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Huang ZY, Yuan CS, Yen PH, Tu IC, Tseng YL. Temporal variations and chemical characteristics of marine PM 2.5 at Dongsha Islands, South China Sea: Three-year measurement. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124378. [PMID: 38885829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The study of long-range transport effects on marine fine particles (PM2.5), particularly in remote sites such as the Dongsha Islands, is pivotal for advancing our understanding of air pollution dynamics on a regional scale and for formulating effective environmental policies. PM2.5 concentrations were examined over three consecutive years and grouped based on their transport routes. The backward trajectory simulation revealed that high PM2.5 concentrations were observed in the West Channel, originating from North and Central China, the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese Islands, opposed to the East Channel. High PM2.5 concentrations, commonly observed in winter and spring, were mainly attributed to the Asian Northeastern Monsoons. Water-soluble inorganic ions constituted the major components, accounting for 37.8-48.7% of PM2.5, and followed by metal elements (15.5-20.0%), carbons (7.5-13.3%), levoglucosan (0.01-0.17%), and organic aerosols (0.2-2.2%). Secondary inorganic aerosols as the dominant source accounted for 8.3-24.7% of PM2.5, while sea salts were the secondary major contributor. High levoglucosan contribution (3.8-7.2%) in winter and spring was attributed to biomass burning, mainly from the Indochina Peninsula. Chemical mass balance receptor modeling resolved that major sources of PM2.5 were secondary sulfate, sea salts, fugitive dust, and industrial boilers. This study concluded that the long-range transport of PM2.5 gradually increased since fall, contributing 52.1-74.3%, highlighting its substantial impact on PM2.5 in all seasons except summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-You Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan; Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - I-Chieh Tu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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Yen PH, Yuan CS, Soong KY, Jeng MS, Cheng WH. Identification of potential source regions and long-range transport routes/channels of marine PM 2.5 at remote sites in East Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:170110. [PMID: 38232833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Long-range transport (LRT) of air masses in East Asia and their impacts on marine PM2.5 were explored. Situated in the leeward region of East Asia, Taiwan Island marked by its elevated Central Mountain Range (CMR) separates air masses into two distinct air currents. This study aims to investigate the transport of PM2.5 from the north to the leeward region. Six transport routes (A-F) were identified and further classified them into three main channels (i.e. East, West, and South Channels) based on their transport routes and potential sources. Green Island (Site GR) and Hengchun Peninsula (Site HC) exhibited similarities in their transport routes, with Central China, North China, and Korean Peninsula being the major source regions of PM2.5, particularly during the Asian Northeastern Monsoons (ANMs). Dongsha Island (Site DS) was influenced by both Central China and coastal regions of East China, indicating Asian continental outflow (ACO) as the major source of PM2.5. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of PM2.5 resolved that soil dust, sea salts, biomass burning, ship emissions, and secondary aerosols were the major sources. Northerly Channels (i.e. East and West Channels) were primarily influenced by ship emissions and secondary aerosols, while South Channel was dominated by oceanic spray and soil dust. The results of W-PSCF and W-CWT analysis indicated that three remote sites experienced significant contributions from Central China in the highest PM2.5 concentration range (75-100%). In contrast, PM2.5 in the 0-25% and 25-50% ranges primarily originated from the open seas, with ship emissions being the prominent source. It suggested that northern regions with heavy industrialization and urbanization have impacts on high PM2.5 concentrations, while open seas are the main sources of low PM2.5 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ker-Yea Soong
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Green Island Marine Research Station, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Green Island, Taitung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Hsi Cheng
- Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, College of Maritime, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC
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Yen PH, Yuan CS, Lee GW, Ceng JH, Huang ZY, Chiang KC, Du IC, Tseng YL, Soong KY, Jeng MS. Chemical characteristics and spatiotemporal variation of marine fine particles for clustered channels of air masses transporting toward remote background sites in East Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 331:121870. [PMID: 37225076 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the chemical characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, and source apportionment of marine fine particles (PM2.5) for clustered transport channels/routes of air masses moving toward three remote sites in East Asia. Six transport routes in three channels were clustered based on backward trajectory simulation (BTS) in the order of: West Channel > East Channel > South Channel. Air masses transported toward Dongsha Island (DS) came mainly from the West Channel, while those transported toward Green Island (GR) and Kenting Peninsula (KT) came mostly from the East Channel. High PM2.5 commonly occurred from late fall to early spring during the periods of Asian Northeastern Monsoons (ANMs). Marine PM2.5 was dominated by water-soluble ions (WSIs) which were predominated by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs). Although the metallic content of PM2.5 was predominated by crustal elements (Ca, K, Mg, Fe, and Al), enrichment factor clearly showed that trace metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn) came mainly from anthropogenic sources. Organic carbon (OC) was superior to elemental carbon (EC), while OC/EC and SOC/OC ratios in winter and spring were higher than those in other two seasons. Similar trends were observed for levoglucosan and organic acids. The mass ratio of malonic acid and succinic acid (M/S) was commonly higher than unity, showing the influences of biomass burning (BB) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) on marine PM2.5. We resolved that the main sources of PM2.5 were sea salts, fugitive dust, boiler combustion, and SIAs. Boiler combustion and fishing boat emissions at DS had higher contribution than those at GR and KT. The highest/lowest contribution ratios of cross-boundary transport (CBT) were 84.9/29.6% in winter and summer, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Aeroaol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Gia-Wei Lee
- Departmnt of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hao Ceng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Zi-You Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Chiang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - I-Chieh Du
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ker-Yea Soong
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan; Green Island Marine Research Station, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Green Island, Taitung, Taiwan
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Yen PH, Yuan CS, Ceng JH, Chiang KC, Tseng YL, Soong KY, Jeng MS. Inter-comparison of chemical fingerprint and source apportionment of marine fine particles at two islands through the west and east passages of the Taiwan Island. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158313. [PMID: 36037889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of marine fine particles (PM2.5) and their chemical fingerprints were inter-compared at two islands located aside from the west and east waters of Taiwan Island and the variability of west and east passages (i.e., Routes A1 and A2) were explored. Marine PM2.5 was simultaneously sampled at the Green and Dongsha Islands and five chemical components (i.e., water-soluble ions, metallic elements, carbonaceous content, anhydrosugars, and organic acids) were further analyzed in PM2.5 to characterize their chemical fingerprints. The highest concentrations of chemical composition and PM2.5 were commonly observed during the Asian Northeastern Monsoons (ANMs) via long-range transport (LRT). Water-soluble ions (WSIs) were dominated by secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs), and followed by oceanic spray. The major metallic content of PM2.5 was crustal elements, while trace metals originated from anthropogenic sources with an enrichment factor (EF) > 10. In terms of carbonaceous content in PM2.5, organic carbon (OC) was superior to elemental carbon (EC). High levoglucosan concentrations were also observed during the periods of ANMs. Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) were formed by atmospheric chemical reactions during the LRT procedure. The PM2.5 concentration of Route A1 was 37.51 % higher than that of Route A2, and trace metals (V, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Cu) increased significantly by 96.16-325.83 %. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) results revealed that the dominant factor of PM2.5 for Route A1 was shipping emissions and vehicular exhausts (41.2 %), while that for Route A2 was oceanic spray (30.2 %). Route A1 was mainly attributed to highly industrialized regions, densely populated urbanized areas, and ship-intensive traffics in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsuan Yen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan; Aeroaol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Jun-Hao Ceng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Chiang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Tseng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
| | - Ker-Yea Soong
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun-Yat Sen University, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shiou Jeng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan; Green Island Marine Research Station, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Green Island, Taitung, Taiwan.
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Etchie TO, Sivanesan S, Etchie AT, Krishnamurthi K, Adewuyi GO, George KV. Can the Indian national ambient air quality standard protect against the hazardous constituents of PM 2.5? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135047. [PMID: 35609663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution claims ∼9 million lives, yearly, and a quarter of this deaths occurs in India. Regulation of PM2.5 pollution in India is based on compliance with its National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 40 μg/m3, which is eight times the revised global air quality guideline (AQG) of 5 μg/m3. But, whether the NAAQS provides adequate protection against the hazardous components in PM2.5 is still not clear. Here, we examined the risk to health associated with exposure to PM2.5-bound polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an Indian district averaging below the NAAQS. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 mass, Σ28PCB and Σ13PAHs were 34 ± 17 μg/m3, 21 ± 12 ng/m3 and 458 ± 246 ng/m3, respectively. Concentrations of As, Cr, Mn and Ni in PM2.5 surpassed the screening levels for residential air. Substantial level of risks to health were associated with exposure to dioxin-like PCBs (Σ12dlPCB), PAHs, As, Cr and Ni. The hazard index or lifetime cancer risk were 240, or 9 cases per 1000 population, respectively. The estimated risks to health through exposure to hazardous components, except Ni, were greatest in rural areas, having a lower average PM2.5 concentration, than urban or peri-urban areas, suggesting higher toxicity potential of rural combustion sources. The large disparity between the estimated risk values and the acceptable risk level suggests that it would take a more stringent standard, such as the global AQG, to protect vulnerable populations in India from hazardous components in PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India.
| | | | - K V George
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India.
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