1
|
Liao M, Qiu Y, Tian Y, Li Z, liu T, Feng X, Liu G, Feng Y. Ecological filter walls for efficient pollutant removal from urban surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 21:100418. [PMID: 38638606 PMCID: PMC11024571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Urban surface water pollution poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Conventional nitrogen removal technologies used in urban surface water exhibit drawbacks such as high consumption of carbon sources, high sludge production, and focus on dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration while neglecting the impact of DO gradients. Here, we show an ecological filter walls (EFW) that removes pollutants from urban surface water. We utilized a polymer-based three-dimensional matrix to enhance water permeability, and emergent plants were integrated into the EFW to facilitate biofilm formation. We observed that varying aeration intensities within the EFW's aerobic zone resulted in distinct DO gradients, with an optimal DO control at 3.19 ± 0.2 mg L-1 achieving superior nitrogen removal efficiencies. Specifically, the removal efficiencies of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrate were 79.4%, 81.3%, 99.6%, and 79.1%, respectively. Microbial community analysis under a 3 mg L-1 DO condition revealed a shift in microbial composition and abundance, with genera such as Dechloromonas, Acinetobacter, unclassified_f__Comamonadaceae, SM1A02 and Pseudomonas playing pivotal roles in carbon and nitrogen elimination. Notably, the EFW facilitated shortcut nitrification-denitrification processes, predominantly contributing to nitrogen removal. Considering low manufacturing cost, flexible application, small artificial trace, and good pollutant removal ability, EFW has promising potential as an innovative approach to urban surface water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ye Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yan Tian
- Heilongjiang Academy of Chemical Engineering, No 3, Nanhu Street, Century District, High-Tech Zone, Harbin, 150028, China
| | - Zeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Tongtong liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xinlei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Guohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xia Z, Ng HY, Xu D, Bae S. Lumen air pressure regulated multifunctional microbiotas in membrane-aerated biofilm reactors for simultaneous nitrogen removal and antibiotic elimination from aquaculture wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121102. [PMID: 38198973 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, two membrane-aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs) were constructed: one solely utilizing biofilm and another hybrid MABR (HMABR) incorporating both suspended-sludge and biofilm to treat low C/N aquaculture wastewater under varying lumen air pressure (LAP). Both HMABR and MABR demonstrated superior nitrogen removal than conventional aeration reactors. Reducing LAP from 10 kPa to 2 kPa could enhance denitrification processes without severely compromising nitrification, resulting in an increase in total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal from 50.2±3.1 % to 71.6±1.0 %. The HMABR exhibited better denitrification efficacy than MABR, underscoring its potential for advanced nitrogen removal applications. A decline in LAP led to decreased extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, which could potentially augment reactor performance by minimizing mass transfer resistance while maintaining microbial matrix stability and function. Gene-centric metagenomics analysis revealed decreasing LAP impacted nitrogen metabolic potentials and electron flow pathways. The enrichment of napAB at higher LAP and the presence of complete ammonia oxidation (Comammox) Nitrospira at lower LAP indicated aerobic denitrification and Comammox processes in nitrogen removal. Multifunctional microbial communities developed under LAP regulation, diversifying the mechanisms for simultaneous nitrification-denitrification. Increased denitrifying gene pool (narGHI, nirK, norB) and enzymatic activity at a low LAP can amplify denitrification by promoting denitrifying genes and electron flow towards denitrifying enzymes. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was simultaneously removed with efficiency up to 80.2 ± 3.7 %, mainly via biodegradation, while antibiotic resistome and mobilome were propagated. Collectively, these findings could improve our understanding of nitrogen and antibiotic removal mechanisms under LAP regulation, offering valuable insights for the effective design and operation of MABR systems in aquaculture wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - How Yong Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore; Center for Water Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Dong Xu
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cui X, Liu Y, Wei T, Zhou Y. Response of antibiotic resistance genes expression and distribution on extracellular polymeric substances and microbial community in membrane biofilm during greywater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130146. [PMID: 38049021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated how organic loading affects antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) expression and distribution in the membrane biofilm. Organic surface loading rate of 4.65 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m2·d achieved the maximum biofilm thickness, concentration and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) removal ratio of 136.9 ± 4.7 μm, 5.4 ± 0.1 g VSS/m2 and 99.4 %, respectively. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS-attached LAS, and ARGs gradually increased in the membrane air inlet, middle and air outlet. AGRs and Intl1 were abundant in biofilm. LAS promoted EPS secretion, biofilm growth and ARGs proliferation. EPS, protein and carbohydrate were significantly correlated with most of biofilm ARGs, but not corrected with liquid-based ARGs. Microbial community structure impacted ARGs proliferation and transfer in the system. The findings indicated that EPS and microbial community play a crucial role in ARGs proliferation, spread and distribution, which lay the foundation for front-end control of ARGs during biofilm-based wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu C, Shan X, Chen J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen H. Fate, risk and sources of antibiotic resistome and its attenuation dynamics in the river water-sediment system: Field and microcosm study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122853. [PMID: 37925010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in rivers have received widespread attentions. Deciphering the fate and spread mechanisms of ARGs in river system can contribute to the design of effective strategies for reducing resistome risk in the environment. Although some studies have reported the prevalence and distribution of ARGs in rivers worldwide, few have systematically explored their fates, sources and risks in river water-sediment system. Also, the role of natural sunlight on the attenuation and fate of ARGs in river remains to be demonstrated. To fill the gaps, field investigation and microcosm experiment have been conducted in this study to reveal the fate, risk, source-sink relationship and attenuation dynamics of ARGs in an urban river water-sediment system, by utilizing high-throughput sequencing-based metagenomic assembly analysis and machine-learning-based source tracking tool. In all, 527 unique ARGs belonging to 29 antimicrobial classes were identified in the river. Relatively, the level of ARGs in the sediments were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the waters. Variance partitioning analysis indicated the biotic and abiotic factors co-governed the riverine resistome, totally explaining 76% and 83% variations of ARGs in the waters and sediments, respectively. Microcosm experiment under natural light and dark condition showed that light induced the decay of ARGs in the waters and might promote their transfers from waters to sediments, which were also confirmed by the attenuation dynamics of bacteria in the experimental water-sediment system. Notably, the co-occurrences of ARGs with MGEs and VFs on the same contigs suggested resistome risk in the river, and relatively, the risk scores in the sediments were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the waters. Source apportionment with metagenomic resistome signatures showed the Wenyu River was the most dominant contributor of ARGs in the downstream, with average contributions of 44.5% and 40.8% in the waters and sediments, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xin Shan
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhou S, Yang Z, Zhang S, Gao Y, Tang Z, Duan Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Metagenomic insights into the distribution, mobility, and hosts of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge under starvation stress. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 236:119953. [PMID: 37060877 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs) are important emerging environmental pollutants in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Nutritional substrate deficiency (i.e., starvation) frequently occurs in WWTPs owing to annual maintenance, water quality fluctuation, and sludge storage; and it can greatly alter the antibiotic resistance and extracellular DNA content of bacteria. However, the fate and corresponding transmission risk of eARGs in activated sludge under starvation stress remain largely unknown. Herein, we used metagenomic sequencing to explore the effects of starvation scenarios (carbon, nitrogen, and/or phosphorus deficiency) and environmental conditions (alternating anaerobic-aerobic, anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic) on the distribution, mobility, and hosts of eARGs in activated sludge. The results showed that 30 days of starvation reduced the absolute abundances of eARGs by 40.9%-88.2%, but high-risk dual and multidrug resistance genes persisted. Starvation, particularly the simultaneous lack of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus under aerobic conditions, effectively alleviated eARGs by reducing the abundance of extracellular mobile genetic elements (eMGEs). Starvation also altered the profile of bacterial hosts of eARGs and the bacterial community composition, the latter of which had an indirect positive effect on eARGs via changing eMGEs. Our findings shed light on the response patterns and mechanisms of eARGs in activated sludge under starvation conditions and highlight starvation as a potential strategy to mitigate the risk of previously neglected eARGs in WWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, School of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhengqing Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, School of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, School of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Rare Metal Minerals Exploitation and Geological Disposal of Wastes, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Zhenping Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Rare Metal Minerals Exploitation and Geological Disposal of Wastes, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yi Duan
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse Technology, School of Civil Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu T, Ding J, Zhong L, Zhao YL, Sun HJ, Pang JW, Zhao L, Bai SW, Ren NQ, Yang SS. Synergistic analysis of performance, functional genes, and microbial community assembly in SNDPR process under Zn(II) stress. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115513. [PMID: 36801232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the most prevalent heavy metals found in rural sewage is Zn(II), while its effect on simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal (SNDPR) remains unclear. In this work, the responses of SNDPR performance to long-term Zn(II) stress were investigated in a cross-flow honeycomb bionic carrier biofilm system. The results indicated that Zn(II) stress at 1 and 5 mg L-1 could increase nitrogen removal. Maximum ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and phosphorus removal efficiencies of up to 88.54%, 83.19%, and 83.65% were obtained at Zn(II) concentration of 5 mg L-1. The functional genes, such as archaeal amoA, bacterial amoA, NarG, NirS, NapA, and NirK, also reached the highest value at 5 mg L-1 Zn(II), with the absolute abundances of 7.73 × 105, 1.57 × 106, 6.68 × 108, 1.05 × 109, 1.79 × 108, and 2.09 × 108 copies·g-1 dry weight, respectively. The neutral community model demonstrated that deterministic selection was responsible for the system's microbial community assembly. Additionally, response regimes with extracellular polymeric substances and cooperation among microorganisms facilitated the stability of the reactor effluent. Overall, the findings of this paper contribute to improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jie Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioenergy, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Le Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Han-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ji-Wei Pang
- China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group, CECEP Talroad Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100096, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shun-Wen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shan-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei T, Wang Z, Yang Y, Xiang W, Liu Y, Wu B, Cui X, Guo B, Zhou Y. Microbial niches and dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes in a bio-enhanced granular-activated carbon biofilm treating greywater. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138774. [PMID: 37100251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in greywater treatment systems present risks for its reuse. In this study, a gravity flow self-supplying oxygen (O2) bio-enhanced granular activated carbon dynamic biofilm reactor (BhGAC-DBfR) was developed to treat greywater. Maximum removal efficiencies were achieved at saturated/unsaturated ratios (RSt/Ust) of 1:1.1 for chemical oxygen demand (97.6 ± 1.5%), linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) (99.2 ± 0.5%), NH4+-N (99.3 ± 0.7%) and total nitrogen (85.3 ± 3.2%). Microbial communities were significantly different at various RSt/Ust and reactor positions (P < 0.05). The unsaturated zone with low RSt/Ust showed more abundant microorganisms than the saturated zone with high RSt/Ust. The reactor-top community was predominant by aerobic nitrification (Nitrospira) and LAS biodegradation (Pseudomonas, Rhodobacter and Hydrogenophaga) related genera; but reactor-bottom community was predominant by anaerobic denitrification and organics removal related genera (Dechloromonas and Desulfovibrio). Most of the ARGs (e.g., intI-1, sul1, sul2 and korB) were accumulated in the biofilm, which were closely associated with microbial communities at reactor top and stratification. The saturated zone can achieve over 80% removal of the tested ARGs at all operation Phases. Results suggested that BhGAC-DBfR can provide assistance in blocking the environment dissemination of ARGs during greywater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wanchen Xiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Beibei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaocai Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Yun Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu T, Ding J, Yang SS, Zhong L, Liu BF, Xie GJ, Yang F, Pang JW, Ren NQ. A novel cross-flow honeycomb bionic carrier promotes simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal in IFAS system: Performance, mechanism and keystone species. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119132. [PMID: 36155005 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously achieving efficient nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal without adding external carbon source is vital for carbon-neutral wastewater treatment. In this study, a novel cross-flow honeycomb bionic microbial carrier (CF) was developed to improve the efficiency of simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and P removal (SNDPR) in an integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) system. A parallel laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor with the commercialized microbial carriers (CM) (CM-IFAS) was performed as the comparative system for over 233 d The results demonstrated that CF-IFAS exhibited a more consistent N removal efficiency and better performance than CM-IFAS. In the CF-IFAS, the highest N and P removal efficiencies were 95.40% and 100%, respectively. Typical cycle analysis revealed that nitrate was primarily removed by the denitrifying glycogen-accumulating organisms in the CF-IFAS and by denitrifying phosphate-accumulating organisms in the CM-IFAS. The neutral community model showed that the microbial community assembly in both the reactors was driven by deterministic selection rather than stochastic factors. Compared to those in CM-IFAS, the microorganisms in CF-IFAS were more closely related to each other and had more keystone species: norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_OM190, SM1A02, Defluviicoccus, norank_f_ Saprospiraceae, and norank_f_Rhodocyclaceae. The absolute contents of the genes associated with N removal (bacterial amoA, archaeal amoA, NarG, NapA, NirS, and NirK) were higher in CF-IFAS than in CM-IFAS; the N cycle activity was also stronger in the CF-IFAS. Overall, the microecological environment differed between both systems. This study provides novel insights into the potential of bionic carriers to improve SNDPR performance by shaping microbial communities, thereby providing scientific guidance for practical engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR. China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR. China
| | - Shan-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR. China.
| | - Le Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR. China
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR. China
| | - Guo-Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR. China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150008, PR. China
| | - Ji-Wei Pang
- China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group, Beijing 100089, PR. China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR. China
| |
Collapse
|