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Xie L, Palmroth S, Yin C, Oren R. Extramatrical mycelial biomass is mediated by fine root mass and ectomycorrhizal fungal community composition across tree species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175175. [PMID: 39111434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
In many ecosystems, a large fraction of gross primary production is invested in mycorrhiza. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mycelium is involved in regulating soil carbon and nutrient cycling. However, little is known about how mycelial biomass, production and turnover differ depending on ECM fungal community composition and associated tree species. We quantified fine root biomass and length using soil cores, and mycelial traits (biomass, production, and turnover) using mesh-bags and ergosterol analysis, and identified ECM exploration types by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of four ECM-dominated tree species (Picea asperata, Larix gmelinii, Quercus aquifolioides and Betula albosinensis) in subalpine forest. The ECM fungal community composition separated between needle-leaved and broadleaved species, and between evergreen and deciduous species. The ratio of mycelial to fine root biomass was similar across the species regardless of genus-scale community composition and the relative abundance of exploration types. Compared to the other species, Q. aquifolioides displayed higher fine root biomass and mycelial biomass and production, dominated by contact-short exploration type. Mycelial turnover rate tended to be lowest in P. asperata, dominated by medium-long exploration type. Much higher production of mycelium and only slightly higher turnover rate in Q. aquifolioides suggests that its steady-state mycelial biomass would be higher than of the other species. Moreover, compared to the two deciduous species, with similar production but somewhat lower turnover rate, the standing crop of mycelium in P. asperata may stabilize at a higher value. Our findings, that exploration type may affect production and turnover, highlight the importance of characterizing ECM fungal communities by exploration types when estimating the contribution of mycelium biomass to forest carbon sink and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Sari Palmroth
- Nicholas School of the Environment & Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Chunying Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Ram Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment & Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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Yang B, Yang Z, He K, Zhou W, Feng W. Soil Fungal Community Diversity, Co-Occurrence Networks, and Assembly Processes under Diverse Forest Ecosystems. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1915. [PMID: 39338589 PMCID: PMC11433935 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal communities are critical players in the biogeochemical soil processes of forest ecosystems. However, the factors driving their diversity and community assembly are still unclear. In the present study, five typical vegetation types of soil fungal communities in Liziping Nature Reserve, China, were investigated using fungal ITS sequences. The results show that the topsoil fungal community is mainly dominated by the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota. Although there was no significant difference in α diversity (Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou evenness indices) among different forest types, there was a significant difference in β diversity (community composition). This study found that soil pH, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and the total nitrogen/total phosphorus (N/P) ratio are the main environmental factors that affect soil fungal communities. Each forest type has a specific co-occurrence network, indicating that these community structures have significant specificities and complexities. Deciduous evergreen broad-leaved forests as well as deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen broad-leaved mixed forests showed high modularity and average path lengths, indicating their highly modular nature without distinct small-scale characteristics. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the structures of topsoil fungal communities are mainly shaped by stochastic processes, with the diffusion limitation mechanism playing a particularly significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Zhisong Yang
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Ke He
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Wenjia Zhou
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Wanju Feng
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
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He L, Sun X, Li S, Zhou W, Yu J, Zhao G. Biogeographic and co-occurrence network differentiation of fungal communities in warm-temperate montane soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174911. [PMID: 39038676 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Studying the biogeographic patterns of fungal communities across altitudinal and soil depth gradients is essential for understanding how environmental variations shape the diversity and functionality of these complex ecological assemblages. Here, we evaluated the response and assembly patterns of fungal communities to altitude and soil depth, and the co-occurrence patterns influencing soil fungal metabolic preferences on Dongling Mountain. We observed significant variations in fungal β-diversity, driven by elevation and soil depth, with climatic parameters (MAT and MAP) and nutrient concentrations (TOC, TP, and TN) serving as prominent influencers. Additionally, we found that the multiple substrate-induced respiration rate of fungi degrading various carbon substrates was diminished in high-altitude and subsurface soils compared to low-altitude and surface soils. Stochastic processes play a more important role in controlling fungal community assembly than deterministic processes, with dispersal limitation emerging as the main driver of community assembly. While greater network complexity was evident in the topsoil compared to the subsoil, both layers harbored altitude-sensitive OTUs (asOTUs) that belonging to distinct modules. Moreover, fungal groups sensitive to the same altitude exhibited similar metabolic preferences. The asOTUs designated for lower altitude areas favored unstable carbon substrates (glucose and sucrose), while those designated as higher altitude areas exhibited a preference for recalcitrant carbon (xylan and lignin). This evidence suggests that soil fungal communities respond to environmental changes by trading off their life strategies and metabolic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing He
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangyang Sun
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Suyan Li
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiantao Yu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guanyu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Zhao W, Huang K, Mumin R, Li J, Sun Y, Cui B. Spatial variations impact the soil fungal communities of Larix gmelinii forests in Northeast China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1408272. [PMID: 38855467 PMCID: PMC11157130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1408272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Soil fungi play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycles of forest ecosystems. Larix gmelinii is a strong and important timber tree species, which forms close associations with a wide range of soil fungi. However, the temporal-spatial disparity effects on the assembly of soil fungal communities in L. gmelinii forests are poorly understood. To address these questions, a total of 120 samples, including 60 bulk soil and 60 root samples, were collected from Aershan and Genhe in July (summer) and October (autumn)2021. We obtained 7,788 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) after merging, filtering, and rarefying using high-throughput sequencing. The dominant phyla are Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Mucoromycota. There were 13 dominant families, among which the families with average relative abundance more than 5% included Thelephoraceae, Mortierellaceae, Archaeorhizomycoaceae, and Inocybaceae. In the functional guilds, symbiotrophic fungi had a relative advantage in the identified functions, and the relative abundances of pathotrophic and saprotrophic fungi varied significantly between sites. There were 12 families differentially expressed across compartments, 10 families differentially expressed between seasons, and 69 families were differentially expressed between sites. The variation in alpha diversity in the bulk soil was greater than that in the rhizosphere soil. Among the three parts (compartment, season, and site), the site had a crucial effect on the beta diversity of the fungal community. Deterministic processes dominated fungal community assembly in Genhe, whereas stochastic processes dominated in Aershan. Soil physicochemical properties and climatic factors significantly affected fungal community structure, among which soil total nitrogen and pH had the greatest effect. This study highlights that spatial variations play a vital role in the structure and assembly of soil fungal communities in L. gmelinii forests, which is of great significance for us in maintaining the health of the forests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yifei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Baokai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Ge Y, Wen Z, He L, Sheng X. Metal-immobilizing Pseudomonas taiwanensis WRS8 reduces heavy metal accumulation in Coriandrum sativum by changing the metal immobilization-related bacterial population abundances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27967-2. [PMID: 37247148 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal-immobilizing bacteria play a critical role in metal accumulation in vegetables. However, little is known concerning the mechanisms involved in bacteria-induced reduced metal availability and uptake in vegetables. In this study, the impacts of metal-immobilizing Pseudomonas taiwanensis WRS8 on the plant biomass, Cd and Pb availability and uptake in two coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) cultivars, and bacterial community structure were investigated in the polluted soil. Strain WRS8 increased the biomass of two coriander cultivars by 25-48% and reduced Cd and Pb contents in the edible tissues by 40-59% and available Cd and Pb contents in the rhizosphere soils by 11.1-15.2%, compared with the controls. Strain WRS8 significantly increased the pH values and relative abundances of the dominant populations of Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Gaiellales, Streptomyces, Frankiales, Bradyrhizobium, and Luteimonas, while strain WRS8 significantly decreased the relative abundances of the dominant populations of Gemmatimonadaceae, Nitrospira, Haliangium, Paenibacillus, Massilia, Bryobacter, and Rokubacteriales and the rare bacterial populations of Enterorhabdus, Roseburia, Luteibacter, and Planifilum in the rhizosphere soils, compared with the controls. Significantly negative correlations were observed between the available metal concentrations and the abundances of Pseudomonas, Luteimonas, Frankiales, and Planifilum. These results implied that strain WRS8 could affect the abundances of the dominant and rare bacterial populations involved in metal immobilization, resulting in increased pH values and decreased metal availability and uptake in the vegetables in the contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenyu Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Linyan He
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiafang Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Yang X, Wan Q, Wu D, Wang J, Abbas T, Zhang Q. The impact of novel azotobacter Bacillus sp. T28 combined sea buckthorn pomace on microbial community structure in paddy soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115548. [PMID: 36828254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is an essential part of agricultural production in order to improve rice yields. However, long-term irrational application and low utilization of N fertilizer have caused a series of environmental problems. Biofertilizer is considered an effective alternative to N fertilizer. In this study, the effect of biofertilizer made of diazotrophic bacteria Bacillus sp. T28 combined with sea buckthorn pomace on the soil N changes and microbial community structure was conducted. Compared to CK, NO3--N content decreased 33.1%-43.8% and the rate of N2O release decreased 8-26 times under different fertilizer treatments during incubation of 0-7 days. On the contrary, NH4+-N in T28 with or without sea buckthorn pomace treatments increased by 56.5-118.8% during incubation of 7-14 days. The results indicated that this biofertilizer reduced the environmental risk associated with the accumulation of NO3--N in paddy soil and the release of N2O to the atmosphere and maintained the soil available N supply capacity. Besides, applying Bacillus T28 with sea buckthorn pomace increased the abundance of soil N functional genes such as nifH, narG, nirS, nirK, and nosZ. The 13C-PLFAs results demonstrated that this biofertilizer improves soil microbial community diversity, nutrient turnover rate and ecosystem stability by altering soil pH and total carbon (TC). In conclusion, Bacillus sp. T28 combined with sea buckthorn pomace regulated the indigenous soil microbial community structure and mitigated the environmental risk of conventional N fertilization in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing Wan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 310020, China
| | - Touqeer Abbas
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Twin, 637009, USA
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Xie L, Li W, Pang X, Liu Q, Yin C. Soil properties and root traits are important factors driving rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal community variations in alpine Rhododendron nitidulum shrub ecosystems along an altitudinal gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161048. [PMID: 36563760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Both soil properties and plant root traits are pivotal factors affecting microbial communities. However, there is still limited information about their importance in shaping rhizosphere soil microbial communities, particularly in less-studied alpine shrub ecosystems. To investigate the effects of altitude (3300, 3600, 3900, and 4200 m) on the diversity and composition of rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal communities, as well as the factors shaping rhizosphere soil microbial communities, we conducted this study in alpine Rhododendron nitidulum shrub ecosystems from the Zheduo mountain of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results demonstrated that bacterial community diversity and richness decreased to the lowest value at 3600 m and then increased at higher altitudes compared with 3300 m; whereas fungal richness at 3300 m was much lower than at other altitudes, and was closely related to soil properties and root traits. The composition of rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal communities at the low altitude (3300 m) was different from that at high altitudes. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance and redundancy analysis indicated that soil properties (soil water content, pH, NO3--N, and available phosphorus) and root traits (surface area, and maximum depth) were the major factors explaining the variations of rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal communities. Specific bacterial and fungal taxa along altitudes were identified. The bacterial taxa Planctomycetota was dominant at 3300 and 3600 m with low soil nutrient availability and high root surface area, whereas the fungal taxa Mortierellomycota was abundant at 3900 and 4200 m with high soil nutrient availability and low root surface area. These results suggested that different soil microbes can respond differently to altitude. This study provides a novel insight into factors driving rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal community variations, which could improve our understanding of microbial ecology in alpine R. nitidulum shrub ecosystems along altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wanting Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xueyong Pang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Chunying Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Zhao W, Wang DD, Huang KC, Liu S, Reyila M, Sun YF, Li JN, Cui BK. Seasonal variation in the soil fungal community structure of Larix gmelinii forests in Northeast China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1106888. [PMID: 37032849 PMCID: PMC10073431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1106888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil fungi play an indispensable role in forest ecosystems by participating in energy flow, material circulation, and assisting plant growth and development. Larix gmelinii is the dominant tree species in the greater Khingan Mountains, which is the only cold temperate coniferous forest in China. Understanding the variations in underground fungi will help us master the situation of L. gmelinii above ground. We collected soil samples from three seasons and analyzed the differences in soil fungal community structure using high-throughput sequencing technology to study the seasonal changes in soil fungal community structure in L. gmelinii forests. We found that the Shannon and Chao1 diversity in autumn was significantly lower than in spring and summer. The community composition and functional guild varied significantly between seasons. Furthermore, we showed that ectomycorrhizal fungi dominated the functional guilds. The relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi increased dramatically from summer to autumn and was significantly negatively correlated with temperature and precipitation. Temperature and precipitation positively affect the alpha diversity of fungi significantly. In addition, pH was negatively correlated with the Chao1 diversity. Temperature and precipitation significantly affected several dominant genera and functional guilds. Among the soil physicochemical properties, several dominant genera were affected by pH, and the remaining individual genera and functional guilds were significantly correlated with total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil organic carbon, or cation exchange capacity. For the composition of total fungal community, temperature and precipitation, as well as soil physicochemical properties except AP, significantly drove the variation in community composition.
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Zhao J, Li C, Wang T, Li C, Shen J, Liu Y, Wu P. Distribution Pattern of Mangrove Fish Communities in China. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121696. [PMID: 36552206 PMCID: PMC9774577 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mangroves are among the most productive marine and coastal ecosystems and play an important role in maintaining the stability and diversity of fish communities. To explore the structure of mangrove fish communities in China, we compiled previous studies, monographs, and two databases on 54 mangrove areas published in the past 30 years. Mangrove fish communities in China comprised Osteichthys (597 species) and Chondrichthyes (14 species), representing 611 species in 344 genera, 117 families, and 28 orders. Perciformes were the predominant taxon, with 350 species in 52 families, accounting for 57% of the total species richness. Reef fish accounted for 29.62%. With regard to feeding groups, there were 328 carnivorous species (53.68%), 214 omnivorous species (35.02%), 41 herbivorous species (6.71%), and 28 detritivores species (4.58%). Classified by body size, 57.61% were small-sized, 24.22% medium-sized, and 18.17% were large-sized fishes. A total of 5.23% (32 species) of these mangrove fish are currently on IUCN red lists, i.e., 2 species are critically endangered, 4 are endangered, 12 are vulnerable, and 14 are near threatened. Cluster analyses shows that Chinese mangroves fish were divided into two categories, i.e., coastal mangrove and island mangrove type. This is closely related to the distribution of reef fish. Moreover, the number of fish species showed a strong positive correlation with mangrove area, but not with latitude. The main reasons may be the subtropical and tropical geographic locations, as well as the characteristics of the South China Sea and the Taiwan Warm Current. The size and integrity of mangrove area are crucial to the local ecosystems; thus, protecting and restoring mangroves is of great significance to large-scale ecosystem-stability and local biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfa Zhao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Observation and Research Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunhou Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Observation and Research Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Observation and Research Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-18929597042 (T.W.); +86-13632252885 (Y.L.)
| | - Chunran Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Observation and Research Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-18929597042 (T.W.); +86-13632252885 (Y.L.)
| | - Peng Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Observation and Research Station of Pearl River Estuary Ecosystem, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China
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