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Xing W, Qi B, Chen R, Ding W, Zhang F. Metagenomic analysis reveals taxonomic and functional diversity of microbial communities on the deteriorated wall paintings of Qinling Tomb in the Southern Tang Dynasty, China. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:140. [PMID: 37202728 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02887-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial colonization on ancient murals attracts more and more attention since the threaten by microorganisms was first reported in Lascaux, Spain. However, the biodeterioration or biodegradation of mural paintings resulted by microorganisms is not clear yet. Especially the biological function of microbial communities in different conditions remained largely unaddressed. The two mausoleums of the Southern Tang Dynasty are the largest group of emperor mausoleums during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China, which are of great significance to the study of the architecture, imperial mausoleum systems and art in the Tang and Song Dynasties. To make clear the species composition and metabolic functions of different microbial communities (MID and BK), we analyzed the samples from the wall paintings in one of the two mausoleums of the Southern Tang Dynasty with metagenomics method. The result showed totally 55 phyla and 1729 genera were detected in the mural paintings. The two microbial community structure were similar with the dominance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria. However, the species abundance presented a significant difference between two communities at genus level --- MID is Lysobacter, Luteimonas are predominant in MID while Sphingomonas and Streptomyces are popular in BK, which is partially attributed to the different substrate materials of murals. As a result, the two communities presented the different metabolic patterns that MID community was mainly participated in the formation of biofilm as well as the degradation of exogenous pollutants while the BK was predominantly related to the photosynthesis process and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Taken together, these findings indicated the effect of environmental factor on the taxonomic composition and functional diversity of the microbial populations. The installation of artificial lighting needs to be considered carefully in the future protection of cultural relics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xing
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Binjie Qi
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Rulong Chen
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Ding
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
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Chen J, Li F, Zhao X, Wang Y, Zhang L, Yan L, Yu L. Change in composition and potential functional genes of microbial communities on carbonatite rinds with different weathering times. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1024672. [PMID: 36386643 PMCID: PMC9663929 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1024672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms and time are important factors for rock weathering to form soils. However, weathering time is usually difficult to quantitatively study, and the potential microorganisms involved in rock weathering are difficult to identify qualitatively. Currently, there is no clear conclusion on how ecological strategies of carbonatite weathering rind microorganisms change with weathering time, and how the microbial composition and functional genes involved in element cycling change over two century-scale weathering time. In this study, we selected abandoned carbonate tombstones as the subject and used the date when the tombstones were erected by humans as the onset of weathering. Using metagenome sequencing methods, we investigated the trends in the composition of fungal, bacterial and archaeal communities of carbonate weathering rind and related elemental cycle functional genes during a weathering time of 19 to 213 years. The results showed that: (1) with the increase in weathering time, at the phylum level, microbial taxa gradually shifted from r-strategists (faster turnover rates, higher mortality rates, higher reproduction, lower competition rate) to K-strategists (slower turnover rates, lower mortality rates, lower reproduction, higher competition rate), which correspondingly increased the abundance of functional genes related to C and N cycles. (2) The properties of the parent rock layer determines the colonization and distribution of weathering rind microorganisms (especially prokaryotic microorganisms) and the corresponding functional gene abundance. Our study provides new insights into the weathering process of carbonate rocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences and Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,China
| | - Fangbing Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences and Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,China
| | - Xiangwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences and Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences and Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Institute of Guizhou Mountain Resources, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lingbin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences and Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,China
| | - Lifei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences and Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou,China
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