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Jiang L, Yang J, Yang H, Kong L, Ma H, Zhu Y, Zhao X, Yang T, Liu W. Advanced Understanding of the Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs): Insights from Total Environment to Intoxication. Toxicology 2024:153959. [PMID: 39341352 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated compounds connected by ester bonds between two benzene rings. There are 209 congeners of PBDEs, classified according to the number and position of the bromine atoms. Due to their low cost and superior flame retardant properties, PBDEs have been extensively used as flame retardants in electronic products, plastics, textiles, and other materials since the 1970s. PBDEs are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention because of their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity to both humans and wildlife. Due to their extensive use and significant quantities, PBDEs have been detected across a range of environments and biological organisms. These compounds are known to cause damage to the metabolic system, exhibit neurotoxicity, and pose reproductive hazards. This review investigates the environmental distribution and human exposure pathways of PBDEs. Using China-a country with significant PBDE use-as an example, it highlights substantial regional and temporal variations in PBDE concentrations and notes that certain environmental levels may pose risks to human health. The article then examines the toxic effects and mechanisms of PBDEs on several major target organs, summarizing recent research and the specific mechanisms underlying these toxic effects from multiple toxicological perspectives. This review enhances our understanding of PBDEs' environmental distribution, exposure pathways, and toxic mechanisms, offering valuable insights for further research and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujiangshan Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Huajie Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lingxu Kong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Haonan Ma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yapei Zhu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Tianyao Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control & Prevention (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China.
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Jin M, Guo Z, Ye N, Sun L, Guo J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in student dormitory microenvironments: Concentrations, sources, and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 350:124010. [PMID: 38648964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Microenvironments, such as student dormitories, differ from general residential environments. They are characterized by small spaces, poor air circulation, high personnel densities, and electronic products, such as computers that are turned on for extended periods, leading to increased pollution concentrations. The limited space and poor air circulation reduce migration of contaminants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), making it easier for PBDEs to accumulate. However, few studies have been conducted on small group dwellings, including student dormitory dwellings. We collected dust samples from student dormitories of a university to analyze the characteristics and traceability of PBDEs in dormitory microenvironments. The results showed that PBDE congeners were widely present in university dormitories and the order of median concentration of ∑10PBDEs was as follows: male old-fashioned dormitory (273 ng/g) > female four-person dormitory (132 ng/g) > female two-person dormitory (132 ng/g) > male two-person dormitory (96.2 ng/g) > female old-fashioned dormitory (91.6 ng/g) > male four-person apartment (51.8 ng/g). BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, followed by BDE-47, and BDE-28. PBDEs were also found in typical electrical appliances, with higher concentrations in laptops than in desktops, and higher concentrations in desktops than in idle ones. According to Spearman correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), we also found that boards and wallpaper materials were common sources of contamination in the microenvironment of student dormitories, and that female dormitories had more sources of PBDE emissions. Human exposure to PBDEs in students is below the US Environmental Protection Agency reference dose. Although exposure to PBDEs generated in dormitories does not pose a significant health risk, the potential hazards of PBDEs to the reagent environment remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantong Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Zhaoxuan Guo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Nanxi Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Surace T, Quitadamo C, Caldiroli A, Capuzzi E, Colmegna F, Nosari G, Borroni E, Fedrizzi L, Bollati V, Pesatori AC, Carugno M, Clerici M, Buoli M. Air Pollution and Perinatal Mental Health: A Comprehensive Overview. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3146. [PMID: 37176587 PMCID: PMC10179699 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to summarise the available data about the link between air pollution exposure and the new-onset and severity of psychiatric disorders in pregnant women during the perinatal period. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected articles published until June 2022 on PubMed and the Web of Science. Pollutants included were PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometres and smaller), PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometres and smaller), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), O3 (ozone), SO2 (sulphur dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), lead, and cadmium. The perinatal period was considered as the time of pregnancy until one year after childbirth. RESULTS Nine studies were included; most of them evaluated the association between exposure to air pollutants and the onset of Postpartum Depression (PPD). Two studies showed an association between, respectively, only PM2.5 and both PM2.5 and NO2 exposure and PPD onset 12 months after childbirth, while another study found a significant association between NO2 exposure and PPD occurrence 6 months after childbirth. PBDE blood levels were associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Lastly, one study observed a link between stressful symptoms and exposure to PM2.5, PM10 during pregnancy. CONCLUSION More comprehensive and uniform studies are required to make a roadmap for future interventions, given the growing relevance of issues such pollution and mental health, particularly during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Surace
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Cecilia Quitadamo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Alice Caldiroli
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Enrico Capuzzi
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Colmegna
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Guido Nosari
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borroni
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Fedrizzi
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Cecilia Pesatori
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Carugno
- EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Buoli
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Zheng K, Zeng Z, Lin Y, Wang Q, Tian Q, Huo X. Current status of indoor dust PBDE pollution and its physical burden and health effects on children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:19642-19661. [PMID: 36648715 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in indoor dust, which has been identified as a more important route of PBDE exposure for children than food intake. The physical burden and health hazards to children of PBDE exposure in house dust have not been adequately summarized; therefore, this article reviews the current status of PBDE pollution in indoor dust associated with children, highlighting the epidemiological evidence for physical burden and health risks in children. We find that PBDEs remain at high levels in indoor dust, including in homes, schools, and cars, especially in cars showing a significant upward trend. There is a trend towards an increase in the proportion of BDE-209 in household dust, which is indicative of recent PBDE contamination. Conversely, PBDE congeners in car and school indoor dust tended to shift from highly brominated to low brominated, suggesting a shift in current pollution patterns. Indoor dust exposure causes significantly higher PBDE burdens in children, especially infants in early life, than in adults. Exposure to dust also affects breast milk, putting infants at high risk of exposure. Although evidence is limited, available epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to indoor dust PBDEs promotes neurobehavioral problems and cancer development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Zheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Yucong Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, Berkeley, USA
| | - Qihua Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianwen Tian
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China.
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Choi S, Ekpe OD, Sim W, Choo G, Oh JE. Exposure and Risk Assessment of Korean Firefighters to PBDEs and PAHs via Fire Vehicle Dust and Personal Protective Equipment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:520-530. [PMID: 36539350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were characterized in firefighters' personal protective equipment (PPE) (i.e., jackets, pants, hoods, and gloves) and vehicle dust wipe samples to assess the exposure and potential risk of firefighters to these combustion-related toxic pollutants. The mean levels of ∑PBDEs in the fire vehicle dust samples (778 and 449 pg/cm2 for pump trucks and command cars, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the private vehicles (31.2 pg/cm2) (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05), which was similar to the ∑PAH levels (521, 185, and 46.8 pg/cm2 for pump trucks, command cars, and private vehicles, respectively). In the case of firefighters' PPE, the levels of ∑PBDEs and ∑PAHs in used jackets and pants were found to be, respectively, 70- to 2242-folds and 11- to 265-folds higher than those in their unused counterparts. Biomass/petroleum combustion was found to be the main source of PAH contamination in fire vehicle dust and used PPE in the present study. Both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks via vehicle dust ingestion and dermal absorption from wearing of PPE were within permissible limits, although the relative risk evaluation showed that PAH/PBDE absorption via wearing of PPE could pose a higher likelihood of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks than the ingestion of pollutants via fire vehicle dust, warranting the need for appropriate management of firefighters' personal protective ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Sim
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan46241, Republic of Korea
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Shockley KR, Dunnick JK. Gene expression profiling after exposure to a chemical carcinogen, Pentabrominated Diphenyl Ether, at different life stages. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 4:1028309. [PMID: 36687508 PMCID: PMC9847571 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.1028309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental hazards occurs at different stages of our lifetime-infant, child, adult. This study integrates recently published toxicogenomics data to examine how exposure to a known rat chemical carcinogen (pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)) upregulated liver transcriptomic changes at different life cycle stages (PND 4, PND 22, adult). We found that at all three life cycle stages PBDE exposure induced hepatocellular transcriptomic changes in disease pathways including cancer, metabolic, membrane function, and Nrf2 antioxidant pathways, pathways all characteristics of chemical carcinogens. In addition, in the adult rat after a 5-day exposure to the chemical carcinogen, there was upregulation of members of the Ras oncogenic pathway, a specific pathway found to be activated in the PBDE-induced tumors in rats in a previous hazard identification cancer study. The findings of liver transcript changes characteristic of carcinogenic activity after early life exposures and after short-term adult exposures provides data to support the use of transcriptomic data to predict the apical cancer endpoints in model studies. Using data from gene expression profiling studies after neonatal, young, or adult short-term chemical exposure helps to meet the 21st century toxicology goal of developing study designs to reduce, refine, and replace the use of traditional 2-year rodent cancer studies to provide hazard identification information. The studies reported here find that key transcripts associated with carcinogenesis were elevated in neonate (PND 4), young (PND 22) and adult animals after short-term exposure to PBDE, a known experimental chemical carcinogen in model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R. Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - June K. Dunnick
- Systems Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
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Dvoršćak M, Jakovljević I, Jagić K, Tariba Lovaković B, Klinčić D. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust from different indoor environments in Zagreb, Croatia: Levels and human exposure assessment. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13145. [PMID: 36437674 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports for the first time the levels of 7 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) measured in dust samples collected in 10 kindergartens, 11 workplaces, and 25 cars from Zagreb, Croatia. ΣPBDEs mass fractions were 3.11-14.42, <LOD-313.75, and 0.6-5666.98 ng g-1 dust, while ΣPAHs were 244.9-833.0, 230.5-5632.7, and 395.6-12114.8 ng g-1 dust in kindergartens, workplaces, and cars, respectively. In the central case scenario, dust from homes contributed to the intake of PBDEs and PAHs the most, while for PBDEs in the worst-case scenario, the intake through car dust prevailed. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed for PAHs and PBDEs, respectively, for two age groups (adults and toddlers) and for professional drivers as a specific group. The hazard index for adults, toddlers, and professional drivers for PBDEs was less than 1 indicating that there is no significant risk of non-carcinogenic effects due to exposure to these chemicals. Total carcinogenic risk for PAHs was negligible for all groups in the central case scenario, but the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk values >10-6 in the worst-case scenario indicated a potential risk, especially for professional drivers. Also, in the cases of elevated contaminant levels, toddlers are susceptible to a higher risk, despite the short time they spend in cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dvoršćak
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jakovljević
- Environmental Hygiene Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karla Jagić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Darija Klinčić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Jin M, Zhang S, Ye N, Zhou S, Xu Z. Distribution and source of and health risks associated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust generated by public transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119700. [PMID: 35780998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenic and neurotoxic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are environmentally ubiquitous and have been widely investigated. However, little is understood regarding their pollution status, sources, and potential risk to persons in public transportation microenvironments (PTMs). We collected 60 dust samples from PTMs and then selected four materials typical of bus interiors to determine the sources of PBDEs in dust using principal component analysis coupled with Mantel tests. We then evaluated the risk of PBDEs to public health using Monte Carlo simulations. We found that PBDE concentrations in dust were 2-fold higher in buses than at bus stops and that brominated diphenyl ether (BDE)-209 was the main pollutant. The number of buses that passed through a bust stop contributed to the extent of PBDE pollution, and the primary potential sources of PBDEs in dust were plastic handles and curtains inside buses; BDE-209 and BDE-154 were the main contributors of pollution. We found that health risk was 8-fold higher in toddlers than in adults and that the reference doses of PBDEs in dust were far below the United States Environmental Protection Agency limits. Our findings provide a scientific basis that may aid in preventing PBDE pollution and guiding related pollution management strategies in PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantong Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Shunfei Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Nanxi Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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9
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Jin M, Ye N, Lu Z, Zhang S, Zhou S, He J. Pollution characteristics and source identification of PBDEs in public transport microenvironments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153159. [PMID: 35051456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Public transport microenvironments easily accumulate pollutants due to high airtightness and poor circulation. To investigate and analyze the pollution levels and sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), air and dust samples were collected from hybrid buses, electric buses and subways in Hangzhou, China. The components of six priority control PBDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, and -209) were analyzed. The average concentrations of Σ6PBDEs in the air and dust samples were 625.38 pg/m3 and 1200.58 ng/g from hybrid buses; 747.46 pg/m3 and 1160.07 ng/g from electric buses; and 407.57 pg/m3 and 925.93 ng/g from subways, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the main proportion of Σ6PBDEs in the air and dust samples. Several types of materials were collected from the interior as samples to investigate pollutant sources. Using principal component analysis (PCA), it was found that seat cover, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic, rubber, and wire shells were the primary sources. Compared with the reference dose of several PBDE congeners proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the exposure level of the population in public transport microenvironments to PBDEs was estimated to be low; however, the potential danger cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantong Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Nanxi Ye
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhuhao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shunfei Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiaqi He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Hangzhou Environmental Group Co., Ltd, China
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Yuan J, Sun X, Che S, Zhang L, Ruan Z, Li X, Yang J. AhR-mediated CYP1A1 and ROS overexpression are involved in hepatotoxicity of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Toxicol Lett 2021; 352:26-33. [PMID: 34571075 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants. They are constantly detected in terrestrial, ocean, and atmospheric systems, and it is of particular concern that these fat-soluble xenobiotics may have a negative impact on human health. This study aimed to evaluate the toxic effect and underlying mechanism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on human liver in a HepG2 cell model. The results showed that BDE-209 significantly induced HepG2 cells apoptosis, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), disturbed [Ca 2+] homeostasis and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and caused nuclear shrinkage and DNA double-strand breaks. BDE-209 also significantly decreased the activities of antioxidant parameters, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxygenic capacity (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH), and total glutathione (T-GSH). The up-regulation of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) signaling pathway indicates that after long-term and high-dose exposure, BDE-209 may be a liver carcinogen. Interestingly, HepG2 cells attempt to metabolize BDE-209 through the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway. These findings help elucidate the mechanisms of BDE-209-induced hepatotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Nutrition and Processing, Institute of Nutrition and School of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Nutrition and Processing, Institute of Nutrition and School of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Siyan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Nutrition and Processing, Institute of Nutrition and School of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Nutrition and Processing, Institute of Nutrition and School of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Nutrition and Processing, Institute of Nutrition and School of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China.
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agri-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
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