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Barnett LMA, Zhang Q, Sharma S, Alqahtani S, Shannahan J, Black M, Wright C. 3D printer emissions elicit filament-specific and dose-dependent metabolic and genotoxic effects in human airway epithelial cells. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1408842. [PMID: 39071151 PMCID: PMC11273288 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1408842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printers have become popular educational tools in secondary and post-secondary STEM curriculum; however, concerns have emerged regarding inhalation exposures and associated health risks. Current evidence suggests that filament materials and site conditions may cause differences in the chemical profiles and toxicological properties of 3D printer emissions; however, few studies have evaluated exposures directly in the classroom. In this study, we monitored and sampled particulate matter (PM) emitted from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) filaments during a 3-hour 3D printing session in a high school classroom using aerosol monitoring instrumentation and collection media. To evaluate potential inhalation risks, Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) modeling was used to estimate inhaled doses and calculate in vitro concentrations based on the observed aerosol data and specific lung and breathing characteristics. Dynamic light scattering was used to evaluate the hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) of extracted PM emissions dispersed in cell culture media. Small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) were employed to determine cellular viability, genotoxic, inflammatory, and metabolic responses to each emission exposure using MTS, ELISA, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), respectively. Aerosol monitoring data revealed that emissions from ABS and PLA filaments generated similar PM concentrations within the ultrafine and fine ranges. However, DLS analysis showed differences in the physicochemical properties of ABS and PLA PM, where the hydrodynamic diameter of PLA PM was greater than ABS PM, which may have influenced particle deposition rates and cellular outcomes. While exposure to both ABS and PLA PM reduced cell viability and induced MDM2, an indicator of genomic instability, PLA PM alone increased gamma-H2AX, a marker of double-stranded DNA breaks. ABS and PLA emissions also increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, although this did not reach significance. Furthermore, metabolic profiling via high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and subsequent pathway analysis revealed filament and dose dependent cellular metabolic alterations. Notably, our metabolomic analysis also revealed key metabolites and pathways implicated in PM-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and respiratory disease that were perturbed across both tested doses for a given filament. Taken together, these findings suggest that use of ABS and PLA filaments in 3D printers within school settings may potentially contribute to adverse respiratory responses especially in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- LMA Barnett
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, United States
| | - Q. Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, United States
| | - S. Sharma
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, United States
| | - S. Alqahtani
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutics Technologies Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J. Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - M. Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, United States
| | - C. Wright
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA, United States
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2
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Farcas MT, McKinney W, Mandler WK, Knepp AK, Battelli L, Friend SA, Stefaniak AB, Service S, Kashon M, LeBouf RF, Thomas TA, Matheson J, Qian Y. Pulmonary evaluation of whole-body inhalation exposure of polycarbonate (PC) filament 3D printer emissions in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:325-341. [PMID: 38314584 PMCID: PMC11208878 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2024.2311170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
During fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing with polycarbonate (PC) filament, a release of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occurs. This study aimed to determine PC filament printing emission-induced toxicity in rats via whole-body inhalation exposure. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to a single concentration (0.529 mg/m3, 40 nm mean diameter) of the 3D PC filament emissions in a time-course via whole body inhalation for 1, 4, 8, 15, and 30 days (4 hr/day, 4 days/week), and sacrificed 24 hr after the last exposure. Following exposures, rats were assessed for pulmonary and systemic responses. To determine pulmonary injury, total protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, surfactant proteins A and D, total as well as lavage fluid differential cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined, as well as histopathological analysis of lung and nasal passages was performed. To determine systemic injury, hematological differentials, and blood biomarkers of muscle, metabolic, renal, and hepatic functions were also measured. Results showed that inhalation exposure induced no marked pulmonary or systemic toxicity in rats. In conclusion, inhalation exposure of rats to a low concentration of PC filament emissions produced no significant pulmonary or systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T. Farcas
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of
Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - W. Kyle Mandler
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Samantha Service
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Treye A. Thomas
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S.
Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S.
Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Morgantown, WV, USA
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Thapa B, Bell DS, Anderson JL. Extraction of volatile organic compounds liberated upon filament extrusion by 3D pen and its comparison with a desktop 3D printer using solid-phase microextraction fiber and Arrow. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1719:464740. [PMID: 38401373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Desktop 3D printers that operate by the fused deposition modeling (FDM) mechanism are known to release numerous hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during printing, including some with potential carcinogenic effects. Operating in a similar manner to FDM 3D printers, 3D pens have gained popularity recently from their ability to allow users to effortlessly draw in the air or create various 3D printed shapes while handling the device like a pen. In contrast to numerous modern 3D printers, 3D pens lack their own ventilation systems and are often used in settings with minimum airflow. Their operation makes users more vulnerable to VOC emissions, as the released VOCs are likely to be in the breathing zone. Consequently, monitoring VOCs released during the use of 3D pens is crucial. In this study, VOCs liberated while extruding acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments from a 3D pen were measured by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). SPME was investigated using the traditional fiber and Arrow geometries with the DVB/Carbon WR/PDMS sorbent while four different brands of ABS filaments-Amazon Basics, Gizmodork, Mynt 3D, and Novamaker-were used with the 3D pen. Heatmap analysis showed differentiation among these brands based on the liberated VOCs. The nozzle temperature and printing speed were found to affect the number and amount of released VOCs. This study goes a step further and presents for the first time a comparison between 3D pen and a desktop 3D printer based on liberated VOCs. Interestingly, the findings reveal that the 3D pen releases a greater number and amount of VOCs compared to the printer. The amounts of liberated VOCs, as indicated by the corresponding chromatographic peak areas, were found to be 1.4 to 62.6 times higher for the 3D pen compared to the 3D printer when using SPME Arrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Thapa
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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He X, Barnett LM, Jeon J, Zhang Q, Alqahtani S, Black M, Shannahan J, Wright C. Real-Time Exposure to 3D-Printing Emissions Elicits Metabolic and Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. TOXICS 2024; 12:67. [PMID: 38251022 PMCID: PMC10818734 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printer usage in household and school settings has raised health concerns regarding chemical and particle emission exposures during operation. Although the composition of 3D printer emissions varies depending on printer settings and materials, little is known about the impact that emissions from different filament types may have on respiratory health and underlying cellular mechanisms. In this study, we used an in vitro exposure chamber system to deliver emissions from two popular 3D-printing filament types, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), directly to human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) cultured in an air-liquid interface during 3D printer operation. Using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an optical particle sizer (OPS), we monitored 3D printer particulate matter (PM) emissions in terms of their particle size distribution, concentrations, and calculated deposited doses. Elemental composition of ABS and PLA emissions was assessed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, we compared the effects of emission exposure on cell viability, inflammation, and metabolism in SAEC. Our results reveal that, although ABS filaments emitted a higher total concentration of particles and PLA filaments emitted a higher concentration of smaller particles, SAEC were exposed to similar deposited doses of particles for each filament type. Conversely, ABS and PLA emissions had distinct elemental compositions, which were likely responsible for differential effects on SAEC viability, oxidative stress, release of inflammatory mediators, and changes in cellular metabolism. Specifically, while ABS- and PLA-emitted particles both reduced cellular viability and total glutathione levels in SAEC, ABS emissions had a significantly greater effect on glutathione relative to PLA emissions. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, MMP-9, and RANTES were significantly increased due to ABS emissions exposure. While IL-6 and IL-8 were stimulated in both exposure scenarios, VEGF was exclusively increased due to PLA emissions exposures. Notably, ABS emissions induced metabolic perturbation on amino acids and energy metabolism, as well as redox-regulated pathways including arginine, methionine, cysteine, and vitamin B3 metabolism, whereas PLA emissions exposures caused fatty acid and carnitine dysregulation. Taken together, these results advance our mechanistic understanding of 3D-printer-emissions-induced respiratory toxicity and highlight the role that filament emission properties may play in mediating different respiratory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia He
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Lillie Marie Barnett
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Jennifer Jeon
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Saeed Alqahtani
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.A.); (J.S.)
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutics Technologies Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marilyn Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Jonathan Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Christa Wright
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, Marietta, GA 30067, USA; (X.H.); (L.M.B.); (J.J.); (Q.Z.); (M.B.)
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5
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Wade AM, Peloquin DM, Matheson JM, Luxton TP. Dermal and oral exposure risks to heavy metals from 3D printing metal-fill thermoplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166538. [PMID: 37625731 PMCID: PMC10653099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing advancements in polymer printing now allow for the addition of metal additives to thermoplastic feedstock up to 80-90 % by weight and subsequent printing on low-cost desktop 3D printers. Particles associated with metal additives are not chemically bound to the plastic polymer, meaning these particles can potentially migrate and become bioavailable. This study investigated the degree to which two human exposure pathways, oral (ingestion) and dermal (skin contact), are important exposure pathways for metals (copper, chromium, and tin) from metal-fill thermoplastics used in consumer fused filament fabrication (FFF). We found that dermal exposure to copper and bronze filaments presents the highest exposure risk due to chloride (Cl-) in synthetic sweat driving copper (Cu2+) release and dissolution. Chromium and tin were released as micron-sized particles < 24 μm in diameter with low bioaccessibility during simulated oral and dermal exposure scenarios, with potential to undergo dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract based on testing using synthetic stomach fluids. The rate of metal particle release increased by one to two orders of magnitude when thermoplastics were degraded under 1 year of simulated UV weathering. This calls into question the long-term suitability of biodegradable polymers such as PLA for use in metal-fill thermoplastics if they are designed not to be sintered. The greatest exposure risk appears to be from the raw filaments rather than the printed forms, with the former having higher metal release rates in water and synthetic body fluids for all but one filament type. For brittle feedstock that requires greater handling, as metal-fill thermoplastics can be, practices common in metal powder 3D printing such as wearing gloves and washing hands may adequately reduce metal exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wade
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA.
| | - Derek M Peloquin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA.
| | - Joanna M Matheson
- U.S. Consumer Product and Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Todd P Luxton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA.
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6
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Felici G, Lachowicz JI, Milia S, Cannizzaro E, Cirrincione L, Congiu T, Jaremko M, Campagna M, Lecca LI. A pilot study of occupational exposure to ultrafine particles during 3D printing in research laboratories. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1144475. [PMID: 37333549 PMCID: PMC10272752 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction 3D printing is increasingly present in research environments, and could pose health risks to users due to air pollution and particulate emissions. We evaluated the nanoparticulate emissions of two different 3D printers, utilizing either fused filament fabrication with polylactic acid, or stereolithography (SLA) with light curing resin. Methods Nanoparticulate emissions were evaluated in two different research environments, both by environmental measurements in the laboratory and by personal sampling. Results The SLA printer had higher nanoparticulate emissions, with an average concentration of 4,091 parts/cm3, versus 2,203 particles/cm3 for the fused filament fabrication printer. The collected particulate matter had variable morphology and elemental composition with a preponderance of carbon, sulfur and oxygen, the main byproducts. Discussion Our study implies that when considering the health risks of particulate emissions from 3D printing in research laboratories, attention should be given to the materials used and the type of 3D printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Felici
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simone Milia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “Giuseppe D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Cirrincione
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “Giuseppe D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Isaia Lecca
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
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7
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Zhang Q, Weber RJ, Luxton TP, Peloquin DM, Baumann EJ, Black MS. Metal compositions of particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing: Emission sources and indoor exposure modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160512. [PMID: 36442638 PMCID: PMC10259682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Material extrusion 3D printing has been widely used in industrial, educational and residential environments, while its exposure health impacts have not been well understood. High levels of ultrafine particles are found being emitted from 3D printing and could pose a hazard when inhaled. However, metals that potentially transfer from filament additives to emitted particles could also add to the exposure hazard, which have not been well characterized for their emissions. This study analyzed metal (and metalloid) compositions of raw filaments and in the emitted particles during printing; studied filaments included pure polymer filaments with metal additives and composite filaments with and without metal powder. Our chamber study found that crustal metals tended to have higher partitioning factors from filaments to emitted particles; silicon was the most abundant element in emitted particles and had the highest yield per filament mass. However, bronze and stainless-steel powder added in composite filaments were less likely to transfer from filament to particle. For some cases, boron, arsenic, manganese, and lead were only detected in particles, which indicated external sources, such as the printers themselves. Heavy metals with health concerns were also detected in emitted particles, while their estimated exposure concentrations in indoor air were below air quality standards and occupational regulations. However, total particle exposure concentrations estimated for indoor environments could exceed ambient air fine particulate standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, GA 30067, USA.
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Todd P Luxton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Derek M Peloquin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Eric J Baumann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Marilyn S Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, GA 30067, USA
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8
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Zhang K, Liu J, Wang L, Li W, Qi E, Fu Q. Application of 3D printed pelvic fracture related urethra and surrounding tissue as preoperative planning model. BMC Urol 2023; 23:1. [PMID: 36609237 PMCID: PMC9824970 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urethral stenosis caused by pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) is a complex urological disease, especially for the redo cased. However, to find the proximal end of the posterior urethra, and to avoid injury to the rectum and to forecast to remove the inferior pubic margin are two key points for a successful surgery. These steps can be challenging for even the most experienced urologists. This study is to describe a new technique for understanding the three-dimensional (3D) anatomy of the urethra, which will also aid in surgical planning and simplify urethroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three patients underwent routine urethroscopy, X ray urethrography and contrast CT urethrography. The 3D images were then reconstructed, and the data were transmitted to a 3D printer. 3D models were printed with polyacrylic acid to simulate the anatomical structure and relationship of urethral stenosis with pubic symphysis and rectum. Various diagnosis methods were compared with the condition in surgery. The patients and trainee questionnaires were performed. RESULTS Three models of urethral CT were obtained. These models were presented to patients and trainee doctors along with routine urethroscopy, urethrography, and urethral CT. The scores of patients and trainee question forms demonstrated that the 3D printed urethral stenosis model of pelvic fracture has obvious advantages in urethral adjacency and ease of understanding. The 3D printed urethras were easy to show the pubic symphysis and simulate its excision and exposure of urethra. The model could show the precise distance from urethra to rectum to prevent the rectum injury in surgery. CONCLUSIONS 3D printing technology can be applied to the preoperative evaluation of urethral stenosis caused by PFUI. It can be auxiliary to understand the anatomical structure of the posterior urethra, the direction of urethral displacement, protecting the rectum and the forecasting for pubectomy. It is especially helpful for the accurate preoperative planning of some complex urethral stenosis and redo cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaile Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293The Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafu Liu
- grid.412542.40000 0004 1772 8196School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- grid.412542.40000 0004 1772 8196School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyao Li
- grid.412542.40000 0004 1772 8196School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Er Qi
- Shanghai Xietu Community Healthcare Center, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293The Department of Urology, Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 600, Yishan Road, Shanghai, China
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9
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Sirinara P, Patarapongsant Y, Nilyai S, Sooklert K, Dissayabutra T, Rojanathanes R, Sereemaspun A. "Assessing exposure of printing factory workers in thailand to selected heavy metals using urine and hair as non-invasive matrices". BMC Public Health 2023; 23:31. [PMID: 36604667 PMCID: PMC9817298 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few thorough studies on the extent and inter-element relationships of heavy metal contamination in printing factory workers, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of eight heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and manganese (Mn), in urine and scalp hair of printing industry workers, and assess inter-element correlations. METHODS We examined a total of 85 urine samples and 85 scalp hair samples (3 cm hair segments taken from near the scalp) in 85 printing workers from a printing house in Bangkok, Thailand. We used an interviewer-administered questionnaire about participants' printing techniques, work characteristics, and work environment. Urine and scalp hair samples were analyzed for levels of each element using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique. RESULTS As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb were detected in urine with the geometric mean concentration range of 0.0028-0.0209 mg/L, and Hg, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, Mn, Cr were detected in hair samples (0.4453-7.165 mg/kg dry weight) of printing workers. The geometric mean Ni level was significantly higher in the urine of production line workers than back-office personnel (0.0218 mg/L vs. 0.0132 mg/L; p = 0.0124). The other elements did not differ significantly between production line and back-office workers in either urine or hair. There was also a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between Ni and Co levels in hair samples of workers (r = 0.944, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Average concentrations of most of the metals in urine and hair of printing workers were found to be above the upper reference values. The significantly higher concentrations of Ni in production line workers might be due to more exposure to printed materials. A strong inter-element correlation between Ni and Co in hair samples can increase stronger health effects and should be further investigated. This study reveals possible dependencies and impact interactions of heavy metal exposure in printing factory workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patthrarawalai Sirinara
- grid.411628.80000 0000 9758 8584Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yupin Patarapongsant
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Behavioral Research and Informatics in Social Sciences Research Unit (RU-BRI), SASIN School of Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Nilyai
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanidta Sooklert
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thasinas Dissayabutra
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Biochemistry Metabolic Disease in Gastrointestinal and Urinary System Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rojrit Rojanathanes
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amornpun Sereemaspun
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Marković MP, Cingesar IK, Keran L, Prlić D, Grčić I, Vrsaljko D. Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of the New Functional Composites Used for 3D Printing of Static Mixers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196713. [PMID: 36234051 PMCID: PMC9571915 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the possibility of integrating the combination of nanofillers, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) into the thermoplastic polymer matrix. This combination of fillers can possibly modify the physico-chemical properties of composites compared to the pure polymer matrix. The composites were blended using the extrusion method. The composite filament produced was used to manufacture static mixers on a 3D printer using the additive manufacturing technology fused filament fabrication (FFF). The aim of this work was to inspect the influence of the filler addition on the thermal and mechanical properties of glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET-G) polymer composites. The fillers were added to the PET-G polymer matrix in several ratios. Tensile test results showed an increase in the overall strength and decrease in the elongation at break of the material. Melt flow rate (MFR) showed a decrease in the viscosity with the initial filler addition and reaching a plateau after 2 wt% filler was added. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed minor changes in the thermal properties. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed homogenous distribution of the filler in the matrix and strong filler-matrix adhesion. The results indicate suitable properties of new functional composites for the 3D printing of static mixers for application in tubular reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan-Pere Marković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Karlo Cingesar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Laura Keran
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Prlić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Grčić
- Faculty of Geotechnical Engineering, University of Zagreb, Hallerova Aleja 7, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Vrsaljko
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Novel Copper Complexes as Visible Light Photoinitiators for the Synthesis of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101998. [PMID: 35631880 PMCID: PMC9145974 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is devoted to the study of two copper complexes (Cu) bearing pyridine ligands, which were synthesized, evaluated and tested as new visible light photoinitiators for the free radical photopolymerization (FRP) of acrylates functional groups in thick and thin samples upon light-emitting diodes (LED) at 405 and 455 nm irradiation. These latter wavelengths are considered to be safe to produce polymer materials. The photoinitiation abilities of these organometallic compounds were evaluated in combination with an iodonium (Iod) salt and/or amine (e.g., N-phenylglycine—NPG). Interestingly, high final conversions and high polymerization rates were obtained for both compounds using two and three-component photoinitiating systems (Cu1 (or Cu2)/Iodonium salt (Iod) (0.1%/1% w/w) and Cu1 (or Cu2)/Iod/amine (0.1%/1%/1% w/w/w)). The new proposed copper complexes were also used for direct laser write experiments involving a laser diode at 405 nm, and for the photocomposite synthesis with glass fibers using a UV-conveyor at 395 nm. To explain the obtained polymerization results, different methods and characterization techniques were used: steady-state photolysis, real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR), emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
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Kawai N, Bando M, Yuasa K, Shibasaki M. Comparison of axon extension: PTFE versus PLA formed by a 3D printer. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:302-311. [PMID: 35434370 PMCID: PMC8974396 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printers mainly create 3D objects by stacking thin layers of material. The effect of the tools created using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer on nerve cells remains unclear. In this study, the effects of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) models and two different types of polylactic acid (PLA) models (white or natural), were created using the FDM 3D printer on axon extension were compared using the Campenot chamber. Neurons were isolated from the dorsal root ganglia and added to the central compartment of the Campenot chambers after isolation, processing, and culturing. On day 7, after the initiation of the culture, the difference of the axon extensions to the side compartments of each group was confirmed. We also compared the pH and the amount of leakage when each of these chambers was used. The PLA was associated with a shorter axon extension than the PTFE (white p = 0.0078, natural p = 0.00391). No difference in the pH was observed (p = 0.347), but there was a significant difference on multiple group comparison (p = 0.0231) in the amount of leakage of the medium. PTFE was found to be a more suitable material for culturing attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Kawai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 465 Kajiicho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto-Shi , Kyoto-Fu 604-8404 , Japan
| | - Mizuki Bando
- Department of Anesthesiology, Akashi City Hospital , 1-33, Takasho-Machi, Akashi-Shi , Hyogo-Ken, 673-8501 , Japan
| | - Kento Yuasa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 465 Kajiicho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto-Shi , Kyoto-Fu 604-8404 , Japan
| | - Masayuki Shibasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , 465 Kajiicho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto-Shi , Kyoto-Fu 604-8404 , Japan
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