Magnetized manganese-doped watermelon rind biochar as a novel low-cost catalyst for improving oxygen reduction reaction in microbial fuel cells

Cr(VI) and doxorubicin adsorptive capture by a novel bionanocomposite of Ti-MOF@TiO2 incorporated with watermelon biochar and chitosan hydrogel

Biodegradable polymers, biochars and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have manifested as top prospects for elimination of harmful pollutants. In the current study, Ti-MOF was synthesized and decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles, then embedded into watermelon peel biochar and functionalized with chitosan hydrogel to produce Ti-MOF@TiO2@WMPB@CTH. Various instruments were employed to assure the effective production of the bionanocomposite. The HR-TEM and SEM studies referred to excellent surface porosity and homogeneity of Ti-MOF@TiO2@WMPB@CTH bionanocomposite, with 51.02-74.23 nm. Based on the BET analysis, the mesoporous structure has a significant surface area of 366.04 m2 g-1 and a considerable total pore volume of 11.38 × 10-2 cm3 g-1, with a mean pore size of 12.434 nm. Removal of doxorubicin (DOX) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) was examined under various experimentations. Pseudo-second order kinetic models in addition to Langmuir isotherm offered the best fitting. Thermodynamic experiments of the two contaminants demonstrated spontaneous and endothermic interactions. After five subsequent adsorption and desorption cycles, Ti-MOF@TiO2@WMPB@CTH bionanocomposite demonstrated an exceptional recyclability for the elimination of DOX and Cr(VI) ions, reaching 97.96 % and 95.28 %, respectively. Finally, the newly designed Ti-MOF@TiO2@WMPB@CTH bionanocomposite demonstrated a high removing efficiency of Cr(VI) ions and DOX from samples of real water.

Graphene and biochar-based cathode catalysts for microbial fuel cell: Performance evaluation, economic comparison, environmental and future perspectives

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been the prime focus of research in recent years because of their distinctive feature of concomitantly treating and producing electricity from wastewater. Nevertheless, the electrical performance of MFCs is hindered by a protracted oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and often a catalyst is required to boost the cathodic reactions. Conventional transition metals-based catalysts are expensive and infeasible for field-scale usage. In this regard, carbon-based electrocatalysts like waste-derived biochar and graphene are used to enhance the commercialisation prospects of MFC technology. These carbon-catalysts possess unique properties like superior electrocatalytic activity, higher surface area, and high porosity conducive to ORR. Theoretically, graphene-based cathode catalysts yield superior results than a biochar-derived catalyst, though at a higher cost. In contrast, the synthesis of waste-extracted biochar is economical; however, its ability to catalyse ORR is debatable. Therefore, this review aims to make a side-by-side techno-economic assessment of biochar and graphene-based cathode catalyst used in MFC to predict the relative performance and typical cost of power recovery. Additionally, the life cycle analysis of the graphene and biochar-based materials has been briefly discussed to comprehend the associated environmental impacts and overall sustainability of these carbo-catalysts.

Iron/cobalt-decorated nitrogen-rich 3D layer-stacked porous biochar as high-performance oxygen reduction air-cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cell

Developing low-cost and high-efficiency oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts is crucial to the commercial application of microbial fuel cell (MFC). Herein, Fe/Co-decorated nitrogen-rich three-dimensional (3D) layer-stacked porous biochar (Fe/Co-NC-x) have been synthesized from silk gel through secondary carbonization of activated carbons which firstly adsorbed metal ions. The multilayer porous structure of Fe/Co-NC-3 contributes to construction of high specific surface area (576 m² g^-1), large pore volume (1.27 cm³ g^-1) and many defect structure (I_D/I_G = 1.004). As expected, with Fe/Co synergistic effect, Fe/Co-NC-3 exhibits excellent ORR performance through 4e^- pathway with good methanol resistance. In addition, the performance of MFC using Fe/Co-NC-3 as air-cathode catalyst is more prominent with higher maximum power density (1059.62 ± 30.00 mW m^-2) compared to that using NC (668.19 ± 9.84 mW m^-2) and commercial Pt/C catalyst (957.33 ± 10.50 mW m^-2). Therefore, Fe/Co-NC-3 should be a prospective catalyst in the practical application of fuel cells and other energy devices.

ZrP2O7 as a Cathodic Material in Single-Chamber MFC for Bioenergy Production

The present work is the first investigation of the electrocatalytic performances of ZrP₂O₇ as a cathode in a single-chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) for the conversion of chemical energy from wastewater to bioelectricity. This catalyst was prepared by a coprecipitation method, then characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrophotometry (UV-Vis-NIR), and cyclic voltammetry analyses. The acid-basic characteristics of the surface were probed by using 2-butanol decomposition. The conversion of 2-butanol occurs essentially through the dehydrating reaction, indicating the predominantly acidic character of the solid. The electrochemical test shows that the studied cathode material is electroactive. In addition, the ZrP₂O₇ in the MFC configuration exhibited high performance in terms of bioelectricity generation, giving a maximum output power density of around 449 mW m^-2; moreover, it was active for wastewater treatment, reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) charge to 50% after three days of reaction.

Microbial fuel cell systems; developments, designs, efficiencies, and trends: A comparative study between the conventional and innovative systems

The microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology has appeared in the late 20th century and received considerable attention over the last decade due to its multiple and unique potential in converting the substrates into electricity and valuable productions. Extensive efforts have been paid to improve the MFCs performance, leading to the publication of a massive amount of research that developed various aspects of these systems. Most of these improvements have focused on optimization parameters, which is currently inappropriate to provide an innovational developing vision for MFC systems. The convergent results in most of the previous conventional studies (12,643 studies according to the WOS database) have reduced the value of MFCs by drawing an incomplete image for the performance of the systems. Therefore, this paper aimed to provide a comprehensive comparison between the highly reliable studies that innovatively developed the MFC systems and the conventional MFCs studies. The current paper discusses the novel MFCs development history, designs, efficiency, and challenges compared to conventional MFCs. The discussion has displayed the high efficiency of the novel MFCs in removing over 90% of substrates and generating power of 800 mW m^-2. The paper also analyzed the literature trends, history and suggested recommendations for future studies. This is the first paper highlighting the substantial differences between the innovative and conventional MFC systems, nominating it to be a vital reference for novel MFCs studies in the future.

Applications of Biochar and Modified Biochar in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil: A Descriptive Review

Given that the problem of contaminated soil continues to grow, the development of effective control and remediation measures has become imperative, especially for heavy-metal-contaminated soil. Biochar and modified biochar are eco-friendly and cost-effective remediation materials that are widely used in the remediation of contaminated soil. This review provides an overview of the different raw materials used in the preparation of biochar as well as the modification of biochar using various synthesis methods, highlighting their differences and providing recommendations for biochar and modified biochar as applied toward ameliorating pollution in soil contaminated by heavy metals. We also explore the effects of the physicochemical properties of raw materials, pyrolysis temperature, additives, and modification methods on the properties of the resulting biochar and modified biochar, and systematically present the types of soil and operating factors for repair. Moreover, the mechanisms involved in remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil by biochar and modified biochar are outlined in detail, and include adsorption, complexation, precipitation, ion exchange, and electrostatic attractions. Finally, the corresponding monitoring technologies after remediation are illustrated. Future directions for studies on biochar and modified biochar in the remediation of contaminated soil are also proposed to support the development of green environmental protection materials, simple preparation methods, and effective follow-up monitoring techniques.