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Guo L, Pan C, Wu J, Yu Y, Xu D, Chen W, Li W, Zheng P, Zhang M. Oxygen-induced evolution of anammox granular sludge explains its unique responses during preservation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 267:122447. [PMID: 39303573 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Anammox granular sludge (AnGS) preservation is indispensable for the application of anammox technology. Oxygen is a common and crucial factor for anammox, yet its long-term effects on AnGS during preservation remain incomplete clarification. This study investigated the effect of oxygen on AnGS in two simulated preservation systems with open and sealed conditions, and the mechanism was discussed. The results showed that the open system was in an oxidized state with an average dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of (3.10 ± 1.36) mg·L-1 and (112.58 ± 46.78) mV, while a reduced state for the sealed system with no detected DO and a lower average ORP of (-153.96 ± 64.32) mV. Both systems showed declines in AnGS activity, while with different responses of AnGS demonstrated by the evolution in terms of granular morphology and structure, bacterial communities, bacteria survival, and bacteria antioxidation. In the open system, reactive oxygen species were generated and destroyed the unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane, further leading to the destructed cell structure and declined activity. However, in the sealed system, AnAOB tended to enter a dormant state after long-term preservation, contributing to better conditions in granular morphology and structure, higher AnAOB abundance, and higher live cell ratio. The findings of this study are expected to offer vital information and guidelines for the preservation technologies of AnGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiyan Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Anmox Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenda Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenji Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Hangzhou, China; Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 314100, China.
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2
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Takeda PY, Paula CT, Giglio GL, Borges ADV, Pereira TDS, Damianovic MHRZ. Efficient reactivation of anammox sludge after prolonged storage using a combination of batch and continuous reactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2408-2418. [PMID: 38066278 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Due to the slow growth rate of anammox bacteria, enriched sludge is required for the rapid start-up of anammox-based reactors. However, it is still unclear if long-term stored anammox sludge (SAS) is an effective source of inoculum to accelerate reactor start-up. This study explored the reactivation of long-term SAS and developed an efficient protocol to reduce the start-up period of an anammox reactor. Although stored for 13 months, a low level of the specific anammox activity of 28 mg N/g VSS/d was still detected. Experimental Phase 1 involved the direct application of SAS to an upflow sludge bed reactor (USB) operated for 90 d under varying conditions of hydraulic retention time and nitrogen concentrations. In Phase 2, batch runs were executed prior to the continuous operation of the USB reactor. The biomass reactivation in the continuous flow reactor was unsuccessful. However, the SAS was effectively reactivated through a combination of batch runs and continuous flow feed. Within 75 days, the anammox process achieved a stable rate of nitrogen removal of 1.3 g N/L/day and a high nitrogen removal efficiency of 84.1 ± 0.2%. Anammox bacteria (Ca. Brocadia) abundance was 37.8% after reactivation. These overall results indicate that SAS is a feasible seed sludge for faster start-up of high-rate mainstream anammox reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Yumi Takeda
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Tavares Paula
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lelis Giglio
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - André do Vale Borges
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Tiago Duarte Santos Pereira
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG) - Instituto Tecnológico de Agropecuária de Pitangui (ITAP), Pitangui, MG = Minas Gerais Agricultural Research Agency - Pitangui Institute of Agricultural Technology, Rodovia BR - MG 352 Km 35 Zona Rural, Pitangui, Minas Gerais, 35650-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli Damianovic
- Biological Processes Laboratory (LPB), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13563-120, Brazil
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3
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Sun J, Feng Y, Zheng R, Kong L, Wu X, Zhang K, Zhou J, Liu S. Chameleon-like Anammox Bacteria for Surface Color Change after Suffering Starvation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15087-15098. [PMID: 37754765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are often exposed to long-term starvation during transportation and storage, during which a series of enzymes and metabolic pathways are activated to ensure survival. However, why the surface color of the bacteria changes during starvation is still not well-known. In this study, we found black anammox consortia suffering from long-term starvation contained 0.86 mmol gVSS-1 cytochrome c, which had no significant discrepancy compared with the red anammox consortia (P > 0.05), indicating cytochrome c was not the key issue for chromaticity change. Conversely, we found that under starvation conditions cysteine degradation is an important metabolic pathway for the blackening of the anammox consortia for H2S production. In particular, anammox bacteria contain large amounts of iron-rich nanoparticles, cytochrome c, and other iron-sulfur clusters that are converted to produce free iron. H2S combines with free iron in bacteria to form Fe-S compounds, which eventually exist stably as FeS2, mainly in the extracellular space. Interestingly, FeS2 could be oxidized by air aeration, which makes the consortia turn red again. The unique self-protection mechanism makes the whole consortia appear black, avoiding inhibition by high concentrations of H2S and achieving Fe storage. This study expands the understanding of the metabolites of anammox bacteria as well as the bacterial survival mechanism during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiming Feng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ru Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingrui Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianhang Zhou
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Zhang QQ, Yu Y, Liu JZ, Fu WJ, Quan JY, Chen Y, Zhao JQ, Wang S, Jin RC. Evaluation the role of soluble microbial products for denitrification sludge characteristic under starvation stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163319. [PMID: 37030357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Physiological changes with the assist role of soluble microbial products (SMP) of preserved denitrifying sludge (DS) undergoing long-term stress of starvation under different storage temperature is extremely important. In this study, SMP extracted from DS were added into DS in starvation condition under room temperature (15-20 °C), 4 °C and -20 °C with three different bio-augmentation phases of 10, 15 and 30 days. Experimental results showed that added SMP in room temperature was optimal for preservation of DS under starvation stress with optimized dosage of 2.0 mL mL-1 sludge and bio-augmentation phase of 10 d. SMP was more effective in maintaining the specific denitrification activity of DS, and it was nearly boosted to 94.1 % of control one due to assist of 2 times SMP addition with 10 days interval of each. Under assist of SMP, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion was enhanced as the defense layer to withstand starvation stress, and the protein may be utilized as an alternative substrate to gain energy, accelerate electron transport and transfer during denitrification process. This investigation revealed the feasibility of SMP as an economical and robust strategy for preservation of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jin-Ze Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Wen-Jing Fu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jin-Yang Quan
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Sha Wang
- College of Environment and Life Sciences, Weinan Normal University, Weinan 714099, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ren-Cun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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5
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Wang X, Yang H, Wang J. Gel-immobilized partial nitritation/anammox achieves reliable nitrogen removal at different concentrations of nitrogen and reactivation processes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128561. [PMID: 36587771 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage partial nitritation/anammox process based on microbial encapsulation (PN/A-E) was established. The nitrogen removal characteristics of PN/A-E under high and low ammonia nitrogen and after reactivation following a long-term shutdown were comprehensively investigated and compared with anammox granular sludge (AnGS). The stable PN process did not depend on high ammonia nitrogen, and the nitrite accumulation rate reached 95.2 ± 0.7 %. The overall nitrogen removal rate of encapsulated anammox bacteria was twice that of the AnGS, and it was more tolerant to external interference. Moreover, PN/A-E showed good reactivation performance, and the total nitrogen in the effluent was 10.0 ± 1.4 mg·L-1 when the final hydraulic retention time was 2.18 h. The immobilized fillers support an increase in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under restricted conditions and were more conducive to the dominance of functional bacteria and the stability of microbial community under low ammonia nitrogen. This study provides a positive method to achieve a reliable PN/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoTong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, College of Architectural Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environmental Recovery Engineering, College of Architectural Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - JiaWei Wang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
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Kim J, Direstiyani LC, Jeong S, Kim Y, Park S, Yu J, Lee T. Feeding strategy for single-stage deammonification to treat moderate-strength ammonium under low free ammonia conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159661. [PMID: 36302418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Single-stage deammonification (SSD) processes have been successfully operated using the step-feeding strategy to treat high-strength NH4+ (>300 mg/L), but often failed to treat moderate-strength NH4+ (100-300 mg/L). Because it is hard to maintain the free ammonia (FA) above 1 mg/L, which is a concentration in which the activity of NO2- oxidizing bacteria (NOB) can be selectively suppressed. In this study, to evaluate the effectiveness of the step-feeding strategy on the long-term stability of treating moderate-strength NH4+, two SSD sequential-batch reactors (SBRs) were operated under one-step feeding and multi-step feeding strategies. The one-step feeding SBR achieved a higher nitrogen removal efficiency (86 %), nitrogen removal rate (0.61 kg/m3/d), and COD removal efficiency (95 %) than the multi-step feeding SBR (73 %, 0.39 kg/m3/d, and 95 %, respectively). This means the appropriate FA to selectively suppress NOB activity was successfully maintained in the one-step feeding SBR (FA > 1 mg/L). Therefore, it the necessary to apply a step feed strategy that can be maintained above FA (1 mg/L) from the start-up of operation to treat moderate-strength NH4+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmi Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucky Caesar Direstiyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - Soyeon Jeong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonju Kim
- Disaster Scientific Investigation Division, National Disaster Management Research Institute, Ulsan 44538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjae Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheul Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Liao Y, Zhang J, Wang M, Wu Y, Zhang J, Wang S, Pan Y, Cao G. Nitrogen Removal From Wastewater for Heterotrophic Nitrification-aerobic Denitrification Bacterium With the Combination of Bacteriophage DEY7 and Fe Nanoparticles. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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8
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Pimenov NV, Nikolaev YA, Dorofeev AG, Grachev VA, Kallistova AY, Kanapatskii TA, Litti YV, Gruzdev EV, Begmatov SA, Ravin NV, Mardanov AV. Introduction of Exogenous Activated Sludge as a Way to Enhance the Efficiency of Nitrogen Removal in the Anammox Process. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Zhu W, Van Tendeloo M, Alloul A, Vlaeminck SE. Towards mainstream partial nitritation/anammox in four seasons: Feasibility of bioaugmentation with stored summer sludge for winter anammox assistance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126619. [PMID: 34958904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The strong effect of low temperatures on anammox challenges its mainstream application over the winter in temperate climates. Winter bioaugmentation with stored summer surplus sludge is a potential solution to guarantee sufficient nitrogen removal in winter. Firstly, the systems for which nitrogen removal deteriorated by the temperature decrease (25 °C → 20 °C) could be fully restored bioaugmenting with granules resp. flocs stored for 6 months at 118 resp. 220% of the initial biomass levels. Secondly, the reactivation of these stored sludges was tested in lower temperature systems (15.3 ± 0.4/10.4 ± 0.4 °C). Compared to the activity before storage, between 56% and 41% of the activity of granules was restored within one month, and 41%-32% for flocs. Additionally, 85-87% of granules and 50-53% of flocs were retained in the systems. After reactivation (15.3 ± 0.4/10.4 ± 0.4 °C), a more specialized community was formed (diversity decreased) with Candidatus Brocadia still dominant in terms of relative abundance. Capital and operating expenditures (CAPEX, OPEX) were negligible, representing only 0.19-0.36% of sewage treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhu
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van Tendeloo
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Abbas Alloul
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Siegfried E Vlaeminck
- Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium.
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