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Yang X, Yang T, Xu Y. Novel Insights into Alkyl Polyglucoside Biosurfactant Promoting Anaerobic Dark Fermentation for Hydrogen Production in Sludge. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:7849-7860. [PMID: 38568328 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/14/2024]
Abstract
Anaerobic fermentation of excess sludge (ES) for hydrogen production is a crucial strategy for resource utilization and environmentally friendly treatment. However, the low hydrolysis efficiency of ES and the depletion of produced hydrogen have become the limiting factors for low hydrogen yield. This study innovatively applied the bio-based surfactant alkyl polyglucoside (APG) to enhance the efficiency of dark fermentation for hydrogen production from ES. When the APG content was 100 mg/g (calculated based on total suspended solids), the maximum hydrogen production reached 17.8 mL/g VSS, approximately 3.7 times that in the control group. Mechanistic analysis revealed that APG promoted the release of organic matter from ES. APG also facilitated the release of soluble protein and soluble polysaccharide, increasing the organic matter reduction rate to 34.8%, significantly higher than other groups. APG enhanced the accumulation of volatile fatty acids and promoted the proportion of small molecular carboxylic acids. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that APG promoted the activity of hydrolytic enzymes but inhibited the activity of hydrogen-consuming enzymes. The research results provide a green and environmentally friendly strategy for the efficient resource utilization of ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, JiaoZuo University, JiaoZuo, 454000, China.
| | - Tiantian Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, JiaoZuo University, JiaoZuo, 454000, China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- Gongyi Branch of Zhengzhou Ecological Environment Bureau, Zhengzhou, 451299, China
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2
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Liang H, Wang Y, Li J, Zhao Z, Ma L. Effect of Adding Benzyl Alcohol on Hydrogen Production from Lignite. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-05074-3. [PMID: 39356421 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-05074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Combustion power generation is still the main way of lignite utilization, but lignite combustion will produce a lot of toxic gases, so how to make lignite clean utilization has become an urgent problem to be solved. Hydrogen is an environmentally friendly, zero-carbon emission clean energy because microorganisms can degrade brown coal to produce hydrogen. Therefore, in this experiment, the anaerobic hydrogen production experiment of lignite was carried out, and the influence of different concentrations of benzyl alcohol on hydrogen production of lignite was studied. The results showed that the addition of 500 mg/L benzyl alcohol had the most significant effect on the hydrogen production of lignite, and the total hydrogen production reached 1.70 mL/g, which was 47.83% higher than that of the blank group. The addition of benzyl alcohol extended the peak time of hydrogen production in lignite fermentation. The peak hydrogen production time of 500 mg/L benzyl alcohol in the middle and late stage was 8 days, 5 days longer than that in the blank group. The peak hydrogen production of 500 mg/L benzyl alcohol in the middle and late stage was 0.11 mL/g, which was 2.75 times that of 0.04 mL/g in the blank group. Hydrogen production of lignite is mainly produced by acetic acid and propionic acid fermentation, which is different from butyric acid metabolic pathway of biomass microbial transformation such as crop straw and kitchen waste. This also provides a new way and theoretical basis for the fermentation of lignite to produce hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwang Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resources Use of the Mongolian Plateau, Hohhot, 010021, Inner Mongolia, China.
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.
| | - Litong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PR China.
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization of Bio-Coal Chemical Industry, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou, 014010, PR China.
- Laboratory of Low Rank Coal Carbon Neutralization, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou, 014010, Inner Mongolia, PR China.
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3
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Yang G, Xu Y, Wang J. Antibiotic fermentation residue for biohydrogen production: Inhibitory mechanisms of the inherent antibiotic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173986. [PMID: 38876344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic fermentation residue, which is generated from the microbial antibiotic production process, has been a troublesome waste faced by the pharmaceutical industry. Dark fermentation is a potential technology to treat antibiotic fermentation residue in terms of renewable H2 generation and waste management. However, the inherent antibiotic in antibiotic fermentation residue may inhibit its dark fermentation performance, and current understanding on this topic is limited. This investigation examined the impact of the inherent antibiotic on the dark H2 fermentation of Cephalosporin C (CEPC) fermentation residue, and explored the mechanisms from the perspectives of bacterial communities and functional genes. It was found that CEP-C in the antibiotic fermentation residue significantly inhibited the H2 production, with the H2 yield decreasing from 17.2 mL/g-VSadded to 12.5 and 9.6 mL/g-VSadded at CEP-C concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/L, respectively. CEP-C also prolonged the H2-producing lag period. Microbiological analysis indicated that CEP-C remarkably decreased the abundances of high-yielding H2-producing bacteria, as well as downregulated the genes involved in hydrogen generation from the"pyruvate pathway" and"NADH pathway", essentially leading to the decline of H2 productivity. The present work gains insights into how cephalosporin antibiotics influence the dark H2 fermentation, and provide guidance for mitigating the inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Youtong Xu
- China National Chemical Engineering International Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Ma Y, Lin S, Guo T, Guo C, Li Y, Hou Y, Gao Y, Dong R, Liu S. Exploring the influence of sulfadiazine-induced stress on antibiotic removal and transformation pathway using microalgae Chlorella sp. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 256:119225. [PMID: 38797461 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a kind of anti-degradable antibiotics that is commonly found in wastewater, but its removal mechanism and transformation pathway remain unclear in microalgal systems. This study investigated the effects of initial algae concentration and SDZ-induced stress on microalgal growth metabolism, SDZ removal efficiency, and transformation pathways during Chlorella sp. cultivation. Results showed that SDZ had an inhibitory effect on the growth of microalgae, and increasing the initial algal biomass could alleviate the inhibitory effect of SDZ. When the initial algal biomass of Chlorella sp. was increased to 0.25 g L-1, the SDZ removal rate could reach 53.27%-89.07%. The higher the initial algal biomass, the higher the SOD activity of microalgae, and the better the protective effect on microalgae, which was one of the reasons for the increase in SDZ removal efficiency. Meanwhile, SDZ stress causes changes in photosynthetic pigments, lipids, total sugars and protein content of Chlorella sp. in response to environmental changes. The main degradation mechanisms of SDZ by Chlorella sp. were biodegradation (37.82%) and photodegradation (23%). Most of the degradation products of SDZ were less toxic than the parent compound, and the green algae were highly susceptible to SDZ and its degradation products. The findings from this study offered valuable insights into the tradeoffs between accumulating microalgal biomass and antibiotic toxic risks during wastewater treatment, providing essential direction for the advancement in future research and full-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Ma
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Shupeng Lin
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Chunchun Guo
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Yantai Research Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai, 264670, PR China
| | - Yitao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Yahan Hou
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Yantai Research Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai, 264670, PR China
| | - Yongchang Gao
- Shandong High Speed Renewable Energy Group Limited, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Shan Liu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China; Yantai Research Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai, 264670, PR China.
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5
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Lin X, Hu J, Mo Z, Wang Z, Wang R, Liang J. pH-dependent mechanisms of sulfadiazine degradation by natural pyrite-driven heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121607. [PMID: 38941847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The development of a natural pyrite/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system for the removal of antibiotic contamination from water represented an economic and green sustainable strategy. Yet, a noteworthy knowledge gap remained considering the underlying reaction mechanism of the system, particularly in relation to its pH sensitivity. Herein, this paper investigated the impacts of critical reaction parameters and initial pH levels on the degradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ, 3 mg/L) in the pyrite/PMS system, and elucidated the pH dependence of the reaction mechanism. Results showed that under optimal conditions, SDZ could be completely degraded within 5 min at a broad pH range of 3.0-9.0, with a pseudo-first-order reaction rate of >1.0 min-1. The low or high PMS doses could lower degradation rates of SDZ through the decreased levels of active species, while the amount of pyrite was positively correlated with the removal rate of SDZ. The diminutive concentrations of anions exerted minor impacts on the decomposition of SDZ within the pyrite PMS system. Mechanistic results demonstrated that the augmentation of pH levels facilitated the transition from the non-radical to the radical pathway within the natural pyrite/PMS system, while concurrently amplifying the role of •OH in the degradation process of SDZ. This could be attributed to the change in interface electrostatic repulsion induced by pH fluctuations, as well as the mutual transformation between active species. The stable presence of the relative content of Fe(II) in the used pyrite was ensured owing to the reduced sulfur species acting as electron donors, providing the pyrite/PMS system excellent reusability. This paper sheds light on the mechanism regulation of efficient removal of organic pollutants through pyrite PMS systems, contributing to practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Lin
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, China; College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Jinwen Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhihua Mo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Jialin Liang
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
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6
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Khan U, Bilal M, Adil HM, Darlington N, Khan A, Khan N, Ihsanullah I. Hydrogen from sewage sludge: Production methods, influencing factors, challenges, and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170696. [PMID: 38340850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The rising global population and rapid industrialization have frequently resulted in a significant escalation in energy requirements. Hydrogen, renowned for its eco-friendly and renewable characteristics, has garnered substantial interest as a fuel alternative to address the energy needs currently fulfilled by fossil fuels. Embracing such energy substitutes holds pivotal importance in advancing environmental sustainability, aiding in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions - the primary catalysts of global warming and climate fluctuations. This study elucidates recent trends in sewage sludge (SS)-derived hydrogen through diverse production pathways and critically evaluates the impact of varying parameters on hydrogen yield. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the breakdown of the hydrogen generation process from SS is provided, along with an assessment of its economic dimensions. The review culminates by illuminating key obstacles in the adoption of this innovative technology, accompanied by practical recommendations to surmount these challenges. This comprehensive analysis is expected to attract considerable interest from stakeholders within the hydrogen production domain, fostering substantial engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Khan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Krakow 31-155, Poland
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hossain Md Adil
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Krakow 31-155, Poland
| | - Nnabodo Darlington
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Krakow 31-155, Poland
| | - Ahsan Khan
- Center of Excellence in Particle Technology and Material Processing, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nouman Khan
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, KPK, Pakistan
| | - I Ihsanullah
- Chemical and Water Desalination Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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7
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Tian L, Wang X, Guo H, Wang Y, Zhu T, Tong Y, Zhao Y, Sun P, Liu Y. Impact of sertraline on biohydrogen production from alkaline anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge: Focusing on microbial community and metabolism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129733. [PMID: 37714494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, antidepressants are massively consumed worldwide, inevitably bringing about the concern for their latent hazard to the natural environment. This research focused on exploring the effect of sertraline (SET, a typical antidepressant) on hydrogen yields from alkaline anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS). The hydrogen accumulation reached the peak of 14.73 mL/g VSS (volatile suspended solids) at a SET dosage of 50 mg/kg TSS (total suspended solids), i.e., 1.90 times of that in the control fermenter. The data of Illumina high-throughput sequencing demonstrated that SET promoted the expression of genes regulating the membrane transport. Microbial community analysis suggested that some species that could degrade refractory substances were enriched after SET exposure. Finally, metabolic pathways of hydrogen production and consumption were found to be significantly affected with SET addition. This study would deepen the concept of typical antidepressants influencing energy recovery from WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haixiao Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yufen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yindong Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Peizhe Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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8
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Li X, Liu Y, Li X, Qin Z, Su Y, Freguia S, Feng L, Chen Y. Phenanthrene regulates metabolic pathways for hydrogen accumulation in sludge alkaline dark fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129311. [PMID: 37311531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The influence of phenanthrene (PHE), a general polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in waste activated sludge, on sludge alkaline dark fermentation for hydrogen accumulation was investigated prospectively. The yield of hydrogen was 16.2 mL/g TSS with 50 mg/kg TSS PHE, which was 1.3-fold greater than that of the control. Mechanism research demonstrated that hydrogen production and the abundance of functional microorganisms were facilitated, whereas those of homoacetogenesis were reduced. The activity of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase in the conversion of pyruvate to reduced ferredoxin for hydrogen production was promoted by 57.2%, and that of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, closely associated with hydrogen consumption, was suppressed by 60.5% and 55.9%, respectively. Moreover, the encoding genes involved in pyruvate metabolism were significantly up-regulated, while genes related to consuming hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide and produce 5-methyltetrahydrofolate were down-regulated. This study notably illustrates the effect of PHE on hydrogen accumulation from metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Downhole Technical Service Branch, Bohai Drilling Engineering Co., Ltd, National Petroleum Corporation, 8, Second Street, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Xuyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiyi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Leiyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yinguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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9
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Zhao J, Zhang H, Guan D, Wang Y, Fu Z, Sun Y, Wang D, Zhang H. New insights into mechanism of emerging pollutant polybrominated diphenyl ether inhibiting sludge dark fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 368:128358. [PMID: 36414141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), derived from electronics, furniture, etc., are detected with high level in excess sludge (ES). In this work, the influence of PBDEs on ES dark fermentation (ESDF) hydrogen production and the related key mechanisms were explored. The result shows PBDEs exposure reduced hydrogen production, and hydrogen accumulation decreased from 17.6 mL/g in blank to 12.3 mL/g with 12.0 mg/Kg PBDEs. PBDEs induced the reactive oxygen species production, which directly led to cell inactivation and reduced hydrogen production. Furthermore, PBDEs decreased ES disintegration, hydrolysis, acidification and homoacetogenic processes and inhibited the activities of enzymes related to hydrogen production. PBDEs also affected the diversity and richness of microbial communities in dark fermentation systems, especially high doses of PBDEs reduced the relative abundance of microorganisms associated with hydrogen production. In conclusion, PBDEs reduce hydrogen generation from ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Hongying Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Dezheng Guan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
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