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Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Longstreth JD, Schikowski T, Andersen MPS, Solomon KR, Wilson SR. Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1129-1176. [PMID: 37310641 PMCID: PMC10262938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation drives the net production of tropospheric ozone (O3) and a large fraction of particulate matter (PM) including sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols. Ground-level O3 and PM are detrimental to human health, leading to several million premature deaths per year globally, and have adverse effects on plants and the yields of crops. The Montreal Protocol has prevented large increases in UV radiation that would have had major impacts on air quality. Future scenarios in which stratospheric O3 returns to 1980 values or even exceeds them (the so-called super-recovery) will tend to ameliorate urban ground-level O3 slightly but worsen it in rural areas. Furthermore, recovery of stratospheric O3 is expected to increase the amount of O3 transported into the troposphere by meteorological processes that are sensitive to climate change. UV radiation also generates hydroxyl radicals (OH) that control the amounts of many environmentally important chemicals in the atmosphere including some greenhouse gases, e.g., methane (CH4), and some short-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Recent modeling studies have shown that the increases in UV radiation associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone over 1980-2020 have contributed a small increase (~ 3%) to the globally averaged concentrations of OH. Replacements for ODSs include chemicals that react with OH radicals, hence preventing the transport of these chemicals to the stratosphere. Some of these chemicals, e.g., hydrofluorocarbons that are currently being phased out, and hydrofluoroolefins now used increasingly, decompose into products whose fate in the environment warrants further investigation. One such product, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), has no obvious pathway of degradation and might accumulate in some water bodies, but is unlikely to cause adverse effects out to 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA.
- USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest after retirement from Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J D Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, USA
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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Perring MP, Bullock JM, Alison J, Holder AJ, Hayes F. O
ut of sight,
O
ut of mind – but not
O
ut of scope. The need to consider ozone in restoration science, policy and practice. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Perring
- UKCEH (UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), Environment Centre Wales Deiniol Road Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UNITED KINGDOM
- Forest & Nature Lab, Campus Gontrode, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 9090 Melle‐Gontrode BELGIUM
- Ecosystem Restoration and Intervention Ecology (ERIE) Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 AUSTRALIA
| | - James M. Bullock
- UKCEH (UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Jamie Alison
- UKCEH (UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), Environment Centre Wales Deiniol Road Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Amanda J. Holder
- UKCEH (UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), Environment Centre Wales Deiniol Road Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UKCEH (UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), Environment Centre Wales Deiniol Road Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UNITED KINGDOM
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Bosch J, Thumsová B, López-Rojo N, Pérez J, Alonso A, Fisher MC, Boyero L. Microplastics increase susceptibility of amphibian larvae to the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22438. [PMID: 34789869 PMCID: PMC8599647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), a new class of pollutants that pose a threat to aquatic biodiversity, are of increasing global concern. In tandem, the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causing the disease chytridiomycosis is emerging worldwide as a major stressor to amphibians. We here assess whether synergies exist between this infectious disease and MP pollution by mimicking natural contact of a highly susceptible species (midwife toads, Alytes obstetricans) with a Bd-infected reservoir species (fire salamanders, Salamandra salamandra) in the presence and absence of MPs. We found that MP ingestion increases the burden of infection by Bd in a dose-dependent manner. However, MPs accumulated to a greater extent in amphibians that were not exposed to Bd, likely due to Bd-damaged tadpole mouthparts interfering with MP ingestion. Our experimental approach showed compelling interactions between two emergent processes, chytridiomycosis and MP pollution, necessitating further research into potential synergies between these biotic and abiotic threats to amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Bosch
- Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Oviedo-Principality of Asturias-CSIC, Mieres, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, Parque Nacional Sierra de Guadarrama, Rascafría, Spain. .,Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Barbora Thumsová
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Asociación Herpetológica Española, Madrid, Spain
| | - Naiara López-Rojo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR CNRS-UGA-USMB, Grenoble, France
| | - Javier Pérez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alberto Alonso
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial School of Public Health, London, UK
| | - Luz Boyero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
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Bosch J, Mora-Cabello de Alba A, Marquínez S, Price SJ, Thumsová B, Bielby J. Long-Term Monitoring of Amphibian Populations of a National Park in Northern Spain Reveals Negative Persisting Effects of Ranavirus, but Not Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645491. [PMID: 34235196 PMCID: PMC8255480 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are the most highly threatened vertebrates, and emerging pathogens are a serious threat to their conservation. Amphibian chytrid fungi and the viruses of the Ranavirus genus are causing disease outbreaks worldwide, including in protected areas such as National Parks. However, we lack information about their effect over amphibian populations in the long-term, and sometimes these mortality episodes are considered as transient events without serious consequences over longer time-spans. Here, we relate the occurrence of both pathogens with the population trends of 24 amphibian populations at 15 sites across a national Park in northern Spain over a 14-year period. Just one out 24 populations presents a positive population trend being free of both pathogens, while seven populations exposed to one or two pathogens experienced strong declines during the study period. The rest of the study populations (16) remain stable, and these tend to be of species that are not susceptible to the pathogen present or are free of pathogens. Our study is consistent with infectious diseases playing an important role in dictating amphibian population trends and emphasizes the need to adopt measures to control these pathogens in nature. We highlight that sites housing species carrying Ranavirus seems to have experienced more severe population-level effects compared to those with the amphibian chytrid fungus, and that ranaviruses could be just as, or more important, other more high-profile amphibian emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Bosch
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Principado de Asturias), Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain.,Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Stephen J Price
- Genetic Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbora Thumsová
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Oviedo, Principado de Asturias), Oviedo University, Mieres, Spain.,Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Bielby
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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