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Eck-Varanka B, Hubai K, Kováts N, Teke G. Biomonitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in domestic kitchens using commonly grown culinary herbs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2024; 22:295-303. [PMID: 38887758 PMCID: PMC11180055 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-024-00898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cooking is a significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) emissions in indoor environments. A one-month biomonitoring study was carried out in previously selected rural Hungarian kitchens to evaluate cooking-related PAHs concentrations in 4 common kitchen vegetables such as basil, parsley, rocket and chives. The study had two mainobjectives: firstly, to follow PAHs accumulation pattern and to find out if this pattern can be associated with different cooking habits. Also, the usefulness of culinary herbs for indoor bioaccumulation studies was assessed. The 2-ring naphthalene was the dominant PAH in the majority of the samples, its concentrations were in the range of 25.4 µg/kg and 274 µg/kg, of 3-ring PAHs the prevalency of phenanthrene was observed, with highest concentration of 62 µg/kg. PAHs accumulation pattern in tested plants clearly indicated differences in cooking methods and cooking oils used in the selected households. Use of lard and animal fats in general resulted in the high concentrations of higher molecular weight (5- and 6-ring) PAHs, while olive oil usage could be associated with the emission of 2- and 3-ring PAHs. Culinary herbs, however, accumulated carcinogenic PAHs such as benzo[a]anthracene (highest concentration 11.9 µg/kg), benzo[b]fluoranthene (highest concentration 13.8 µg/kg) and chrysene (highest concentration 20.1 µg/kg) which might question their safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Eck-Varanka
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Katalin Hubai
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Nora Kováts
- Centre for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd, 8184 Balatonfűzfő, Hungary
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Lao ZL, Wu D, Li HR, Feng YF, Zhang LW, Jiang XY, Liu YS, Wu DW, Hu JJ. Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plants and health perspective for human: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 249:118431. [PMID: 38346481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant uptake, accumulation, and transformation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) play vital roles in their geochemical cycles and exposure risks. Here we reviewed the recent research advances in OPEs in plants. The mean OPE concentrations based on dry/wet/lipid weight varied in 4.80-3,620/0.287-26.8/12,000-315,000 ng g-1 in field plants, and generally showed positive correlations with those in plant habitats. OPEs with short-chain substituents and high hydrophilicity, particularly the commonly used chlorinated OPEs, showed dominance in most plant samples, whereas some tree barks, fruits, seeds, and roots demonstrated dominance of hydrophobic OPEs. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic OPEs can enter plants via root and foliar uptake, and the former pathway is mainly passively mediated by various membrane proteins. After entry, different OPEs undergo diverse subcellular distributions and acropetal/basipetal/intergenerational translocations, depending on their physicochemical properties. Hydrophilic OPEs mainly exist in cell sap and show strong transferability, hydrophobic OPEs demonstrate dominant distributions in cell wall and limited migrations owing to the interception of Casparian strips and cell wall. Additionally, plant species, transpiration capacity, growth stages, commensal microorganisms, and habitats also affect OPE uptake and transfer in plants. OPE metabolites derived from various Phase I transformations and Phase II conjugations are increasingly identified in plants, and hydrolysis and hydroxylation are the most common metabolic processes. The metabolisms and products of OPEs are closely associated with their structures and degradation resistance and plant species. In contrast, plant-derived food consumption contributes considerably to the total dietary intakes of OPEs by human, particularly the cereals, and merits specifical attention. Based on the current research limitations, we proposed the research perspectives regarding OPEs in plants, with the emphases on their behavior and fate in field plants, interactions with plant-related microorganisms, multiple uptake pathways and mechanisms, and comprehensive screening analysis and risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Research Groups Microbiology and Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu-Fei Feng
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Long-Wei Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue-Yi Jiang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi-Shan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dong-Wei Wu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
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Zhou Y, Zhou S. Role of microplastics in microbial community structure and functions in urban soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132141. [PMID: 37506647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from the laboratory suggests that microplastics (MPs) can harm soil microorganisms, affecting the structures and functions of microbial communities. The impact of soil MPs on microbes in actual urban environments with high human activity levels, however, has not been well reported. To investigate the MP effect on urban soil microorganisms under complex scenarios, we analyzed 42 soil samples from standardized plots of 7 urban functional zones. We report that urban green spaces are important for studying microbial diversity in the study area, and they also contribute to the global homogenization of soil microbes and genes. Bacterial communities in soils enriched with various MPs showed greater differences in OTUs than fungi. Compared to low-MP soils, most ARGs and nutrient cycling genes had similar or slightly lower abundances in soils with high levels of MPs. The coupling of pollutant factors with MPs as independent variables had significant explanatory power for both positive and negative correlations in PLS-PM analysis. Specifically, PET and PP MPs explained 3.54% and 6.03%, respectively, of the microbial community and functional genes. This study fills knowledge gaps on the effects of MPs on urban soil microbial communities in real environments, facilitating better management of urban green spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhou
- School of Geographic Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Rodgers TFM, Ablimit M, Li J, Tan F. Identifying the contributions of root and foliage gaseous/particle uptakes to indoor plants for phthalates, OPFRs and PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 883:163644. [PMID: 37088388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the uptake pathways of organic chemicals in plants can help us use plants as biosentinels for human exposure, and as remediation tools for contaminated sites. Herein, we investigated the relative contributions of root and foliar (gas and particle) uptake pathways to indoor ornamental plants for phthalates (PAEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We looked at different kinds of indoor ornamental plants via pot and hydroponic control experiments, comparing the levels between their leaves and indoor air gaseous and particle phases, floor dust, and window film. Contributions of soil and foliage uptakes were calculated based on chemical concentrations in leaves of hydroponic and soil cultured plants and their mass uptake rates. Across all compounds, the contributions of root uptake to the chemicals in soil cultured plants ranged from 47.5 % to 88.5 %. We used binary first-order mass conservation equations to calculate the contributions of foliage uptake via gaseous and particle phases to the chemicals with similar Kow in plant leaves. Foliar uptake of PAEs occurred mainly via particle adsorption, for light PAHs via gaseous absorption, and for OPFRs via both particle and gaseous uptakes. Negative correlations between chemicals' foliage uptake ratios and their Kow and Koa values suggest that foliage uptake may be influenced by both chemical hydrophilicity and lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Timothy F M Rodgers
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mukaddas Ablimit
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junze Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Hubai K, Kováts N, Eck-Varanka B, Teke G. Pot study using Chlorophytum comosum plants to biomonitor PAH levels in domestic kitchens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51932-51941. [PMID: 36813942 PMCID: PMC10119263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In indoor environments, cooking is a major contributor to indoor air pollution releasing potentially harmful toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In our study, Chlorophytum comosum 'Variegata' plants were applied to monitor PAH emission rates and patterns in previously selected rural Hungarian kitchens. Concentration and profile of accumulated PAHs could be well explained by cooking methods and materials used in each kitchen. Accumulation of 6-ring PAHs was characteristic in the only kitchen which frequently used deep frying. It also should be emphasized that applicability of C. comosum as indoor biomonitor was assessed. The plant has proven a good monitor organism as it accumulated both LMW and HMW PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Hubai
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem Str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Nora Kováts
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem Str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary.
| | - Bettina Eck-Varanka
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem Str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd., Balatonfűzfő, 8184, Hungary
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Li L, Xi L, Wu J, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Liu W, Pan Z, Liu M, Yang D, Chen Z, Fang Y. The regulatory roles of DDIT4 in TDCIPP-induced autophagy and apoptosis in PC12 cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:823-830. [PMID: 36375964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a commonly used organophosphate-based flame retardant and can bio-accumulate in human tissues and organs. As its structure is similar to that of neurotoxic organophosphate pesticides, the neurotoxicity of TDCIPP has raised widespread concerns. TDCIPP can increase neuronal apoptosis and induce autophagy. However, its regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that the expression upregulation of the DNA Damage-Inducible Transcript 4 (DDIT4) protein, which might play essential roles in TDCIPP-induced neuronal autophagy and apoptosis, was observed in TDCIPP-treated differentiated rat PC12 cells. Furthermore, we determined the protective effect of the DDIT4 suppression on the autophagy and apoptosis induced by TDCIPP using Western blot (WB) and Flow cytometry (FACS) analysis. We observed that TDCIPP treatment increased the DDIT4, the autophagy marker Beclin-1, and the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3II) expressions and decreased the mTOR phosphorylation levels. Conversely, the suppression of DDIT4 expression increased the p-mTOR expression and decreased cell autophagy and apoptosis. Collectively, our results revealed the function of DDIT4 in cell death mechanisms triggered by TDCIPP through the mTOR signaling axis in differentiated PC12 cells. Thus, this study provided vital evidence necessary to explain the mechanism of TDCIPP-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Lingyi Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zunquan Zhao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Youliang Chen
- China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weili Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhihui Pan
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Danfeng Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhaoli Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Yanjun Fang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Zhou Y, Liao H, Yin S, Wang P, Ye X, Zhang J. Aryl-, halogenated- and alkyl- organophosphate esters induced oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120559. [PMID: 36328282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a group of extensively used man-made chemicals with diverse substituents that are ubiquitously detected in human-related samples including serum, breastmilk, food and house dust. The understanding of their toxicological effects and potential mechanisms on hepatocytes is still limited. In this study, nine most frequently detected OPEs were selected and divided into three subgroups (aryl-, halogenated- and alkyl-OPEs) based on their substituents. The cytotoxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by OPEs were evaluated in human hepatocellular carcinomas HepG2 cells. All OPEs induced apoptosis likely through a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. The activities of anti-oxidative enzyme SOD and CAT exhibited sensitive responses after OPEs treatment for 6 h. The OPEs induced ROS overproduction, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation varied among aryl-, halogenated- and alkyl-OPEs. Halogenated- and alkyl- OPEs induced overproduction of ROS and DNA damage, and elevated ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation are observed aryl-OPEs induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Hanyu Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Pengqiao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
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Yu Y, Lu M, Ge X, Ma S, Liu H, Li G, An T. Composition profiles of halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves from two chemical industrial parks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157129. [PMID: 35792269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information available regarding the investigation on typical organic pollutants between the soil and in-situ grown plant leaves. This study is to reveal whether the pollution characteristics of soil and leaves can reflect the long-term and short-term pollution situation, and to find the differences between halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in were investigated in two different industrial parks, which were located at the largest brominated flame-retardant-manufacturing center in Weifang, China. These chemicals were frequently detected with high median concentrations of PBDEs (1.22 × 103 ng/g) and DBDPE (227 ng/g) in the soil samples, and DBDPE (881 ng/g) and PBDEs (461 ng/g) in the in-situ cypress leaves. The DP concentration was 1-4 orders of magnitude lower than the other two chemicals in both the matrices. Different composition profiles of the chemicals in soil and cypress leaves were observed. The PBDEs and DBDPE were found to be the predominant species in soils and cypress leaves, respectively. In comparison, the LG industrial parks had higher concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in both the soils and cypress leaves. No significant correlations were observed for these chemicals between the soil and leaf samples, although significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed for several PBDE congeners among all samples from the industrial parks and a separate industrial park. The results indicated that the soil was not the important source of these chemicals in leaves. A large proportion of DBDPE was preferentially present in cypress leaves, which revealed the situation of recent pollution. The results deepen the understanding of chemical distribution characteristics among different environmental matrices in soils and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meijuan Lu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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9
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Zhang W, Giesy JP, Wang P. Organophosphate esters in agro-foods: Occurrence, sources and emerging challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154271. [PMID: 35245542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Safety and sustainable agro-food production is important for food and nutrition security. Agro-foods safety is challenged by various emerging environmental contaminants. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been reported to occur in various agro-food items worldwide, which has resulted in increasing concerns for effects on health of humans and wildlife, including through agriculture. However, information on presence, sources and transfer routes of OPEs in agro-foods, and consequent health risks remains scant. This review critically evaluates available information on concentrations of OPEs in various agro-foods, and discusses potential sources of OPEs in agro-foods, which are closely related to the ambient agri-environment, agricultural inputs, and agro-foods processing. Some directions for future research are suggested. First, since food is an important exposure pathway to OPEs, systematic monitoring of concentrations of OPEs in various categories of agro-foods is recommended. Second, surveillance of concentrations and characteristics of OPEs in agro-foods and ambient agri-environments, agricultural inputs or processing in the agro-food chain is needed to obtain a more complete description of exposure and transmission behavior of OPEs in agro-foods. Third, future comprehensive studies of transmission, metabolism and accumulation of OPEs in animals or plants, are required. Finally, measures to control emissions of OPEs as sources to agriculture should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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10
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A new generation of cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) containing heavy metal free modifier. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany additives are used to improve the performance of cables in terms of increasing their flame retardancy, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and other characteristics. Unfortunately, most of these additives contain heavy metals. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to introduce a material representing a new generation of environmentally friendly heavy metal-free stabilizers for cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) that can compete with traditional materials in terms of performance and distinctive properties. This unique additive is Oxydtron, a synthetic silicate or simply nanocement. The tests performed are rheological properties represented by a capillary rheometry analysis, limiting oxygen index, and volume resistivity. The most significant improvement in Bagley correction measurements was 14.61%; 18.13%; and 27.20% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation when using 5wt.% Oxydtron at 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C, respectively. Also, the mean increases in relaxation time were 3.200 times, 8.825 times, and 12.458 times more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation with 1wt.%, 3wt.%, and 5wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively. Furthermore, the Oxydtron lowered the value of the accompanying thermal gradient of the L.O.I test, reducing the heat-affected zone. The best result was with the extrusion processing method due to the uniformity of the processing conditions. However, the thermal gradient analysis showed residual heat stress in the test samples after cutting the burning layer and re-testing the samples again; this causes them to burn faster. This situation requires caution for designs that are exposed to high temperatures without burning. The optimum improvement in volume resistivity value was 14.71% and 38.24% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation after adding 5wt.% and 7wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively.
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Organophosphate Esters in China: Fate, Occurrence, and Human Exposure. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110310. [PMID: 34822701 PMCID: PMC8620853 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs have been released into various environments (e.g., water, sediments, dust and air, and soil). To investigate the occurrence and distribution of OPEs in various environments in China, this review collects and discusses the published scientific studies in this field. Chlorinated OPEs, as flame retardants, are the predominant OPEs found in the environment. The analysis of data revealed large concentration variations among microenvironments, including inflowing river water (range: 0.69-10.62 µgL-1), sediments (range: 0.0197-0.234 µg/g), dust (range: 8.706-34.872 µg/g), and open recycling sites' soil (range: 0.122-2.1 µg/g). Moreover, OPEs can be detected in the air and biota. We highlight the overall view regarding environmental levels of OPEs in different matrices as a starting point to monitor trends for China. The levels of OPEs in the water, sediment, dust, and air of China are still low. However, dust samples from electronic waste workshop sites were more contaminated. Human activities, pesticides, electronics, furniture, paint, plastics and textiles, and wastewater plants are the dominant sources of OPEs. Human exposure routes to OPEs mainly include dermal contact, dust ingestion, inhalation, and dietary intake. The low level of ecological risk and risk to human health indicated a limited threat from OPEs. Furthermore, current challenges and perspectives for future studies are prospected. A criteria inventory of OPEs reflecting the levels of OPEs contamination association among different microenvironments, emerging OPEs, and potential impact of OPEs on human health, particularly for children are needed in China for better investigation.
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Bao M, Xu Y, Zhang L, Tan F, Zhao H. Characteristics and risk assessment of organophosphate esters and phthalates in soils and vegetation from Dalian, northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117532. [PMID: 34261226 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the concentration, composition, and potential risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalates (PAEs) in soils and vegetation from rural areas of Dalian, Northeast China. The residues of total OPEs and PAEs in soils were in the range of 33.1-136 ng/g dw (dry weight) and 465-5450 ng/g dw, while the values in plants were 140-2360 ng/g dw and 2440-21800 ng/g dw, respectively. The concentrations of both chemicals in the plant rhizosphere soils were significantly lower than those in the bulk soils, suggesting an enhanced degradation or uptake by plant. The contaminations in soils also varied for different land use types with the concentrations generally higher in paddy soils than those in maize soils. The OPE and PAE concentrations in plant leaves were slightly higher than those in their corresponding roots. The bioconcentration factors of OPEs & PAEs were significantly negatively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients. A hazard assessment suggested potential medium to high risks from tricresyl phosphate (TMPP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP) for the agricultural soils in Dalian of China. Although the ecological risks of OPEs and PAEs in the rhizosphere soils were lower than those in the bulk soils, the relevant risk could still endanger human health via oral intake of these plants. The daily dietary intakes of OPEs and PAEs via vegetable and rice consuming were estimated, and the result suggests a higher exposure risk via ingestion of leafy vegetable than rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Meijun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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