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Chen X, Chen S, Chen X, Tang Y, Nie WB, Yang L, Liu Y, Ni BJ. Impact of hydrogen sulfide on anammox and nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation coupled technologies. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121739. [PMID: 38728778 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The coupling between anammox and nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-DAMO) has been considered a sustainable technology for nitrogen removal from sidestream wastewater and can be implemented in both membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) and granular bioreactor. However, the potential influence of the accompanying hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the anaerobic digestion (AD)-related methane-containing mixture on anammox/n-DAMO remains unknown. To fill this gap, this work first constructed a model incorporating the C/N/S-related bioprocesses and evaluated/calibrated/validated the model using experimental data. The model was then used to explore the impact of H2S on the MBfR and granular bioreactor designed to perform anammox/n-DAMO at practical levels (i.e., 0∼5% (v/v) and 0∼40 g/S m3, respectively). The simulation results indicated that H2S in inflow gas did not significantly affect the total nitrogen (TN) removal of the MBfR under all operational conditions studied in this work, thus lifting the concern about applying AD-produced biogas to power up anammox/n-DAMO in the MBfR. However, the presence of H2S in the influent would either compromise the treatment performance of the granular bioreactor at a relatively high influent NH4+-N/NO2--N ratio (e.g., >1.0) or lead to increased energy demand associated with TN removal at a relatively low influent NH4+-N/NO2--N ratio (e.g., <0.7). Such a negative effect of the influent H2S could not be attenuated by regulating the hydraulic residence time and should therefore be avoided when applying the granular bioreactor to perform anammox/n-DAMO in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Siying Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, PR China
| | - Wen-Bo Nie
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
| | - Linyan Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Zhang Z, Huang Z, Li H, Wang D, Yao Y, Dong K. Impact of Nitrate on the Removal of Pollutants from Water in Reducing Gas-Based Membrane Biofilm Reactors: A Review. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:109. [PMID: 38786943 PMCID: PMC11123063 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14050109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) is a novel wastewater treatment technology, garnering attention due to its high gas utilization rate and effective pollutant removal capability. This paper outlines the working mechanism, advantages, and disadvantages of MBfR, and the denitrification pathways, assessing the efficacy of MBfR in removing oxidized pollutants (sulfate (SO4-), perchlorate (ClO4-)), heavy metal ions (chromates (Cr(VI)), selenates (Se(VI))), and organic pollutants (tetracycline (TC), p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB)), and delves into the role of related microorganisms. Specifically, through the addition of nitrates (NO3-), this paper analyzes its impact on the removal efficiency of other pollutants and explores the changes in microbial communities. The results of the study show that NO3- inhibits the removal of other pollutants (oxidizing pollutants, heavy metal ions and organic pollutants), etc., in the simultaneous removal of multiple pollutants by MBfR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin 541006, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.L.); (D.W.)
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Zhian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin 541006, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.L.); (D.W.)
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin 541006, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.L.); (D.W.)
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Dunqiu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin 541006, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.L.); (D.W.)
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Yi Yao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin 541006, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.L.); (D.W.)
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Kun Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin 541006, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.L.); (D.W.)
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin 541006, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Treatment for Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution, Guilin 541006, China
- Modern Industry College of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
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Yuan CY, Yan WJ, Sun FY, Tu HH, Lu JJ, Feng L, Dong WY. Management of biofilm by an innovative layer-structured membrane for membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) to efficient methane oxidation coupled to denitrification (AME-D). WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121107. [PMID: 38218075 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Aerobic methane oxidation coupled with denitrification (AME-D) has garnered significant attention as a promising technology for nitrogen removal from water. Effective biofilm management on the membrane surface is essential to enhance the efficiency of nitrate removal in AME-D systems. In this study, we introduce a novel and scalable layer-structured membrane (LSM) developed using a meticulously designed polyurethane sponge. The application of the LSM in advanced biofilm management for AME-D resulted in a substantial enhancement of denitrification performance. Our experimental results demonstrated remarkable improvements in nitrate-removal flux (92.8 mmol-N m-2 d-1) and methane-oxidation rate (325.6 mmol m-2 d-1) when using an LSM in a membrane biofilm reactor (L-MBfR) compared with a conventional membrane reactor (C-MBfR). The l-MBfR exhibited 12.4-, 6.8- and 3.4-fold increases in nitrate-removal rate, biomass-retention capacity, and methane-oxidation rate, respectively, relative to the control C-MBfR. Notably, the l-MBfR demonstrated a 3.5-fold higher abundance of denitrifying bacteria, including Xanthomonadaceae, Rhodocyclaceae, and Methylophilaceae. In addition, the denitrification-related enzyme activity was twice as high in the l-MBfR than in the C-MBfR. These findings underscore the LSM's ability to create anoxic/anaerobic microenvironments conducive to biofilm formation and denitrification. Furthermore, the LSM exhibited a unique advantage in shaping microbial community structures and facilitating cross-feeding interactions between denitrifying bacteria and aerobic methanotrophs. The results of this study hold great promise for advancing the application of MBfRs in achieving efficient and reliable nitrate removal through the AME-D pathway, facilitated by effective biofilm management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wei-Jia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Fei-Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Hua Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jian-Jiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China; College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China; Institute of Yellow River Delta Earth Surface Processes and Ecological Integrity, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
| | - Liang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Li H, Han Y, Zhang Y, Mi X, Wang D, Xu Y, Dong K. Optimization of nitrogen removal and microbial mechanism of a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38362607 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2317817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor (H2-MBfR) is an emerging biological nitrogen removal technology characterized by high efficiency, energy-saving capability, and environmental friendliness. The technology achieves denitrification and denitrogenation of microorganisms by passing hydrogen as an electron donor from inside to outside through the hollow fibre membrane module, and eventually the hydrogen reachs the biofilm attached to the surface of the fibre membrane. H2-MBfR has obtained favourable outcomes in the treatment of secondary biochemical effluent and low concentration nitrogen polluted water source. The experiment was optimized by s single-factor testing and response surface methodology-based optimization (RSM), and the optimal operational conditions were obtained as follows: an influent flow rate of 2 mL/min, hydrogen pressure of 0.04 MPa, and influent nitrate concentration of 24.29 mg/L. Under these conditions, a high nitrate removal rate of 98.25% was achieved. In addition, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacteria in all stages, and the genus Hydrogenophaga was sufficiently enriched, occurring at 13.0%-49.0% throughout the reactor operation. Furthermore, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway for nitrate reduction and inorganic carbon utilization by microorganisms in the H2-MBfR was explored through comparison with the KEGG database. The results provided a mechanistic explanation for the denitrification and carbon sequestration capacity of the H2-MBfR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, People's Republic of China
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Mi
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunqiu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, People's Republic of China
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, People's Republic of China
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin, People's Republic of China
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Gong X, Hou F, Pang H, Guo Y, Zhang Q, Li X, Zhang L, Peng Y. Robust and high-efficient nitrogen removal from real sewage and waste activated sludge (WAS) reduction in zero-external carbon PN/A combined with in-situ fermentation-denitrification process under decreased temperatures. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118761. [PMID: 37683380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advantages of the combined anammox and fermentation-driven denitrification process in nitrogen removal and energy consumption, stable performance at decreased temperatures remains a challenge. In this study, a robust and high-efficient nitrogen removal efficiency (95.0-93.1 ∼ 86.8-93.4%) with desirable effluent quality (3.0-4.1 ∼ 7.9-4.9 mg/L) under long-term decreased temperatures (30 °C→25 °C→20 °C) was achieved in a zero-external carbon Partial Nitritation/Anammox combined with in-situ sludge Fermentation-Denitrification process treating sewage. Excellent sludge reduction averaged at 14.9% assuming no microbial growth. Increased hzsB mRNA (2.2-fold) and reduced Ea (80.9 kJ/mol) proved resilient anammox to lower temperature. RT-qPCR tests revealed increased NarG/NirK (5.1) and NarG/NirS (4.9) mRNA at 20 °C, suggesting higher NO3-→NO2- over NO2-→N2 pathway. Metagenomics unraveled dominant anammox bacteria (Candidatus_Brocadia, 2.27%), increased denitritation bacteria containing more NarG (Hyphomicrobium, 0.8%), fatty acid biosynthesis and CAZymes genes. Enhanced denitritation with recovered organics from sludge reserved nitrite for anammox and facilitated higher anammox contribution to N removal at 20 °C (42.4%) than 30 °C (39.5%). This study proposed an innovative low-temperature strategy for in-situ sludge fermentation, and demonstrated stability of advanced municipal wastewater treatment and sludge disposal through energy savings and carbon recovery under decreased temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Feng Hou
- SDIC Xinkai Water Environment Investment Co., Ltd, China Water Environment Group Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Pang
- SDIC Xinkai Water Environment Investment Co., Ltd, China Water Environment Group Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- SDIC Xinkai Water Environment Investment Co., Ltd, China Water Environment Group Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xiyao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
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Wang J, Yuan R, Feng Z, Ma F, Zhou B, Chen H. The advanced treatment of textile printing and dyeing wastewater by hydrodynamic cavitation and ozone: Degradation, mechanism, and transformation of dissolved organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114300. [PMID: 36096166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emission standards for textile printing and dyeing wastewater are stricter due to serious environmental issues. A novel technology, hydrodynamic cavitation combined with ozone (HC + O3), has attracted wide attention in wastewater advanced treatment, whereas the contaminants removal mechanism and transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were rarely reported. This study investigated the removal efficiency and mechanism of HC + O3. The maximum removal rates of UV254, chrominance, CODCr, and TOC were 64.99%, 91.90%, 32.30%, and 36.67% in 60 min, respectively, at the inlet pressure of 0.15 MPa and O3 dosage of 6.25 mmol/L. The synergetic coefficient of HC + O3 was 2.77. The removal of contaminants was the synergy of 1O2, ·OH and ·O2-, and high molecular weight and strong aromaticity organic matters were degraded effectively. The main components in DOM were tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like, which were effectively removed after HC + O3. Meanwhile, most DOM had decreased to low apparent relative molecular weight (LARMW) compounds. Additionally, the HC + O3 effluent can reach the emission standard in 60 min for 8.07 USD/m3. It can be concluded that HC + O3 is an effective technology for the advanced treatment of industrial wastewater. This study will provide suggestions for the engineering application of HC + O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongfang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuqing Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangshu Ma
- Baiyi Environment Investment Jiangsu Co., Ltd, Jiangyin, 214000, People's Republic of China
| | - Beihai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Lu JJ, Zhang H, Li W, Yi JB, Sun FY, Zhao YW, Feng L, Li Z, Dong WY. Biofilm stratification in counter-diffused membrane biofilm bioreactors (MBfRs) for aerobic methane oxidation coupled to aerobic/anoxic denitrification: Effect of oxygen pressure. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 226:119243. [PMID: 36270147 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic methane oxidation coupled with denitrification (AME-D) executed in membrane biofilm bioreactors (MBfRs) provides a high promise for simultaneously mitigating methane (CH4) emissions and removing nitrate in wastewater. However, systematically experimental investigation on how oxygen partial pressure affects the development and characteristics of counter-diffusional biofilm, as well as its spatial stratification profiles, and the cooperative interaction of the biofilm microbes, is still absent. In this study, we combined Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) to in-situ characterize the development of counter-diffusion biofilm in the MBfR for the first time. It was revealed that oxygen partial pressure onto the MBfR was capable of manipulating biofilm thickness and spatial stratification, and then managing the distribution of functional microbes. With the optimized oxygen partial pressure of 5.5 psig (25% oxygen content), the manipulated counter-diffusional biofilm in the AME-D process obtained the highest denitrification efficiency, due mainly to that this biofilm had the proper dynamic balance between the aerobic-layer and anoxic-layer where suitable O2 gradient and sufficient aerobic methanotrophs were achieved in aerobic-layer to favor methane oxidation, and complete O2 depletion and accessible organic sources were kept to avoid constraining denitrification activity in anoxic-layer. By using metagenome analysis and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) staining, the spatial distribution of the functional microbes within counter-diffused biofilm was successfully evidenced, and Rhodocyclaceae, one typical aerobic denitrifier, was found to survive and gradually enriched in the aerobic layer and played a key role in denitrification aerobically. This in-situ biofilm visualization and characterization evidenced directly for the first time the cooperative path of denitrification for AME-D in the counter-diffused biofilm, which involved aerobic methanotrophs, heterotrophic aerobic denitrifiers, and heterotrophic anoxic denitrifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jiang Lu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Weiyi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun-Bo Yi
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University (Xili Campus), Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fei-Yun Sun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yi-Wei Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Feng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen-Yi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen 518055, China
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