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Tassanaviroj K, Plodpai P, Wongyikul P, Tanasombatkul K, Shinlapawittayatorn K, Phinyo P. Effect modification of diabetic status on the association between exposure to particulate matter and cardiac arrhythmias in a general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301766. [PMID: 38758819 PMCID: PMC11101100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) has various health effects, including cardiovascular diseases. Exposure to PM and a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) have been associated with an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias. However, no comprehensive synthesis has been conducted to examine the modifying effect of DM on the association between PM and arrhythmia events. Thus, the objectives of this review were to investigate whether the association of PM is linked to cardiac arrhythmias and whether DM status modifies its effect in the general population. The search was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase until January 18, 2023. We included cohort and case-crossover studies reporting the effect of PM exposure on cardiac arrhythmias and examining the role of diabetes as an effect modifier. We used the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model to calculate the pooled estimates. A total of 217 studies were found and subsequently screened. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, and five of them were included in the meta-analysis. The participants numbered 4,431,452, with 2,556 having DM. Exposure to PM of any size showed a significant effect on arrhythmias in the overall population (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.16). However, the effect modification of DM was not significant (OR 1.18 (95% CI 1.01-1.38) for DM; OR 1.08 (95% CI 1.02-1.14) for non-DM; p-value of subgroup difference = 0.304). Exposure to higher PM concentrations significantly increases cardiac arrhythmias requiring hospital or emergency visits. Although the impact on diabetic individuals is not significant, diabetic patients should still be considered at risk. Further studies with larger sample sizes and low bias are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pakpoom Wongyikul
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Krittai Tanasombatkul
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Krekwit Shinlapawittayatorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Phichayut Phinyo
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Kell DB, Lip GYH, Pretorius E. Fibrinaloid Microclots and Atrial Fibrillation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:891. [PMID: 38672245 PMCID: PMC11048249 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a comorbidity of a variety of other chronic, inflammatory diseases for which fibrinaloid microclots are a known accompaniment (and in some cases, a cause, with a mechanistic basis). Clots are, of course, a well-known consequence of atrial fibrillation. We here ask the question whether the fibrinaloid microclots seen in plasma or serum may in fact also be a cause of (or contributor to) the development of AF. We consider known 'risk factors' for AF, and in particular, exogenous stimuli such as infection and air pollution by particulates, both of which are known to cause AF. The external accompaniments of both bacterial (lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acids) and viral (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) infections are known to stimulate fibrinaloid microclots when added in vitro, and fibrinaloid microclots, as with other amyloid proteins, can be cytotoxic, both by inducing hypoxia/reperfusion and by other means. Strokes and thromboembolisms are also common consequences of AF. Consequently, taking a systems approach, we review the considerable evidence in detail, which leads us to suggest that it is likely that microclots may well have an aetiological role in the development of AF. This has significant mechanistic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK;
- Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Krittanawong C, Qadeer YK, Hayes RB, Wang Z, Thurston GD, Virani S, Lavie CJ. PM 2.5 and cardiovascular diseases: State-of-the-Art review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND PREVENTION 2023; 19:200217. [PMID: 37869561 PMCID: PMC10585625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcrp.2023.200217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution, especially exposure to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), has been associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality around the world. Specifically, it seems that PM2.5 promotes the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, while being associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure, and arrhythmias. In this review, we seek to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms by which exposure to PM2.5 can result in adverse cardiovascular outcomes, in addition to understanding the link between exposure to PM2.5 and cardiovascular events. It is hypothesized that PM2.5 functions via 3 mechanisms: increased oxidative stress, activation of the inflammatory pathway of the immune system, and stimulation of the autonomic nervous system which ultimately promote endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and systemic inflammation that can thus lead to cardiovascular events. It is important to note that the various cardiovascular associations of PM2.5 differ regarding the duration of exposure (short vs long) to PM2.5, the source of PM2.5, and regulations regarding air pollution in the area where PM2.5 is prominent. Current strategies to reduce PM2.5 exposure include personal strategies such as avoiding high PM2.5 areas such as highways or wearing masks outdoors, to governmental policies restricting the amount of PM2.5 produced by organizations. This review, by highlighting the significant impact between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular health will hopefully bring awareness and produce significant change regarding dealing with PM2.5 levels worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard B. Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - George D. Thurston
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Salim Virani
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Carl J. Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Ranta A, Ozturk S, Wasay M, Giroud M, Béjot Y, Reis J. Environmental factors and stroke: Risk and prevention. J Neurol Sci 2023; 454:120860. [PMID: 37944211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and adult disability globally. In addition to traditional risk factors, environmental risk factors have emerged over the recent past and are becoming increasingly important. The disproportionate rise of stroke incidence in low- and middle-income countries has been attributed, at least in part, to environmental factors. This narrative review provides details on the interplay between the environment and health generally and stroke specifically, covering topics including air pollution, atmospheric brown clouds, desert dust storms, giant wildfires, chemical contamination, biological aggressors, urbanization, and climate change. It also covers some beneficial environmental effects such as can be harnessed from the exposure to green spaces. It concludes with a summary of pragmatic actions that can be taken to help address some of these challenges at individual, community, and political advocacy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarei Ranta
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurology, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Serefnur Ozturk
- Department of Neurology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Wasay
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Maurice Giroud
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, France; Dijon Stroke Registry, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of cerebrocardiovascular diseases (EA7460), University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
| | - Yannick Béjot
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, France; Dijon Stroke Registry, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of cerebrocardiovascular diseases (EA7460), University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
| | - Jacques Reis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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de Almeida AEM, Stein R. The Environment and the Heart. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20230119. [PMID: 37466623 PMCID: PMC10365009 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Stein
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
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Kumar P, Singh AB, Arora T, Singh S, Singh R. Critical review on emerging health effects associated with the indoor air quality and its sustainable management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162163. [PMID: 36781134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is one of the fundamental elements affecting people's health and well-being. Currently, there is a lack of awareness among people about the quantification, identification, and possible health effects of IAQ. Airborne pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) microbial spores, pollen, allergens, etc. primarily contribute to IAQ deterioration. This review discusses the sources of major indoor air pollutants, molecular toxicity mechanisms, and their effects on cardiovascular, ocular, neurological, women, and foetal health. Additionally, contemporary strategies and sustainable methods for regulating and reducing pollutant concentrations are emphasized, and current initiatives to address and enhance IAQ are explored, along with their unique advantages and potentials. Due to their longer exposure times and particular physical characteristics, women and children are more at risk for poor indoor air quality. By triggering many toxicity mechanisms, including oxidative stress, DNA methylation, epigenetic modifications, and gene activation, indoor air pollution can cause a range of health issues. Low birth weight, acute lower respiratory tract infections, Sick building syndromes (SBS), and early death are more prevalent in exposed residents. On the other hand, the main causes of incapacity and early mortality are lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disorders. It's crucial to acknowledge anticipated research needs and implemented efficient interventions and policies to lower health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 52, India
| | - A B Singh
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Mall Road Campus, Delhi 07, India
| | - Taruna Arora
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Maternal and Child Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sevaram Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad 121001, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 52, India; Department of Environmental Science, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
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Feng S, Huang F, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Wang X. The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of atmospheric PM 2.5 affecting cardiovascular health: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114444. [PMID: 38321663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5, with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) is a leading environmental risk factor for global cardiovascular health concern. OBJECTIVE To provide a roadmap for those new to this field, we reviewed the new insights into the pathophysiological and cellular/molecular mechanisms of PM2.5 responsible for cardiovascular health. MAIN FINDINGS PM2.5 is able to disrupt multiple physiological barriers integrity and translocate into the systemic circulation and get access to a range of secondary target organs. An ever-growing body of epidemiological and controlled exposure studies has evidenced a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A variety of cellular and molecular biology mechanisms responsible for the detrimental cardiovascular outcomes attributable to PM2.5 exposure have been described, including metabolic activation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling, disturbance of autophagy, and induction of apoptosis, by which PM2.5 exposure impacts the functions and fates of multiple target cells in cardiovascular system or related organs and further alters a series of pathophysiological processes, such as cardiac autonomic nervous system imbalance, increasing blood pressure, metabolic disorder, accelerated atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability, platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and disruption in cardiac structure and function, ultimately leading to cardiovascular events and death. Therein, oxidative stress and inflammation were suggested to play pivotal roles in those pathophysiological processes. CONCLUSION Those biology mechanisms have deepen insights into the etiology, course, prevention and treatment of this public health concern, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been entirely clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Feng
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fangfang Huang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yashi Feng
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yunchang Cao
- The Department of Molecular Biology, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Dwivedi AK, Vishwakarma D, Dubey P, Reddy SY. Air Pollution and the Heart: Updated Evidence from Meta-analysis Studies. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:1811-1835. [PMID: 36434404 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01819-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although environmental exposure such as air pollution is detrimental to cardiovascular disease (CVD), the effects of different air pollutants on different CVD endpoints produced variable findings. We provide updated evidence between air pollutants and CVD outcomes including mitigation strategies with meta-analytic evidence. RECENT FINDINGS An increased exposure to any class of air pollutants including particulate matter (PM), gas, toxic metals, and disruptive chemicals has been associated with CVD events. Exposure to PM < 2.5 μm has been consistently associated with most heart diseases and stroke as well as CVDs among at-risk individuals. Despite this, there is no clinical approach available for systemic evaluation of air pollution exposure and management. A large number of epidemiological evidence clearly suggests the importance of air pollution prevention and control for reducing the risk of CVDs and mortality. Cost-effective and feasible strategies for air pollution monitoring, screening, and necessary interventions are urgently required among at-risk populations and those living or working, or frequently commuting in polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Dwivedi
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, 5001, El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA. .,Biostatistics and Epidemiology Consulting Lab, Office of Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Deepanjali Vishwakarma
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, 5001, El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Pallavi Dubey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Sireesha Y Reddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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Spatiotemporal Patterns and Dominant Factors of Urban Particulate Matter Islands: New Evidence from 240 Cities in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With rapid urbanization and industrialization, PM2.5 pollution exerts a significant negative impact on the urban eco-environment and on residents’ health. Previous studies have demonstrated that cities in China are characterized by urban particulate matter island (UPI) phenomena, i.e., higher PM2.5 concentrations are observed in urban areas than in rural settings. How, though, nature and socioeconomic environments interact to influence UPI intensities is a question that still awaits a general explanation. To fill this knowledge gap, this study investigates spatiotemporal variations in UPI effects with respect to different climatic settings and city sizes in 240 cities in China from 2000 to 2015 using remotely sensed data and explores the effective mechanism of human–environmental factors on UPI dynamics based upon the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model. In particular, a conceptual framework that considers natural environments, technology, population, and economics is proposed to explore the factors influencing UPIs. The results show (1) that about 70% of the cities in China selected exhibited UPI effects from 2000 to 2015. In addition, UPI intensities and the number of UPI-related cities decreased over time. It is noteworthy that PM2.5 pollution shifted from urban to rural areas. (2) Elevation was the most efficient driving factor of UPI variations, followed by precipitation, population density, NDVI, per capita GDP, and PM2.5 emission per unit GDP. (3) Climatic backgrounds and city sizes influenced the compositions and performance of dominant factors regarding UPI phenomena. This study provides valuable a reference for PM2.5 pollution mitigation in cities experiencing global climate change and rapid urbanization and thus can help sustainable urban developments.
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Pétremand R, Suárez G, Besançon S, Dil JH, Guseva Canu I. A Real-Time Comparison of Four Particulate Matter Size Fractions in the Personal Breathing Zone of Paris Subway Workers: A Six-Week Prospective Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 14:5999. [PMID: 35909454 PMCID: PMC9170000 DOI: 10.3390/su14105999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We developed a Bayesian spline model for real-time mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and PM0.3) measured simultaneously in the personal breathing zone of Parisian subway workers. The measurements were performed by GRIMM, a gravimetric method, and DiSCmini during the workers’ work shifts over two consecutive weeks. The measured PM concentrations were analyzed with respect to the working environment, the underground station, and any specific events that occurred during the work shift. Overall, PM0.3 concentrations were more than an order of magnitude lower compared to the other PM concentrations and showed the highest temporal variation. The PM2.5 levels raised the highest exposure concern: 15 stations out of 37 had higher mass concentrations compared to the reference. Station PM levels were not correlated with the annual number of passengers entering the station, the year of station opening or renovation, or the number of platforms and tracks. The correlation with the number of station entrances was consistently negative for all PM sizes, whereas the number of correspondence concourses was negatively correlated with PM0.3 and PM10 levels and positively correlated with PM1 and PM2.5 levels. The highest PM10 exposure was observed for the station platform, followed by the subway cabin and train, while ticket counters had the highest PM0.3, PM1, and PM2.5 mass concentrations. We further found that compared to gravimetric and DiSCmini measurements, GRIMM results showed some discrepancies, with an underestimation of exposure levels. Therefore, we suggest using GRIMM, calibrated by gravimetric methods, for PM sizes above 1μm, and DiSCmini for sizes below 700 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pétremand
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center of Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Epalinges, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Guillaume Suárez
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center of Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Epalinges, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Sophie Besançon
- Régie Automne de Transport Parisien (RATP), 75012 Paris, France;
| | - J Hugo Dil
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Irina Guseva Canu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Center of Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Epalinges, 1066 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.P.); (G.S.)
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Abstract
Inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exposure to PM2.5 has been linked to increases in blood pressure, thrombosis, and insulin resistance. It also induces vascular injury and accelerates atherogenesis. Results from animal models corroborate epidemiological evidence and suggest that the cardiovascular effects of PM2.5 may be attributable, in part, to oxidative stress, inflammation, and the activation of the autonomic nervous system. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, there is robust evidence that long-term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with premature mortality due to heart failure, stoke, and ischemic heart disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA;
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