profile of treated wastes has been suggested to have a significant impact on BSFL treatment performance and quality of produced larvae, with particular carbohydrates either positively or negatively influencing these variables. This study examines the hypothesis that the types of carbohydrates within the substrate can have significant influence on larval survival, waste reduction, bioconversion, and waste conversion efficiency, as well as the crude lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the produced larvae. The carbohydrates explored were D glucose, sucrose, D (-) fructose, corn and wheat starch, D (+) galactose, D (+) mannose, D (+) xylose, D (-) arabinose and xylan from beechwood. Young larvae were grown for 9 days on chicken feed-based diets containing various carbohydrate additives each at 20 dry mass %. Treatments containing hemicellulose constituents galactose and arabinose produced the most adverse effects on process performance relative to the benchmark. Xylan was significantly detrimental to bioconversion (-14.7 ± 3.8%) and waste conversion efficiencies (-19.0 ± 4.4%). There were minimal significant effects on performance from mono- and di-saccharides and starch additives. Larvae crude lipid contents were significantly increased by wheat starch (+12.6 ± 3.0%) and decreased by galactose (-15.0 ± 1.4%) and xylan additives (-27.5 ± 3.4%), however fatty acid profiles were largely unaffected and were dominated by lauric acid. These results indicate that despite an otherwise balanced and nutritious substrate, the carbohydrate profile of organic waste should be an important consideration in BSFL treatment when ensuring process performance and larval lipid contents. The consequences of these results for BSFL treatment of real wastes are discussed. Large scale treatment facilities should formulate substrates accordingly and identify methods to mitigate the anti-nutritional effects of poor carbohydrate profiles, particularly those high in hemicelluloses and their constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Cohn
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tanya Latty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ali Abbas
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Lindberg L, Vinnerås B, Lalander C. Process efficiency in relation to enzyme pre-treatment duration in black soldier fly larvae composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 137:121-127. [PMID: 34752945 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) composting is a treatment in which biodegradable food waste is converted into animal-feed protein and organic fertiliser. BSFL composting has greatest potential for mixed food waste, but under European Union regulations only plant-based waste is permitted as feed for larvae. Biomass conversion efficiency (BCE) in BSFL composting is lower for plant-based waste than for mixed food waste. One way of improving BCE for plant-based waste is to add enzymes to make the waste more available to the larvae, but enzyme pre-treatment is not commonly applied prior to BSFL composting. Therefore this study examined the impact of enzyme pre-treatment duration on process efficiency in BSFL composting of lettuce-cabbage waste pre-treated with enzymes for 0-4 days. The results showed that total solids (TS) in larvae decreased with longer enzyme pre-treatment. Direct addition of enzymes at the start of BSFL treatment (0 day pre-treatment) resulted in 22% higher BCE on a volatile solids (VS) basis compared with the control, while longer pre-treatment did not improve BCE further. Much of the VS was respired in the 0-day pre-treatment, resulting in lower mass of residues at the end of treatment. Longer pre-treatment increased microbial respiration, suggesting that the microbial community consumed more easily available carbohydrates during the pre-treatment step, which counteracted the purpose of enzyme pre-treatment, i.e. increasing BCE during BSFL composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lindberg
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - B Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Addeo NF, Vozzo S, Secci G, Mastellone V, Piccolo G, Lombardi P, Parisi G, Asiry KA, Attia YA, Bovera F. Different Combinations of Butchery and Vegetable Wastes on Growth Performance, Chemical-Nutritional Characteristics and Oxidative Status of Black Soldier Fly Growing Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3515. [PMID: 34944290 PMCID: PMC8698169 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermetia illucens larvae (five days old) were farmed on broiler feed (control diet), a vegetable diet (V100), a 50% of vegetable diet + 50% of butchery wastes (V50 + B50), and a 75% of vegetable diet + 25% of butchery wastes (V75 + B25) to evaluate their suitability. Ten kilograms of substrate and 6000 larvae composed each replicate (nine per group). Larvae were weighed and measured every two days until the 25% developed into prepupae. Larval mortality and growing indexes were calculated. Substrates, larvae, and frass chemical composition were analyzed. Larvae oxidative status and stability were measured in hemolymph and body. The V100 larvae showed the lowest live weight, length, thickness, and growth rate but had low mortality rate and high substrate reduction index and protein conversion ratio. The V100 larvae had similar protein to and lower lipids than the control ones, while the V50 + B50 and V75 + B25 larvae contained higher lipids and lower protein than the others. Despite the vegetable wastes, at different levels, the reactive oxygen species content decreased in hemolymph, and the V100 diet depressed growth performance and should be avoided. The use of butchery wastes combined with vegetable ingredients can be a suitable alternative to balance the high level of lipid and the low content of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Francesco Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Simone Vozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Giulia Secci
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (G.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Mastellone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (G.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Khalid A. Asiry
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
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Bekker NS, Heidelbach S, Vestergaard SZ, Nielsen ME, Riisgaard-Jensen M, Zeuner EJ, Bahrndorff S, Eriksen NT. Impact of substrate moisture content on growth and metabolic performance of black soldier fly larvae. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 127:73-79. [PMID: 33932852 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Substrate moisture content is an important but not well-understood variable in production and waste reduction processes that involves black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. The purpose of this paper is to characterise growth and metabolic performance of BSF larvae on substrate moisture contents from 45 to 85%. Larvae developed into prepupae only at 45-75% substrate moisture content. Within this interval, the maximal specific growth rate was highest (0.73 day-1), the growth period shortest (13 days), and the maximal dry weight lowest (88 mg) at 45% moisture content. Differences in cost of growth and maintenance were not observed at the different substrate moisture contents, and differences in larval performance were likely associated to differences in co-occurring microbial activities. As much as 22% of the substrate carbon was emitted as CO2 at 45% moisture content by microorganisms, measured as the difference between total respiration and larval respiration, whereas microbial CO2 production amounted to only 3% of the substrate carbon at 75% moisture content. As consequence of the high specific growth rate and short growth phase, the overall net growth efficiency was higher at 45% moisture content (0.62) than at 75% moisture content (0.52). Overall, the metabolic performance of the BSF larvae was insensitive to differences in substrate moisture content. Their performance was, however indirectly affected by the substrate moisture content due to differences in co-occurring microbial processes in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Sundgaard Bekker
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Heidelbach
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sofie Zacho Vestergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Eneberg Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marie Riisgaard-Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Emil Juel Zeuner
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Niels Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Production and Optimization of Hermetia illucens (L.) Larvae Reared on Food Waste and Utilized as Feed Ingredient. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12239864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The feed sector requires new sustainable sources of protein, and at the same time better waste management practices are required to decrease and upcycle post-consumers’ food waste (catering and organic household waste), which is currently used for energy production or discharged as waste. The production of Hermetia illucens larvae (L.) (BSFL) was conducted in 15 batches at pilot scale. Furthermore, a feeding strategy experiment was conducted to optimize feedings and decrease handling, followed by a digestibility study for assessing the applicability of BSFL as a feed ingredient. About 190 kg of food waste was used to produce 79 kg of BSFL. The bioconversion of food waste into BSFL was found to be highly efficient, with feed conversion rate (FCR) values ranging between 1.7 and 3.6, when assessed on dry matter. The feeding experiment showed similar BSFL and insect frass production as well as similar FCR, revealing that a decrease in handling can be obtained if two feeding episodes are used. The digestibility of protein and fat was high at 86.2 and 90.4% and revealed that BSFL meal can be successfully used as a protein and fat source in feed for carnivore animals outside the food chain (e.g., pet food).
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Liu T, Awasthi MK, Awasthi SK, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Impact of the addition of black soldier fly larvae on humification and speciation of trace elements during manure composting. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2020; 154:112657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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