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Murdiyarso D, Swails E, Hergoualc’h K, Bhomia R, Sasmito SD. Refining greenhouse gas emission factors for Indonesian peatlands and mangroves to meet ambitious climate targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307219121. [PMID: 38621139 PMCID: PMC11047108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307219121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
For countries' emission-reduction efforts under the Paris Agreement to be effective, baseline emission/removals levels and reporting must be as transparent and accurate as possible. For Indonesia, which holds among the largest area of tropical peatlands and mangrove forest in the world, it is particularly important for these high-carbon ecosystems to produce high-accuracy greenhouse gas inventory and to improve national forest reference emissions level/forest reference level. Here, we highlight the opportunity for refining greenhouse gas emission factors (EF) of peatlands and mangroves and describe scientific challenges to support climate policy processes in Indonesia, where 55 to 59% of national emission reduction targets by 2030 depend on mitigation in Forestry and Other Land Use. Based on the stock-difference and flux change approaches, we examine higher-tier EF for drained and rewetted peatland, peatland fires, mangrove conversions, and mangrove on peatland to improve future greenhouse gas flux reporting in Indonesia. We suggest that these refinements will be essential to support Indonesia in achieving Forest and Other Land Use net sink by 2030 and net zero emissions targets by 2060 or earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Murdiyarso
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor16680, Indonesia
| | - Erin Swails
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
| | - Kristell Hergoualc’h
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
- Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rupesh Bhomia
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
| | - Sigit D. Sasmito
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore117411, Singapore
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD4811, Australia
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Krisnawati H, Volkova L, Budiharto B, Zamzani F, Adinugroho WC, Qirom MA, Weston CJ. Building capacity for estimating fire emissions from tropical peatlands; a worked example from Indonesia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14355. [PMID: 37658110 PMCID: PMC10474031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are globally significant in the terrestrial carbon cycle as they are comprised of a large forest carbon sink and a large peat carbon store-both of which can potentially be exchanged with the atmosphere on decadal time frames. Greenhouse gas emissions from fire-disturbance and development of tropical peatlands over the last few decades, and the potential for ongoing emissions, highlights the need for policy to slow or halt emissions and to activate mechanisms to sequester carbon through restoration of degraded peatlands. The UN REDD + scheme provides a means for developing countries to receive payments for avoided deforestation and forest degradation, but the steps to achieve REDD+ compliance are rigorous and the details required can be a barrier to activating benefits-especially for peatlands where repeated cycles of fire interrupt forest recovery and create a range of recovery classes. Therefore, to improve estimates of peat fire emissions and of carbon balance of tropical peatlands, the biomass and combustion factor parameters need to be developed and applied according to forest recovery stage. In this study we use published activity data from the extensive 1997 fires in the peatlands of Indonesian Borneo to detail a transparent and accountable way to estimate and report emissions from tropical peatland fires. This example for estimating and reporting emissions is provided to assist REDD+ countries to efficiently develop their capacity for improving emissions estimates from fire-impacted tropical peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruni Krisnawati
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
- Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta, 10270, Indonesia
| | - Liubov Volkova
- Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia.
| | - Budiharto Budiharto
- Directorate of Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Monitoring Reporting and Verification, Directorate General of Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta, 10270, Indonesia
| | - Franky Zamzani
- Directorate of Climate Change Mitigation, Directorate General of Climate Change, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Gatot Subroto, Jakarta, 10270, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu C Adinugroho
- Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad A Qirom
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Banjarbaru, 70721, Indonesia
| | - Christopher J Weston
- Faculty of Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia
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Shiraishi T, Hirata R, Hayashi M, Hirano T. Carbon dioxide emissions through land use change, fire, and oxidative peat decomposition in Borneo. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13067. [PMID: 37567930 PMCID: PMC10421864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Borneo has accumulated an abundance of woody carbon in its forests and peat. However, agricultural land conversion accompanied by plantation development, dead wood burning, and peat drying from drainage are major challenges to climate change mitigation. This study aimed to develop a method of estimating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from land use change, forest and peat fires, and oxidative peat decomposition, and CO2 uptake from biomass growth across Borneo using remote sensing data from 2001 to 2016. Although CO2 uptake by biomass growth in vast forests has shown a significant increasing trend, an annual net release of 461.10 ± 436.51 (average ± 1 standard deviation) Tg CO2 year-1 was observed. The estimated emissions were predominantly characterized by land use changes from 2001 to 2003, with the highest emissions in 2001. Land use change was evaluated from annual land use maps with an accuracy of 92.0 ± 1.0% (average ± 1 standard deviation). Forest and peat fires contributed higher emissions in 2002, 2006, 2009, 2014, and 2015 compared to other years and were strongly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Indexes. These results suggest that more CO2 may have been released into the atmosphere than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shiraishi
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
- School of Engineering, Nippon Bunri University, Oita, 870-0397, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Hirata
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masato Hayashi
- Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ibaraki, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
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Volkova L, Paul KI, Roxburgh SH, Weston CJ. Tree mortality and carbon emission as a function of wildfire severity in south-eastern Australian temperate forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158705. [PMID: 36099944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance trends over recent decades indicate that climate change is resulting in increased fire severity and extent in Australia's temperate Eucalyptus forests. As disturbance cycles become shorter and more severe, empirical measurements are required to identify potential change in forest carbon (C) stock and emissions. However, such estimates are rare in the literature. The 2019-2020 wildfires burnt through 6 to 7 million ha of mainly temperate open Eucalyptus forest in south-east Australia, with top down emission estimates ranging from 97 to 130 tonnes CO2 ha-1. Study sites that had been assessed for all aboveground C pools prior to the wildfires, were burnt in January 2020 by wildfire that varied in severity. Here we quantify the impact of high and low/moderate fire severities on tree mortality, C loss and C redistribution and assess implications for future C storage in these temperate Eucalyptus forests. Higher fire severity resulted in greater overstorey tree mortality but not understorey or loss of dead standing trees than in low/moderate severity fires. High severity fires combusted almost twice as much C from live trees (42 Mg C ha-1) as low/moderate severity fires (25 Mg C ha-1), while C loss from dead standing trees was similar among fire severity classes (average 17 Mg C ha-1). Total aboveground C lost across study sites was 42 Mg C ha-1 for high and 47 Mg C ha-1 for low/moderate severity, with an average of 45 Mg C ha-1 equivalent to 15 % (high severity) and 14 % (low/moderate severity) of AGC. Extrapolating our findings to other tall to medium open Eucalyptus forests across Victoria revealed that 37.33 ± 12.25 Tg C (mean ± s.e.) or 152 ± 50 Mg CO2 ha-1 was lost to the atmosphere from the 0.9 million ha of these productive forests, equating to about 20 % of Australia's total net annual emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Volkova
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Keryn I Paul
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Weston
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia
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Du M, Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Li F. Towards sustainable development in China: How do green technology innovation and resource misallocation affect carbon emission performance? Front Psychol 2022; 13:929125. [PMID: 35928425 PMCID: PMC9345328 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.929125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Green technology innovation is an effective way through which to achieve carbon neutrality and sustainable development. Based on provincial panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2018, this work examines the tripartite relationship among green technology innovation, resource misallocation, and carbon emission performance by constructing panel regression models and a dynamic threshold panel model. The research results show that green technology innovation significantly improves carbon emission performance. Further analysis shows that both capital and labour misallocation have a negative impact on carbon emission performance and hinder the contribution of green technology innovation to the improvement of carbon emission performance. The regression results show that there is a threshold effect of green technology innovation on carbon emission performance: as the degree of resource misallocation increases, the positive impact of green technology innovation on carbon emission performance gradually decreases. This study provides an important reference for policy-makers in implementing policies to improve carbon emission performance. Policy-makers should continue to promote the level of green technology innovation and improve the efficiency of labour and capital allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Du
- School of Economics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjie Zhou
- School of Economics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Institute of New Commercial Economy, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qingjie Zhou,
| | - Yunlai Zhang
- School of International Economics and Management, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Yunlai Zhang,
| | - Feifei Li
- School of Economics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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Lin S, Liu Y, Huang X. Climate-induced Arctic-boreal peatland fire and carbon loss in the 21st century. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148924. [PMID: 34265612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Boreal peatlands are increasingly vulnerable to wildfires as climate change continues accelerating. Fires consume substantial quantities of organic soils and rapidly transfer large stocks of terrestrial carbon to the atmosphere. Herein, we quantify the minimum environmental temperature from -45 °C to 45 °C that allows the moist peat to smolder, as the fire threshold of peatlands. We then apply a typical vertical soil temperature profile to estimate the future depth of burn and carbon emissions from boreal peatland fires under the impact of global warming. If the boreal region continues warming at a rate of 0.44 °C/decade, we estimate the carbon loss from the boreal peat fires on a warmer soil layer may increase from 143 Mt. in 2015 to 544 Mt. in 2100 and reach a total of 28 Gt in the 21st century. If the global human efforts successfully reduce the boreal warming rate to 0.3 °C/decade, the peat fire carbon loss would drop by 21% to 22 Gt in the 21st century. This work helps understand the vulnerability of boreal peatland to more frequent and severer wildfires driven by global warming and estimate climate-induced carbon emissions from boreal peatland fires in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorun Lin
- Research Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Research Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinyan Huang
- Research Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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