Nitrogen burial characteristics of Quaternary sediments and its controls on high ammonium groundwater in the Central Yangtze River Basin

Is redox zonation an appropriate method for determining the stage of natural remediation in deep contaminated groundwater?

Groundwater contamination resulting from petroleum development poses a significant threat to drinking water sources, especially in developing countries. In situ natural remediation methods, including microbiological processes, have gained popularity for the reduction of groundwater contaminants. However, assessing the stage of remediation in deep contaminated groundwater is challenging and costly due to the complexity of diverse geological conditions and unknown initial concentrations of contaminants. This research proposes that redox zonation may be a more convenient and comprehensive indicator than the concentration of contaminants for determining the stage of natural remediation in deep groundwater. The combination of sequencing microbial composition using the high-throughput 16S rRNA gene and function predicted by FAPROTAX is a useful approach to determining the redox conditions of different contaminated groundwater. The sulfate-reducing environment, represented by Desulfobacteraceae, Peptococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Desulfohalobiaceae could be used as characteristic early stages of remediation for produced water contamination in wells with high concentrations of SO42-, benzene, and salinity. The nitrate-reducing environment, enriched with microorganisms related to denitrification, sulfur-oxidizing, and methanophilic microorganisms could be indicative of the mid stages of in situ bioremediation. The oxygen reduction environment, enriched with oligotrophic and pathogenic Sphingomonadaceae, Caulobacteraceae, Syntrophaceae, Legionellales, Moraxellaceae, and Coxiellaceae, could be indicative of the late stages of remediation. This comprehensive approach could provide valuable insights into the process of natural remediation and facilitate improved environmental management in areas of deep contaminated groundwater.

Ammonium-Enhanced Arsenic Mobilization from Aquifer Sediments

Ammonium-related pathways are important for groundwater arsenic (As) enrichment, especially via microbial Fe(III) reduction coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation; however, the key pathways (and microorganisms) underpinning ammonium-induced Fe(III) reduction and their contributions to As mobilization in groundwater are still unknown. To address this gap, aquifer sediments hosting high As groundwater from the western Hetao Basin were incubated with 15N-labeled ammonium and external organic carbon sources (including glucose, lactate, and lactate/acetate). Decreases in ammonium concentrations were positively correlated with increases in the total produced Fe(II) (Fe(II)tot) and released As. The molar ratios of Fe(II)tot to oxidized ammonium ranged from 3.1 to 3.7 for all incubations, and the δ15N values of N2 from the headspace increased in 15N-labeled ammonium-treated series, suggesting N2 as the key end product of ammonium oxidation. The addition of ammonium increased the As release by 16.1% to 49.6%, which was more pronounced when copresented with organic electron donors. Genome-resolved metagenomic analyses (326 good-quality MAGs) suggested that ammonium-induced Fe(III) reduction in this system required syntrophic metabolic interactions between bacterial Fe(III) reduction and archaeal ammonium oxidation. The current results highlight the significance of syntrophic ammonium-stimulated Fe(III) reduction in driving As mobilization, which is underestimated in high As groundwater.

Effect of depositional evolution on phosphorus enrichment in aquifer sediments of alluvial-lacustrine plain

Groundwater with high geogenic phosphorus (P) is increasingly concerned as a potential risk to surface water eutrophication. Although hydrogeochemical processes responsible for P mobilization in groundwater systems have been studied, the burial characteristics of P and the effect of depositional evolution on P enrichment in aquifer sediments remain unclear. In this study, aquifer sediments were collected from the Dongting Lake Plain (DTP) within the central Yangtze River Basin, a high P groundwater area, and the effect of depositional evolution on P enrichment was elucidated by comprehensively analyzing the lithology, grain size, geochronology, and geochemistry of the sediments, coupled with groundwater chemistry and sediment incubation experiments. The results showed that the contents of total organic carbon (TOC), iron (Fe), and P (the relative content of bioavailable phosphorus (BAP)) were higher in lacustrine sediments deposited under a warm-wet climate, but lower in fluvial sediments deposited under a cold-dry climate. During depositional evolution, the sedimentary facies mainly controlled the content of organic phosphorus (OP), while the paleo-climate controlled the content of both OP and Fe-bound inorganic P (FeP), which jointly affected total P content in aquifer sediments. Under the interaction of groundwater and sediment, the reductive dissolution of P-rich Fe (oxyhydr)oxides and the mineralization of OP in sediment continuously release P into groundwater. Notably, the rapid accumulation of alluvial sediments after the Last Glacial Maximum in the DTP and rapid evolution of Dongting Lake during the Holocene led to a large amount of organic matter (OM) and P buried in sediments, providing materials for P release in aquifers, which seriously threatens groundwater quality. This exploration can provide a new understanding of the enrichment of geogenic P in groundwater from the perspective of depositional evolution.

Contrastive mechanisms of groundwater ammonium enrichment in different hydrogeologic settings

Although high levels of geogenic ammonium in groundwater have been widely reported, the mechanisms controlling its heterogeneous distribution are not yet well understood. In this study, a comprehensive investigation of hydrogeology, sediments, and groundwater chemistry was coupled with a set of incubation experiments to reveal the contrasting mechanisms of groundwater ammonium enrichment at two adjacent monitoring sites with different hydrogeologic settings in the central Yangtze River basin. Significant differences were found in the ammonium concentrations of groundwater at two monitoring sites, with the ammonium concentrations in the Maozui (MZ) section (0.30-5.88 mg/L; average of 2.93 mg/L) being much higher than those in the Shenjiang (SJ) section (0.12-2.43 mg/L; average of 0.90 mg/L). For the SJ section, the aquifer medium had a low organic matter (OM) content and a weak mineralization capability, leading to a limited potential for geogenic ammonium release. Moreover, due to the presence of alternating silt and continuous fine sand layers (with coarse grains) above the underlying confined aquifer, the groundwater was in a relatively open environment with oxidizing conditions, which may have promoted the removal of ammonium. For the MZ section, the aquifer medium had a high OM content and a strong mineralization capability, leading to a much higher potential for geogenic ammonium release. Furthermore, due to the presence of a thick and continuous muddy clay layer (aquitard) above the underlying confined aquifer, the groundwater was in a closed environment with strong reducing conditions, which was conductive to the storage of ammonium. Larger sources of ammonium in the MZ section and greater consumption of ammonium in the SJ section contributed collectively to the significant differences in groundwater ammonium concentrations. This study identified contrasting mechanism of groundwater ammonium enrichment in different hydrogeologic settings, which can help explain the heterogeneous distribution of ammonium levels in groundwater.

Identification of ammonium source for groundwater in the piedmont zone with strong runoff of the Hohhot Basin based on nitrogen isotope

Groundwater with high ammonium concentration (HANC groundwater), mostly caused by anthropogenic pollution, is widely distributed in China, which could also result from natural geological genesis. Groundwater in the piedmont zone with strong runoff in the central Hohhot Basin has featured its excessive ammonium concentration since the 1970s. Currently, chemical factories also serve as potential pollution sources. In this study, based on the nitrogen isotopic technique and combined with hydrochemical methods, the sources of high concentration ammonium in the groundwater was identified. The HANC groundwater is mainly distributed in the alluvial-proluvial fan and the interfan depression in the western and central parts of the study area, and a maximum ammonium concentration of 529.32 mg/L was observed in the groundwater in the mid-fan of the Baishitou Gully (BSTG) alluvial-proluvial fan. Although the BSTG mid-fan is part of the piedmont zone with strong runoff, some of the HANC groundwater in this area still presents the typical hydrochemical characteristics in the discharge area. Moreover, an extremely high concentration of volatile organic compounds was observed in groundwater in the BSTG alluvial-proluvial fan, which indicated significant anthropogenic pollution. Besides, ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺ is enriched in groundwater in the BSTG root-fan and the interfan depression, which is consistent with the situation of organic nitrogen and exchangeable ammonium in natural sediments, as well as the natural HANC groundwater in other regions of China. These δ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺ values indicate that the ammonium of the groundwater in the BSTG root-fan and the interfan depression is derived from natural sediments. The ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺ in groundwater is depleted in the BSTG mid-fan, and the δ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺ values are similar with those of the pollution sources from the chemical factories in the mid-fan. Both hydrochemical and nitrogen isotopic characteristics indicate significant pollution in the mid-fan, but the ammonium pollution is limited to the area near the chemical factories.