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Nepal S, Byanju RM, Chaudhary P, Rijal K, Baskota P, Thakuri S. Methane release from enteric fermentation and manure management of domestic water buffalo in Nepal. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:603. [PMID: 37084101 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Methane (CH4) emission in livestock arises from enteric fermentation (EnF) and manure management (MM). This study develops the country-specific CH4 emission factors (EFs) in both EnF and MM for domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and estimates total CH4 emission in Nepal using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 methodology. Seasonal field data were collected on morphological characteristics, feed characteristics, and manure management practices of the buffalo. The buffalo population was divided into five age groups, and at least 35 buffalo individuals were measured from each age group in the Hilly and Plain regions of Nepal in the winter and summer seasons. Buffalo adult male (BAM) had the highest body weight of 530 ± 53 kg in the plain region and 514 ± 65 kg in the Hill region. Similarly, the weight of buffalo calf (BC) was 91 ± 25 kg in the plain region and 77 ± 26 kg in the Hill region. For different age groups of buffalo, EnF EFs ranged from 34 ± 8 to 90 ± 10 kg CH4 head-1 year-1 and MM EFs ranged from 2.5 ± 0.5 to 7.5 ± 0.5 kg CH4 head-1 year-1. The estimated EnF and MM EFs of buffalo were not statistically different by region (p > 0 .05). The total CH4 flux from buffalo was 347.8 Gg year-1 in Nepal, contributing 322.2 Gg year-1 from EnF and 25.6 Gg year-1 from MM. The country-specific EFs are highly recommended for precise computing of the national emissions and carrying out mitigation action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Nepal
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, 44613, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Rejina Maskey Byanju
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, 44613, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Pashupati Chaudhary
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, 44613, Kirtipur, Nepal
- Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Phyathai Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kedar Rijal
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, 44613, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Preshika Baskota
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, 44613, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Sudeep Thakuri
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, 44613, Kirtipur, Nepal.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Mid-West University, 21700, Surkhet, Nepal.
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Baniya B, Aryal PP. Can the Framing of Climate Mitigation Actions into Government Policies Lead to Delivering Them? - Insights from Nepal's Experience. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 70:179-200. [PMID: 35460358 PMCID: PMC9034080 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many low-income countries (LICs), including Nepal, endeavour to deliver climate mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieving more sustainable resource consumption. However, their prospects of delivering on such goals alongside the rapid structural changes in the economy prevalent in the LICs are not clear. This research aims to better understand the underlying complexity in the linkage between the framing of climate mitigation actions into government policies and the prospects for their delivery. We use critical discourse analysis, post-structural discourse analysis, and thematic analysis of textual data corpus generated from government policies (n = 12) and semi-structured interviews (n = 12) with policy actors, such as government policymakers and private sector and non-government organisations' representatives. We also develop energy and material consumption and GHG emissions models to predict their values up to 2050 via the R tools and machine learning algorithms that validate the accuracy of models. Our findings suggest that the social context of policymaking creates a knowledge structure on climate mitigation which is reflected in government policies. The policy actors and their institutions exchange their ideas and interests in a deliberative and collaborative environment to prioritise policies for the energy, forest, and transport sectors to deliver climate mitigation actions in Nepal. However, the energy sector, together with the agriculture sector, has insufficient climate mitigation actions. Reflecting on the high proportion of biomass in the energy mix and the rapid rise in fossil fuel and energy consumption per capita-both of which are driven by the remittance inflows-this research suggests measures to reduce these in an absolute sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Baniya
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Jia P, Tu Y, Liu Z, Lai Q, Li F, Dong L, Diao Q. Characterization and mitigation option of greenhouse gas emissions from lactating Holstein dairy cows in East China. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:88. [PMID: 35799285 PMCID: PMC9264640 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated greenhouse gas (GHG) emission characteristics of lactating Holstein dairy cows in East China and provided a basis for formulating GHG emission reduction measures. GreenFeed system was used to measure the amount of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the cows through respiration. Data from a commercial cow farm were used to observe the effects of parity, body weight, milk yield, and milk component yield on CH4 and CO2 emissions. RESULTS Mean herd responses throughout the study were as follows: 111 cows completed all experimental processes, while 42 cows were rejected because they were sick or had not visited the GreenFeed system 20 times. On average, lactating days of cows was 138 ± 19.04 d, metabolic weight was 136.5 ± 9.5 kg, parity was 2.8 ± 1.0, dry matter intake (DMI) was 23.1 ± 2.6 kg/d, and milk yield was 38.1 ± 6.9 kg/d. The GreenFeed system revealed that CH4 production (expressed in CO2 equivalent, CO2-eq) was found to be 8304 g/d, [Formula: see text]/DMI was 359 g/kg, [Formula: see text]/energy-corrected milk (ECM) was 229.5 g/kg, total CO2 production (CH4 production plus CO2 production) was 19,201 g/d, total CO2/DMI was 831 g/kg, and total CO2/ECM was 531 g/kg. The parity and metabolic weight of cows had no significant effect on total CO2 emissions (P > 0.05). Cows with high milk yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, and total milk solids yield produced more total CO2 (P < 0.05), but their total CO2 production per kg of ECM was low (P < 0.05). The total CO2/ECM of the medium and high milk yield groups was 17% and 27% lower than that of the low milk yield group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The parity and body condition had no effect on total CO2 emissions, while the total CO2/ECM was negatively correlated with milk yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, and total milk solids yield in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Measurement of total CO2 emissions of dairy cows in the Chinese production system will help establish regional or national GHG inventories and develop mitigation approaches to dairy production regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminant, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tu
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminant, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Lai
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Dong
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminant, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminant, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Breed and Season-Specific Methane Conversion Factors Influence Methane Emission Factor for Enteric Methane of Dairy Steers. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14127030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the breed and the season-specific methane (CH4) conversion factor (Ym) and the emission factor (EF) for the enteric CH4 of dairy steers. The Ym values for Holstein and Jersey steers at different seasons were calculated using the IPCC 2006 equations by incorporating the input and/or output value of the chemical composition of feed, methane production, methane yield, dry matter intake, and methane energy emission. EFs were categorized into five types depending on the 2019 refinement to the IPCC 2006 Tier 2 equations used. EFA was calculated from Equation 10.21A (New), while other EFs were estimated from the Equation 10.21 which were designated according to the gross energy intake (GEI) and Ym as EFB (GEIi and Ym), EFC (GEIii and Ym), EFD (GEIii and Ym (6.3)), and EFE (GEIii and Ym (4.0)). The calculated overall Ym for Holstein and Jersey steers were 4.90 and 7.49, while the recorded EF of group EFA were 56.44 and 67.42 kg CH4/head/year for Holstein and Jersey steers, respectively. For Holstein steers, EFD was overestimated (75.91 vs. 48.20~58.15), while in Jersey steers, the EFF underestimated the EF (kg CH4/head/year) compared to others (40.15 vs. 63.24~73.28) (p < 0.05). Mixed analysis revealed that the breed influenced EFs of all the EF groups, while the season, and the breed × the season influenced EFs of group EFC, EFD, and EFF. The overall results recommended using the breed-specific Ym for the estimation of the EF for enteric methane in dairy steers.
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