1
|
Zhou T, Shi C, Wang Y, Wang X, Lei Z, Liu X, Wu J, Luo F, Wang L. Progress of metal-loaded biochar-activated persulfate for degradation of emerging organic contaminants. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 90:824-843. [PMID: 39141037 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, studies on the degradation of emerging organic contaminants by sulfate radical (SO4-·) based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have triggered increasing attention. Metal-loaded biochar (Me-BC) can effectively prevent the agglomeration and leaching of transition metals, and its good physicochemical properties and abundant active sites induce outstanding in activating persulfate (PS) for pollutant degradation, which is of great significance in the field of advanced oxidation. In this paper, we reviewed the preparation method and stability of Me-BC, the effect of metal loading on the physicochemical properties of biochar, the pathways of pollutant degradation by Me-BC-activated PS (including free radical pathways: SO4-·, hydroxyl radical (·OH), superoxide radicals (O2-·); non-free radical pathways: singlet oxygen (1O2), direct electron transfer), and discussed the activation of different active sites (including metal ions, persistent free radicals, oxygen-containing functional groups, defective structures, etc.) in the SR-AOPs system. Finally, the prospect was presented for the current research progress of Me-BC in SR-AOPs technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Zhou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chao Shi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Eco-Environmental Science Center (Guangdong, Hong-Kong, Macau), Guangzhou 510555, China E-mail:
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Eco-Environmental Science Center (Guangdong, Hong-Kong, Macau), Guangzhou 510555, China; School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Ecology and Environment Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshu Wang
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Ecology and Environment Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenle Lei
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xunjie Liu
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Ecology and Environment Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Ecology and Environment Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fengxiang Luo
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Ecology and Environment Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Eco-Environmental Science Center (Guangdong, Hong-Kong, Macau), Guangzhou 510555, China; School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Urban Ecology and Environment Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mabagala FS, Zhang T, Zeng X, He C, Shan H, Qiu C, Gao X, Zhang N, Su S. A review of amendments for simultaneously reducing Cd and As availability in paddy soils and rice grain based on meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121661. [PMID: 38991353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in rice grains is a global food safety issue, and various methods and materials have been used to remove or reduce As and Cd in agricultural soils and rice grains. Despite the availability of synthesized materials capable of simultaneous As and Cd reduction from soil and rice grains, the contributions, efficiency, and main ingredients of the materials for As and Cd immobilization remain unclear. The present study first summarized the biogeochemistry of As and Cd in paddy soils and their transfer in the soil-food-human continuum. We also reviewed a series of reported inorganic and organic materials for simultaneous immobilization of As and Cd in paddy soils, and their reduction efficiency of As and Cd bioavailability were listed and compared. Based on the abovementioned materials, the study conducted a meta-analysis of 38 articles with 2565 observations to quantify the impacts of materials on simultaneous As and Cd reduction from soil and rice grains. Meta-analysis results showed that combining organic and inorganic amendments corresponded to effect sizes of -62.3% and -67.8% on As and Cd accumulation in rice grains, while the effect sizes on As and Cd reduction in paddy soils were -44.2% and -46.2%, respectively. Application of Fe based materials significantly (P < 0.05) reduced As (-54.2%) and Cd (-74.9%), accounting for the highest immobilization efficiency of As and Cd in rice grain among all the reviewed materials, outweighing S, Mn, P, Si, and Ca based materials. Moreover, precipitation, surface complexation, ion exchange, and electrostatic attraction mechanisms were involved in the co-immobilization tactics. The present study underlines the application of combined organic and inorganic amendments in simultaneous As and Cd immobilization. It also highlighted that employing Fe-incorporated biochar material may be a potential strategy for co-mitigating As and Cd pollution in paddy soils and accumulation in rice grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Stephano Mabagala
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Tanzania Agricultural Research Institution (TARI), TARI-Mlingano Centre, P.O. Box 5088, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Xibai Zeng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Hong Shan
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Xizang Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, 850000, PR China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Xizang Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, 850000, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Shiming Su
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bai X, Bol R, Chen H, Cui Q, Qiu T, Zhao S, Fang L. A meta-analysis on crop growth and heavy metals accumulation with PGPB inoculation in contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134370. [PMID: 38688214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) offer a promising solution for mitigating heavy metals (HMs) stress in crops, yet the mechanisms underlying the way they operate in the soil-plant system are not fully understood. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis with 2037 observations to quantitatively evaluate the effects and determinants of PGPB inoculation on crop growth and HMs accumulation in contaminated soils. We found that inoculation increased shoot and root biomass of all five crops (rice, maize, wheat, soybean, and sorghum) and decreased metal accumulation in rice and wheat shoots together with wheat roots. Key factors driving inoculation efficiency included soil organic matter (SOM) and the addition of exogenous fertilizers (N, P, and K). The phylum Proteobacteria was identified as the keystone taxa in effectively alleviating HMs stress in crops. More antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic pigment, and nutrient absorption were induced by it. Overall, using PGPB inoculation improved the growth performance of all five crops, significantly increasing crop biomass in shoots, roots, and grains by 33 %, 35 %, and 20 %, respectively, while concurrently significantly decreasing heavy metal accumulation by 16 %, 9 %, and 37 %, respectively. These results are vital to grasping the benefits of PGPB and its future application in enhancing crop resistance to HMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Bai
- College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Roland Bol
- Institute of Bio‑ and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm Johnen Str, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hansong Chen
- College of Xingzhi, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Qingliang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Shuling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Water Resources, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China; Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070 Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen L, Yang X, Huang F, Zhu X, Wang Z, Sun S, Dong F, Qiu T, Zeng Y, Fang L. Unveiling biochar potential to promote safe crop production in toxic metal(loid) contaminated soil: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124309. [PMID: 38838809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Biochar application emerges as a promising and sustainable solution for the remediation of soils contaminated with potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs), yet its potential to reduce PTM accumulation in crops remains to be fully elucidated. In our study, a hierarchical meta-analysis based on 276 research articles was conducted to quantify the effects of biochar application on crop growth and PTM accumulation. Meanwhile, a machine learning approach was developed to identify the major contributing features. Our findings revealed that biochar application significantly enhanced crop growth, and reduced PTM concentrations in crop tissues, showing a decrease trend of grains (36.1%, 33.6 to 38.6%) > shoots (31.1%, 29.3 to 32.8%) > roots (27.5%, 25.7 to 29.2%). Furthermore, biochar modifications were found to amplify its remediation potential in PTM-contaminated soils. Biochar application was observed to provide favorable conditions for reducing PTM uptake by crops, primarily through decreasing available PTM concentrations and improving overall soil quality. Employing machine learning techniques, we identified biochar properties, such as surface area and C content as a key factor in decreasing PTM bioavailability in soil-crop systems. Furthermore, our study indicated that biochar application could reduce probabilistic health risks associated with of the presence of PTMs in crop grains, thereby contributing to human health protection. These findings highlighted the essential role of biochar in remediating PTM-contaminated lands and offered guidelines for enhancing safe crop production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fengyu Huang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shiyong Sun
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Faqin Dong
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei B, Zhang D, Jeyakumar P, Trakal L, Wang H, Sun K, Wei Y, Zhang X, Ling H, He S, Wu H, Huang Z, Li C, Wang Z. Iron-modified biochar effectively mitigates arsenic-cadmium pollution in paddy fields: A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133866. [PMID: 38422732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The escalating problem of compound arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils necessitates the urgency for effective remediation strategies. This is compounded by the opposing geochemical behaviors of As and Cd in soil, and the efficacy of biochar treatment remains unclear. This pioneering study integrated 3780 observation pairs referred from 92 peer-reviewed articles to investigate the impact of iron-modified biochar on As and Cd responses across diverse soil environments. Regarding the treatments, 1) biochar significantly decreased the exchangeable and acid-soluble fraction of As (AsF1, 20.9%) and Cd (CdF1, 24.0%) in paddy fields; 2) iron-modified biochar significantly decreased AsF1 (32.0%) and CdF1 (27.4%); 3) iron-modified biochar in paddy fields contributed to the morphological changes in As and Cd, mainly characterized by a decrease in AsF1 (36.5%) and CdF1 (36.3%) and an increase in the reducible fraction of As (19.7%) and Cd (39.2%); and 4) iron-modified biochar in paddy fields increased As (43.1%) and Cd (53.7%) concentrations in the iron plaque on root surfaces. We conclude that iron-modified biochar treatment of paddy fields is promising in remediating As and Cd contamination by promoting the formation of iron plaque.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Wei
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Paramsothy Jeyakumar
- Environmental Sciences Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Lukáš Trakal
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Geosciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Keke Sun
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ying Wei
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huarong Ling
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shijie He
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hanqian Wu
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Chong Li
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China.
| | - Ziting Wang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab for Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang F, Li Z, Yang X, Liu H, Chen L, Chang N, He H, Zeng Y, Qiu T, Fang L. Silicon reduces toxicity and accumulation of arsenic and cadmium in cereal crops: A meta-analysis, mechanism, and perspective study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170663. [PMID: 38311087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are two toxic metal(loid)s that pose significant risks to food security and human health. Silicon (Si) has attracted substantial attention because of its positive effects on alleviating the toxicity and accumulation of As and Cd in crops. However, our current knowledge of the comprehensive effects and detailed mechanisms of Si amendment is limited. In this study, a global meta-analysis of 248 original articles with over 7000 paired observations was conducted to evaluate Si-mediated effects on growth and As and Cd accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and maize (Zea mays L.). Si application increases the biomass of these crops under As and/or Cd contamination. Si amendment also decreased shoot As and Cd accumulation by 24.1 % (20.6 to 27.5 %) and 31.9 % (29.0 to 31.9 %), respectively. Furthermore, the Si amendment reduced the human health risks posed by As (2.6 %) and Cd (12.9 %) in crop grains. Si-induced inhibition of Cd accumulation is associated with decreased Cd bioavailability and the downregulation of gene expression. The regulation of gene expression by Si addition was the driving factor limiting shoot As accumulation. Overall, our analysis demonstrated that Si amendment has great potential to reduce the toxicity and accumulation of As and/or Cd in crops, providing a scientific basis for promoting food safety globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongjie Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Nan Chang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Haoran He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cai Y, Jiang J, Zhao X, Zhou D, Gu X. How Fe-bearing materials affect soil arsenic bioavailability to rice: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169378. [PMID: 38101648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination is widespread in soil and poses a threat to agricultural products and human health due to its high susceptibility to absorption by rice. Fe-bearing materials (Fe-Mat) display significant potential for reducing As bioavailability in soil and bioaccumulation in rice. However, the remediation effect of various Fe-Mat is often inconsistent, and the response to diverse environmental factors is ambiguous. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the effects of As in soils, rice roots, and grains based on 673, 321, and 305 individual observations from 67 peer-reviewed articles, respectively. On average, Fe-Mat reduced As bioavailability in soils, rice roots, and grains by 28.74 %, 33.48 %, and 44.61 %, respectively. According to the analysis of influencing factors, the remediation efficiency of Fe-Mat on As-contaminated soil was significantly enhanced with increasing Fe content in the material, in which the industry byproduct was the most effective in soils (-42.31 %) and rice roots (-44.57 %), while Fe-biochar was superior in rice grains (-54.62 %). The efficiency of Fe-Mat in minimizing soil As mobility was negatively correlated with soil Fe content, CEC, and pH. In addition, applying Fe-Mat in alkaline soils with higher silt, lower clay and available P was more effective in reducing As in rice grains. A higher efficiency of applying Fe-Mat under continuous flooding conditions (27.39 %) compared with alternate wetting and drying conditions (23.66 %) was also identified. Our results offer an important reference for the development of remediation strategies and methods for various As-contaminated paddy soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jinlin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li T, Yang H, Zhang N, Dong L, Wu A, Wu Q, Zhao M, Liu H, Li Y, Wang Y. Synergistic effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biochar are highly beneficial to Ligustrum lucidum seedlings in Cd-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:11214-11227. [PMID: 38217817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination is a widespread environmental issue. There is a lack of knowledge about the impacts of applying arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar, either alone or in their combination, on alleviating Cd phytotoxicity in Ligustrum lucidum. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where L. lucidum seedlings were randomly subjected to four regimes of AMF treatments (inoculation with sterilized AMF, with Rhizophagus irregularis, Diversispora versiformis, alone or a mixture of these two fungi), and two regimes of biochar treatments (with or without rice-husk biochar), as well as three regimes of Cd treatments (0, 15, and 150 mg kg-1), to examine the responses of growth, photosynthetic capabilities, soil enzymatic activities, nutritional concentrations, and Cd absorption of L. lucidum plants to the interactive effects of AMF, biochar, and Cd. The results demonstrated that under Cd contaminations, AMF alone significantly increased plant total dry weight, soil pH, and plant nitrogen (N) concentration by 84%, 3.2%, and 13.2%, respectively, and inhibited soil Cd transferring to plant shoot by 42.2%; biochar alone significantly enhanced net photosynthetic rate, soil pH, and soil catalase of non-mycorrhizal plants by 16.4%, 9%, and 11.9%, respectively, and reduced the soil Cd transferring to plant shoot by 44.7%; the additive effect between AMF and biochar greatly enhanced plant total dry weight by 101.9%, and reduced the soil Cd transferring to plant shoot by 51.6%. Furthermore, dual inoculation with D. versiformis and R. irregularis conferred more benefits on plants than the single fungal species did. Accordingly, amending Cd-contaminated soil with the combination of mixed-fungi inoculation and biochar application performed the best than either AMF or biochar alone. These responses may have been attributed to higher mycorrhizal colonization, soil pH, biomass accumulation, and biomass allocation to the roots, as well as photosynthetic capabilities. In conclusion, the combined use of mixed-fungi involving D. versiformis and R. irregularis and biochar addition had significant synergistic effects on enhancing plant performance and reducing Cd uptake of L. lucidum plants in Cd-contaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Naili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources and the Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lijia Dong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Aiping Wu
- Ecology Department, College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qiqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Mingshui Zhao
- Zhejiang Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve Administration, Hangzhou, 311311, China
| | - Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yin M, Zhang X, Li F, Yan X, Zhou X, Ran Q, Jiang K, Borch T, Fang L. Multitask Deep Learning Enabling a Synergy for Cadmium and Methane Mitigation with Biochar Amendments in Paddy Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1771-1782. [PMID: 38086743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has demonstrated significant promise in addressing heavy metal contamination and methane (CH4) emissions in paddy soils; however, achieving a synergy between these two goals is challenging due to various variables, including the characteristics of biochar and soil properties that influence biochar's performance. Here, we successfully developed an interpretable multitask deep learning (MTDL) model by employing a tensor tracking paradigm to facilitate parameter sharing between two separate data sets, enabling a synergy between Cd and CH4 mitigation with biochar amendments. The characteristics of biochar contribute similar weightings of 67.9% and 62.5% to Cd and CH4 mitigation, respectively, but their relative importance in determining biochar's performance varies significantly. Notably, this MTDL model excels in custom-tailoring biochar to synergistically mitigate Cd and CH4 in paddy soils across a wide geographic range, surpassing traditional machine learning models. Our findings deepen our understanding of the interactive effects of Cd and CH4 mitigation with biochar amendments in paddy soils, and they also potentially extend the application of artificial intelligence in sustainable environmental remediation, especially when dealing with multiple objectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yin
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Fangbai Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiliang Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Great Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Institute of Environmental Research at Great Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiwang Ran
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Liping Fang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao P, Huang P, Yan X, Chukwuma A, Yang S, Yang Z, Li H, Yang W. Inhibitory effect of exogenous mineral elements (Si, P, Zn, Ca, Mn, Se, Fe, S) on rice Cd accumulation and soil Cd bioavailability in Cd-contaminated farmlands: A meta-analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 343:140282. [PMID: 37758089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
A promising strategy for safely remediating Cd-contaminated farmland has been the application of mineral elements, which can reduce Cd accumulation in rice and inhibit its bioavailability in Cd-contaminated farmlands. However, there is still a lack of systematic and quantitative evaluations regarding how different mineral elements affect rice Cd accumulation and soil Cd bioavailability. Here, a meta-analysis was conducted based on 1062 individual observations from 137 published works to explore the effects of Si, P, Zn, Ca, Mn, Se, Fe and S in rice Cd accumulation and soil Cd bioavailability, we aimed to identify key factors that control the reduction of Cd concentration in rice grains. The results showed that the presence of exogenous elements had dramatically reduced rice grains Cd concentrations in the following decreasing order: Fe (43.03%) > P (38.45%) > Si (33.24%) > Ca (31.90%) > Se (29.83%) > Zn (25.95%) > Mn (23.26%) > S (18.78%). The elements of Ca, P and Si had strongly reduced Cd bioavailability in soils by 29.87%, 27.80% and 22.70%, respectively. The effects of these elements on Cd bioavailability appeared to be controlled by soil physio-chemical properties, such as pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) but also water management, application amounts and elemental forms. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of using exogenous mineral elements to mitigate Cd contamination in rice and farmlands, and facilitates the selection and application of mineral elements for the safe utilization of Cd-contaminated farmlands, taking into account soil properties and other factors that affect their effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Peicheng Huang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiao Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Arinzechi Chukwuma
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China
| | - Huan Li
- Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Weichun Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, Hunan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Z, Zhang Y, Sun S, Hu J, Zhang W, Liu H, He H, Huang J, Wu F, Zhou Y, Huang F, Chen L. Effects of four amendments on cadmium and arsenic immobilization and their exposure risks from pakchoi consumption. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139844. [PMID: 37597626 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metal(loid)s (HM) through contaminated food chains poses significant health risks to humans. While soil amendments are known to reduce HM bioavailability, their effects on bioaccessibility and health risks in soil-pakchoi-human systems remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a greenhouse pot experiment coupling soil immobilization with bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment for Cd and As exposure from pakchoi consumption. Four amendments (attapulgite, shell powder, nanoscale zero-valent iron, and biochar) were applied to soil, resulting in changes to soil characteristics (pH and organic matter), plant dry weight, and exchangeable fractions of As and Cd. Among the tested amendments, biochar exhibited the highest effectiveness in reducing the risk of Cd and As exposure from pakchoi consumption. The bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment revealed that the application of 5% biochar resulted in the lowest hazard index, significantly decreasing it from 1.36 to 0.33 in contaminated soil. Furthermore, the structural equation model demonstrated that pH played a critical role in influencing remediation efficiency, impacting the exposure of the human body to Cd and As. In conclusion, our study offers a new perspective on mitigating exposure risks of soil HM and promoting safe crop production. The results underscore the importance of considering bioaccessibility in health risk assessment and highlight the potential of biochar as a promising amendment for reducing Cd and As exposure from pakchoi consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Shiyong Sun
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Jinzhao Hu
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Wanming Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Huanjuan He
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Jingqiu Huang
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Fengyu Huang
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Li Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tian X, Chai G, Xie Q, Li G. Response of methylmercury in paddy soil and paddy rice to pristine biochar: A meta-analysis and environmental implications. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114933. [PMID: 37099962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has received increased research attention due to its effectiveness in mitigating the potential risks of mercury (Hg) in agricultural soils. However, there is a lack of consensus on the effect of pristine biochar on the net production, availability, and accumulation of methylmercury (MeHg) in the paddy rice-soil system. As such, a meta-analysis with 189 observations was performed to quantitatively assess the effects of biochar on Hg methylation, MeHg availability in paddy soil, and the accumulation of MeHg in paddy rice. Results suggested that biochar application could significantly increase the production of MeHg in paddy soil by 19.01%; biochar could also decrease the dissolved and available MeHg in paddy soil by 88.64% and 75.69%, respectively. More importantly, biochar application significantly inhibited the MeHg accumulation in paddy rice by 61.10%. These results highlight that biochar could decrease the availability of MeHg in paddy soil and thus inhibit MeHg accumulation in paddy rice, although it might facilitate the net production of MeHg in paddy soil. Additionally, results also indicated that the biochar feedstock and its elementary composition significantly impacted the net MeHg production in paddy soil. Generally, biochar with a low carbon content, high sulfur content, and low application rate might be beneficial for inhibiting Hg methylation in paddy soil, meaning that Hg methylation depends on biochar feedstock. These findings suggested that biochar has great potential to inhibit MeHg accumulation in paddy rice, and further research should focus on selecting biochar feedstock to control Hg methylation potential and determine its long-term effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Tian
- College of Resources, Environment and Safety, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, China.
| | - Guanqun Chai
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Qing Xie
- College of Resources, Environment and Safety, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Chongqing 400067, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang F, Hu J, Chen L, Wang Z, Sun S, Zhang W, Jiang H, Luo Y, Wang L, Zeng Y, Fang L. Microplastics may increase the environmental risks of Cd via promoting Cd uptake by plants: A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130887. [PMID: 36731321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and cadmium (Cd) are widely distributed in soil ecosystems, posing a potential threat to agricultural production and human health. However, the coupled effects of MPs and Cd in soil-plant systems remain largely unknown, especially on a large scale. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of MPs on plant growth and Cd accumulation under the Cd contamination conditions. Our results showed that MPs had significantly negative effects on shoot biomass (a decrease of 11.8 %) and root biomass (a decrease of 8.79 %). MPs also significantly increased Cd accumulation in the shoots and roots by 14.6 % and 13.5 %, respectively, revealing that MPs promote plant Cd uptake. Notably, polyethylene displayed a stronger promoting effect (an increase of 29.4 %) on Cd accumulation among these MP types. MPs induced a significantly increase (9.75 %) in concentration of soil available Cd and a slight decrease in soil pH, which may be the main driver promoting plant Cd uptake. MP addition posed physiological toxicity risks to plants by inhibiting photosynthesis and enhancing oxidative damage, directly demonstrating that MPs in combination with Cd can pose synergetic toxicity risks to plants. We further noted that MPs altered microbial diversity, likely influencing Cd bioavailability in soil-plant systems. Overall, our study has important implications for the combined impacts of Cd and MPs on plants and provides new insights into developing guidelines for the sustainable use of MPs in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Huang
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China
| | - Jinzhao Hu
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shiyong Sun
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wanming Zhang
- College of Environment and Resource, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China
| | - Hu Jiang
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Ying Luo
- College of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tian X, Chai G, Lu M, Xiao R, Xie Q, Luo L. A new insight into the role of iron plaque in arsenic and cadmium accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 254:114714. [PMID: 36889214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron plaque, naturally iron-manganese (hydr)oxides adhered to the surface of rice roots, controls the sequestration and accumulation of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in the paddy soil-rice system. However, the effects of the paddy rice growth on the iron plaque formation and As and Cd accumulation of rice roots are often neglected. This study explores the distribution characteristics of iron plaques on rice roots and their effects on As and Cd sequestration and uptake via cutting the rice roots into 5 cm segments. Results indicated that the percentages of rice root biomass of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm, 15-20 cm, and 20-25 cm are 57.5 %, 25.2 %, 9.3 %, 4.9 %, and 3.1 %, respectively. Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) concentrations in iron plaques on rice roots of various segments are 41.19-81.11 g kg-1 and 0.94-3.20 g kg-1, respectively. Increased tendency of Fe and Mn concentrations from the proximal rice roots to the distal rice roots show that iron plaque is more likely to deposit on the distal rice roots than proximal rice roots. The DCB-extractable As and Cd concentrations of rice roots with various segments are 694.63-1517.23 mg kg-1 and 9.00-37.58 mg kg-1, displaying a similar trend to the distribution characteristics of Fe and Mn. Furthermore, the average transfer factor (TF) of As (0.68 ± 0.26) from iron plaque to rice roots was significantly lower than that of Cd (1.57 ± 0.19) (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the Cd sequestration in iron plaque and the Cd accumulation in rice roots (R = 0.97, P < 0.01). Still, a similar correlation wasn't observed between As sequestration in iron plaque and As accumulation in rice roots (R = -0.04, and P > 0.05). These results indicated that the formed iron plaque might act as a barrier to As uptake by rice roots and a facilitator to Cd uptake. This study provides insight into the role of iron plaque in the sequestration and uptake of As and Cd in paddy soil-rice systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Tian
- Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, China.
| | - Guanqun Chai
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Chongqing Agro-Tech Extension Station, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, China.
| | - Longzao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao XY, Zhang ZY, Huang YM, Feng FJ. Enhancing the effect of biochar ageing on reducing cadmium accumulation in Medicago sativa L. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160690. [PMID: 36481133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) application to farmland soil can reduce the mobility and bioavailability of Cd. Nevertheless, BC is prone to natural ageing in soil, which alters its structure, physicochemical properties, thereby affecting the immobilisation of Cd. We used dry-wet and freeze-thaw cycles to mimic the natural ageing of BC, and used adsorption experiments to explore the changes of Cd adsorption capacity of BC and aged BC (ABC). We conducted a pot experiment to investigate the effects of BC and ABC on soil biotic and abiotic factors, alfalfa growth, and Cd accumulation in agricultural soils with high and low Cd concentrations. The increase of specific surface area, pore size, oxygen containing functional groups and mineral composition leads to better adsorption capacity of ABC. The adsorption of Cd(II) by BC and ABC is mainly by monolayer adsorption and chemical adsorption. Applying BC and ABC to Cd-contaminated soil significantly increased the aboveground biomass and decreased the Cd accumulation by reducing the Cd bioconcentration factor in alfalfa. At high Cd levels, adding BC and ABC reduced the Cd content in alfalfa shoots by 32.8 % and 35.1 %, respectively; the fixing effect of ABC was better than that of BC. Adding BC and ABC significantly increased the microbial biomass and geometric mean of enzymes. BC addition increased soil pH by 0.32-0.36 units and cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 15.5 %. Adding BC and ABC significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM) by 5.7 % and 6.2 %, respectively. Random forest analysis showed that SOM, total organic carbon, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase were important variables for Cd content in alfalfa shoots. Structural equation modelling showed that BC indirectly affected the Cd content in alfalfa shoots by affecting soil pH, CEC, SOM, microbial biomass, and microbial metabolic activity. BC has a long-term effect on alleviating Cd pollution in farmland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuo-Yun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Meng Huang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fu-Juan Feng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wei B, Peng Y, Jeyakumar P, Lin L, Zhang D, Yang M, Zhu J, Ki Lin CS, Wang H, Wang Z, Li C. Soil pH restricts the ability of biochar to passivate cadmium: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115110. [PMID: 36574793 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil acidification is the main cause for aggravation of soil cadmium (Cd) pollution. Biochar treatment can increase the soil pH and decrease the Cd availability in soils. However, there is limited information in literature on the comprehensive assessment of the response of Cd fractions to biochar. Therefore, in the present meta-analysis study, we evaluate the response of Cd fractions to biochar application in soils with different pH and to further examine the effect of physicochemical properties of biochar on Cd. Results from the overall analysis indicated that biochar treatment increased the soil pH by 7.0%, thereby decreasing the amount of available Cd (37.3%). In acidic soil, biochar significantly reduced the acid-soluble fraction (Acid-Cd) of Cd by 36.8%, while Oxidizable fraction of Cd (Oxid-Cd, 20.9%) and Residual fraction of Cd (Resid-Cd, 22.2%) were significantly increased. In neutral soils, only Acid-Cd was significantly reduced (33.0%) in the presence of biochar. In alkaline soils, biochar caused significant reduction in Acid-Cd of 12.4% and an increase in Oxid-Cd and Resid-Cd of 26.6% and 47.8%, respectively. Further, our findings showed that biochar with cation exchange capacity >100 cmol+/kg effectively decreased Acid-Cd (32.4%), while biochar with the percentage of hydrogen <2% was more contributory in increasing Resid-Cd (64.3%). These results demonstrate the importance of soil pH in regulating the biological effectiveness of Cd in soil and the complexation between the functional groups of biochar and Cd, and provide key information for the remediation of Cd pollution in soils with different pH by biochar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Wei
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, Guangxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation & Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Yunchang Peng
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, Guangxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation & Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Paramsothy Jeyakumar
- Environmental Science Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Longxin Lin
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, Guangxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation & Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, Guangxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation & Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Jinning Zhu
- Nanjing Institute of Product Quality Inspection, No. 3 Jialingjiang East Street, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Ziting Wang
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, Guangxi, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation & Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China.
| | - Chong Li
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan, 528200, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang K, Yi Y, Fang Z. Remediation of cadmium or arsenic contaminated water and soil by modified biochar: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136914. [PMID: 36272628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has a high specific surface area with abundant pore structure and functional groups, which has been widely used in remediation of cadmium or arsenic contaminated water and soil. However, the bottleneck problem of low-efficiency of pristine biochar in remediation of contaminated environments always occurs. Nowadays, the modification of biochar is a feasible way to enhance the performance of biochar. Based on the Web of science™, the research progress of modified biochar and its application in remediation of cadmium or arsenic contaminated water and soil have been systematically summarized in this paper. The main modification strategies of biochar were summarized, and the variation of physicochemical properties of biochar before and after modification were illustrated. The efficiency and key mechanisms of modified biochar for remediation of cadmium or arsenic contaminated water and soil were expounded in detail. Finally, some constructive suggestions were given for the future direction and challenges of modified biochar research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yunqiang Yi
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; SCNU Qingyuan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, 511500, China; Normal University Environmental Remediation Technology Co., Ltd, Qingyuan, 511500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li A, Ge W, Liu L, Qiu G. Preparation, adsorption performance and mechanism of MgO-loaded biochar in wastewater treatment: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113341. [PMID: 35460638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a low cost, porous and solid material with an extremely high carbon content, various types of functional groups, a large specific surface area and many other desirable characteristics. Thus, it is often used as an adsorbent or a loading matrix. Nano-magnesium oxide is a crystalline material with small particles and strong ion exchangeability. However, due to the high surface chemical energy, it easily forms agglomerates of particles. Therefore, to combine the advantages of biochar and magnesium, metal magnesium nanoparticles can be loaded onto the surface of biochar with different modification techniques, resulting in biochars with low cost and high adsorption performance to be used as an adsorption matrix (collectively referred to as Mg@BC). This review presents the effects of different Mg@BC preparation methods and synthesis conditions and summarizes the removal capabilities and adsorption mechanisms of Mg@BC for different types of pollutants in water. In addition, the review proposes the prospects for the development of Mg@BC to solve various problems in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenzhan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lihu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guohong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Interdisciplinary Sciences Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang J, Yuan R, Zhang Y, Si T, Li H, Duan H, Li L, Pan G. Biochar decreases Cd mobility and rice (Oryza sativa L.) uptake by affecting soil iron and sulfur cycling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155547. [PMID: 35504381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been used as an amendment in Cd-contaminated soils. However, the mechanisms of which biochar reduce Cd mobility and rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cd uptake by modifying the iron and sulfur cycling in soil has rarely been addressed in the literature. A pot experiment has been carried out with two Cd-contaminated paddy soils (FG and DBS) from South China. Rice straw biochar (RSB) and rape straw biochar (RASB) pyrolyzed at 450 °C were applied at 0, 0.5, and 1% (w/w), respectively. The results showed that biochar amendment at a rate of 1% reduced grain Cd concentrations by 29.3-35.2%. Furthermore, biochar significantly reduced the Cd concentration of root, while the decline of Cd concentration by RASB treatment was higher than by RSB treatment. Root Cd in RASB0.5 was significantly reduced by 56.4-51.8% compared to than that in RSB0.5 at the maturing stage. Biochar reduced soil acid-soluble Cd by 15.9-25.3% with the increase of pH at the maturing stage in FG soil, and 30.1-59.3% by promoting soil into more reductive condition at the heading stage in DBS soil with higher contents of Fe and S. In addition, biochar impeded Cd transport from soil to rice roots by increasing the formation of iron plaque at the flooding stage. Owing to the influence of RASB1, DCB-Cd concentration increased significantly, with 99.7% at the heading stage in FG soil and 237.9% at the tillering stage in DBS soil, respectively. Furthermore, RASB with a higher sulfur concentration had a more positive effect on Cd immobilization and iron plaque formation compared to RSB. As a conclusion, this study suggested that biochar might be able to promote the Cd immobilization by affecting the cycling of iron and sulfur in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Wang
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, China
| | - Tianren Si
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, China
| | - Huatai Duan
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, China
| | - Lianqing Li
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, China.
| | - Genxing Pan
- Institute of Resources, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hou R, Wang L, O'Connor D, Rinklebe J, Hou D. Natural field freeze-thaw process leads to different performances of soil amendments towards Cd immobilization and enrichment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154880. [PMID: 35364177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) soil pollution is a global issue affecting crop production and food safety. Remediation methods involving in-situ Cd immobilization have been developed, but their effectiveness can diminish under seasonal freeze-thaw aging processes. In this study, we assessed the field performance of four soil treatments at a seasonally frozen rice paddy. Amendments were applied at 2 wt%, including: (i) sepiolite (a 2:1 clay mineral), (ii) superphosphate, (iii) biochar (produced by rice husk at 500 °C for 2 h), and (iv) joint application of biochar & superphosphate (1:1 mixture by weight). Immobilization performance was determined as DTPA extractable Cd and plant uptake in various organs. Overall, the four treatments significantly reduced Cd bioavailability during the plant growth period, with average DTPA-extractable concentrations decreasing by 43%, 34%, 39% and 45% for the four treatments, respectively, relative to untreated soil (control). Rice grain yields from the superphosphate and the joint application treatments increased by 8.0% and 11.8%, respectively, and Cd accumulation within those grains reduced by 14.3% and 48.9%, respectively. During the winter non-growth period, freeze-thaw aging facilitated Cd mobilization, with DTPA-extractable Cd increasing by 16.9% in the control soil, relative to the initial period. However, this reduced to 10.9%, 14.4%, 7.6% and 5.0%, for the sepiolite, superphosphate, biochar and joint application treatments, respectively. Overall, the joint application of biochar and superphosphate provided the best performance in terms of both long-term Cd immobilization and rice production enhancement, offering a green remediation option for risk management at Cd contaminated rice paddies in seasonally frozen regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Hou
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Real Estate and Land Management, Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester GL7 1RS, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal 42285, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang Q, Guo S, Ali M, Song X, Tang Z, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Luo Y. Thermally enhanced bioremediation: A review of the fundamentals and applications in soil and groundwater remediation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 433:128749. [PMID: 35364527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermally enhanced bioremediation (TEB), a new concept proposed in recent years, explores the combination of thermal treatment and bioremediation to address the challenges of the low efficiency and long duration of bioremediation. This study presented a comprehensive review regarding the fundamentals of TEB and its applications in soil and groundwater remediation. The temperature effects on the bioremediation of contaminants were systematically reviewed. The thermal effects on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil, and the corresponding changes of contaminants bioavailability and microbial metabolic activities were summarized. Specifically, the increase in temperature within a suitable range can proliferate enzymes enrichment, extracellular polysaccharides and biosurfactants production, and further enhancing bioremediation. Furthermore, a systematic evaluation of TEB applications by utilizing traditional in situ heating technologies, as well as renewable energy (e.g., stored aquifer thermal energy and solar energy), was provided. Additionally, TEB has been applied as a biological polishing technology post thermal treatment, which can be a cost-effective method to address the contaminants rebounds in groundwater remediation. However, there are still various challenges to be addressed in TEB, and future research perspectives to further improve the basic understanding and applications of TEB for the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Siwei Guo
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mukhtiar Ali
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhiwen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang X, Wang L, Guo J, Wang H, Mašek O, Wang H, Bolan NS, Alessi DS, Hou D. Aging features of metal(loid)s in biochar-amended soil: Effects of biochar type and aging method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152922. [PMID: 34999075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with toxic metals and metalloids has become a major threat to global food security. Among various immobilization agents that can stabilize toxic metal(loid)s effectively, biochar is promising due to its ability to restore soil health. Yet the aging characteristics of biochar following its amendment in soil remain poorly explored. Therefore, this study used standard biochars to depict their aging effects on remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated soil. A total of 2304 observations were made, including 6 biochar feedstocks (rice husk, soft wood, oilseed rape straw, miscanthus straw, sewage sludge and wheat straw), 2 pyrolysis temperatures (550 °C, 700 °C), 8 metal(loid)s (Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Pb), 4 aging methods (natural aging, freeze-thaw cycling, wet-dry cycling, chemical oxidation with H2O2), and 6 sampling intervals. Sewage sludge biochars exhibited the highest resistance to both artificial and natural aging, which may be related to the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups that favor metal complexation, and poorly-developed pore structures that limit the access of natural aging forces. A distinct relationship between ash and temperature was observed, where for high-ash biochars, an increase in pyrolysis temperature indicated lower resistance to aging, while for low-ash biochars, elevated pyrolysis temperature led to higher resistance. The aging behaviors of Cu and Sb were quite similar, which were both highly susceptible to chemical oxidation-induced dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release. Wet-dry cycling and freeze-thaw cycling revealed aging patterns that were similar to those of naturally aged soils as confirmed by cluster analysis. Lab aging data were then compared with existing biochar field aging results. Contrasting long-term immobilization performances were found in different studies, which were attributed to various causes associated with both biochar property and climate. The results of this study provide fresh insights into the long-term risks in the management of metal(loid)-contaminated agricultural soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiameng Guo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huixia Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6001, Australia
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dias YN, Pereira WVDS, Costa MVD, Souza ESD, Ramos SJ, Amarante CBD, Campos WEO, Fernandes AR. Biochar mitigates bioavailability and environmental risks of arsenic in gold mining tailings from the eastern Amazon. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114840. [PMID: 35290957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Artisanal gold mining has generated tailings highly contaminated by arsenic (As) in Cachoeira do Piriá, eastern Amazon, leading to severe risks to the environment. Such risks should be mitigated considering the bioavailable concentration of the element, since it implies immediate damage to the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of biochars in mitigating the environmental risks of bioavailable As concentrations in gold mining tailings from underground and cyanidation exploration. The biochar addition increased mineral components, cation retention, phosphorus in all fractions, and organic and inorganic carbon. The bioavailability of As was reduced after adding the biochars, following the order palm kernel cake biochar > Brazil nut shell biochar > açaí seed biochar, with reductions of up to 13 mg kg-1 in the underground mining tailings and 17 mg kg-1 in the cyanidation mining tailings. These results contributed to the statistically significant reduction of the environmental risks in both mining tailings (6-17% in the underground mining tailings and 9-20% in the cyanidation mining tailings), which was emphasized by Pearson's correlation and multivariate analyzes. The incorporation of the bioavailable fractions of As (from sequential extraction) in the environmental risk assessment was a promising method for evaluating the efficiency of biochars in mitigating the damage caused by this metalloid in gold mining tailings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Nunes Dias
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcela Vieira da Costa
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Edna Santos de Souza
- Xingu Institute of Studies, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, 68380-000, São Félix Do Xingu, Pará, Brazil
| | - Silvio Junio Ramos
- Vale Institute of Technology - Sustainable Development, 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Y, Xing W, Liang X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Huang Q, Li L. Effects of exogenous additives on wheat Cd accumulation, soil Cd availability and physicochemical properties in Cd-contaminated agricultural soils: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152090. [PMID: 34863754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in wheat is a serious issue. The application of exogenous additives can effectively inhibit Cd bioavailability in soil and decrease Cd accumulation in wheat. However, a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of how additives affect wheat Cd accumulation, wheat yield, soil Cd availability, and soil properties is lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis of 65 peer-reviewed papers published before April 2021 to investigate how additives application affects Cd accumulation in wheat and soil Cd availability. The results indicated that most additives application decreased the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid extractable-Cd content (5.27-56.33%) in the soil, and wheat grain and root Cd concentrations (0.03-129.87% and 0.42-52.84%, respectively); the pH values of wheat-grown soil and the properties of the additives affected the reduction percentage. Overall, most wheat-grown soils were calcareous soil (42 peer-reviewed papers); in calcareous soil, the magnitude of the Cd reduction in wheat grain was the highest under treatments with clay minerals (129.87%) due to clay modification, followed by composite (75.36%) and phosphorus materials (73.55%). Moreover, most additives application increased wheat grain yield by 0.03-51.84%, which was attributed to the positive effects of additives on wheat antioxidant capacity, photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake. Additives application increased the pH value of acidic wheat soil, and positively affected the electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content of the wheat grown soil. In addition, regression analysis showed that soil available Cd was negatively correlated with the pH value with additives application in acidic soil (r2 = 0.43), while a non-significant correlation was observed in neutral and calcareous wheat soils (r2 = 0.017 and 0.016, respectively). The results of this study can assist in the selection, modification, and utilisation of additives to remediate Cd-contaminated wheat soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yale Wang
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Weiqin Xing
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yingming Xu
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yali Wang
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Qingqing Huang
- Innovation Team of Remediation for Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Liping Li
- School of the Environment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang X, Zhang P, Wang C, Jia H, Shang X, Tang J, Sun H. Metal-rich hyperaccumulator-derived biochar as an efficient persulfate activator: Role of intrinsic metals (Fe, Mn and Zn) in regulating characteristics, performance and reaction mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127225. [PMID: 34600381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been widely used in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the decomposition of organic contaminants. However, the role of intrinsic metals in hyperaccumulator biomass in the physico-chemical properties and performance of peroxodisulfate (PDS) activation by biochar is still unclear. This work employed hyperaccumulator biomass containing Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively. Result showed that as the pyrolysis temperature of the biochar increased, Fe was gradually reduced to iron oxide and Fe0, and Zn was reduced and volatilized; however, Mn remained in biochar in the form of MnS and CaMnO3 with high valence states. These thermochemical behaviors of intrinsic metals also facilitated graphitized structure growth and pore development (for Zn) and persistent free radicals (PFRs) generation (for Mn and Zn) in biochar, and these processes were crucial for imidacloprid degradation in biochar/PDS systems. Moreover, Fe/Zn@PB9/PDS showed better imidacloprid degradation performance, while Mn species in Mn@PB were catalytically inert. In addition, the radical pathway depending on·SO4- and·OH was the dominant pathway for imidacloprid degradation in the Fe@PB9/PDS systems, while the·O2--mediated 1O2 pathway and 1O2-based nonradical pathway contributed more in the Zn@PB9/PDS systems. These results reveal the role of intrinsic metals in biochar-based catalysts and provide a reference for the preparation of green and efficient hyperaccumulator-derived biochar catalysts for AOPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Cuiping Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaofu Shang
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Science, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Arabi Z, Rinklebe J, El-Naggar A, Hou D, Sarmah AK, Moreno-Jiménez E. (Im)mobilization of arsenic, chromium, and nickel in soils via biochar: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117199. [PMID: 33992901 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a promising immobilizing agent of trace elements (TEs) in contaminated soils. However, several contradictory results have been reported regarding the potential of biochar to immobilize arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) in contaminated soils. We conducted a meta-analysis on the published papers since 2006 until 2019 to examine the effects of biochar on the chemical (im)mobilization of As, Cr, and Ni in contaminated soils and to elucidate the major factors that control their interactions with biochar in soil. We synthesized 48 individual papers comprised of a total of 9351 pairwise comparisons and used the statistical tool of Cohen's d as an appropriate effect size for the comparison between means. We found that the application of biochar often increased the As mobilization in soils. Important variables that modulated the biochar effects on As mobilization in soil were pyrolysis temperature and time (ranging between 8 and 16 times when T > 450 °C and t > 1hr), organic matter (7-16 times when SOM<3%) and further site conditions. In contrast to As, biochar efficiently immobilized Cr and Ni in contaminated soils. The extent of the Cr and Ni immobilization was determined by the feedstock (Cr: 7-18 times for agricultural residue-derived biochar; Ni: 13-32 times for woody biomass-derived biochar). Our meta-analysis provides a compilation on the potential of different types of biochar to reduce/increase the mobilization of As, Cr, and Ni in various soils and under different experimental conditions. This study provides important insights on factors that affect biochar's efficiency for the (im)mobilization of As, Cr, and Ni in contaminated soils. While biochar effectively immobilizes Cr and Ni, a proper management of As-polluted soils with pristine biochar is still challenging. This limitation might be overcome by modification of biochar surfaces to exhibit higher surface area and functionality and active sites for surface complexation with TEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Arabi
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch, 4914739975-717, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali El-Naggar
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11241, Egypt
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ouyang X, Ma J, Li P, Chen Y, Weng L, Li Y. Comparison of the effects of large-grained and nano-sized biochar, ferrihydrite, and complexes thereof on Cd and As in a contaminated soil-plant system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130731. [PMID: 33971411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cd and As are difficult to co-remediate in co-contaminated soils. In this study, remediation materials comprising large-grained and nano-sized biochar (BC), ferrihydrite (FH), and complexes thereof were added to Cd- and As-contaminated soil. The uptake of Cd and As by pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) was then evaluated using a pot experiment and the Cd and As concentrations of the soil pore water and leaching water were measured. The Cd and As concentrations of the pore and leaching water were slightly increased with the addition of BC, and decreased with addition of FH and the biochar-ferrihydrite complex (BC-FH). However, nano-sized BC (BCN), FH (FHN), and BC-FH (BC-FHN) had little influence on the decreases in Cd and As of the two monitored water types. Large-grained remediation materials, rather than nanomaterials, decreased the Cd and As concentrations of the two monitored water types. Nonetheless, nanomaterial treatments more effectively decreased the Cd and As concentrations in plants by an average of >10% relative to the large-grained treatments. The DLVO theory analysis suggested that BCN, FHN, and BC-FHN, immobilized in the topsoil, adsorbed heavy metals in the rhizosphere soil. The remainder of the nano-sized materials was dispersed in the rhizosphere soil pores, shielding the uptake of Cd and As by the roots. Although the doses of nanomaterials used in this study were less than one-fortieth of those of the large-grained materials, changes in the plant rhizosphere microenvironment caused by the nanomaterials decreased the risk of toxicity transfer from the soil to the plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Pan Li
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yali Chen
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Liping Weng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bilias F, Nikoli T, Kalderis D, Gasparatos D. Towards a Soil Remediation Strategy Using Biochar: Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Bioavailability of Potentially Toxic Elements. TOXICS 2021; 9:184. [PMID: 34437502 PMCID: PMC8402515 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9080184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Soil contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is considered one of the most severe environmental threats, while among remediation strategies, research on the application of soil amendments has received important consideration. This review highlights the effects of biochar application on soil properties and the bioavailability of potentially toxic elements describing research areas of intense current and emerging activity. Using a visual scientometric analysis, our study shows that between 2019 and 2020, research sub-fields like earthworm activities and responses, greenhouse gass emissions, and low molecular weight organic acids have gained most of the attention when biochar was investigated for soil remediation purposes. Moreover, biomasses like rice straw, sewage sludge, and sawdust were found to be the most commonly used feedstocks for biochar production. The effect of biochar on soil chemistry and different mechanisms responsible for PTEs' immobilization with biochar, are also briefly reported. Special attention is also given to specific PTEs most commonly found at contaminated soils, including Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and As, and therefore are more extensively revised in this paper. This review also addresses some of the issues in developing innovative methodologies for engineered biochars, introduced alongside some suggestions which intend to form a more focused soil remediation strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Bilias
- Soil Science Laboratory, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Thomai Nikoli
- Laboratory of Soil Science and Plant Diagnostics, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, 73100 Chania, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Kalderis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece;
| | - Dionisios Gasparatos
- Laboratory of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|