1
|
Yan Z, Liu X, Liu H, Xu H, Liu Y, Li C, Wang B, Cui S, Jia T, Yang D, Zhang C, Liu X, Buesching CD, Liu D. Assessment of stress levels and reproductive condition in giant pandas: insights from hair, faecal and saliva samples. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae044. [PMID: 38962510 PMCID: PMC11221559 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Concerted conservation efforts have brought the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) back from the brink of extinction, but pandas continue to face anthropogenic threats in the wild and breeding success in captivity remains low. Because stress can have detrimental impacts on reproduction, monitoring stress- and sex-steroid levels would help assess the effectiveness of conservation mitigation measures in panda populations as well as monitor the welfare and reproductive health of captive animals. In this proof-of-concept study, we used faecal sex steroid and cortisol concentrations (n = 867 samples collected from five males and five females at Beijing Zoo every 4 days over the course of 12 months) as a reference to investigate if testosterone, estradiol, progesterone and cortisol can be meaningfully measured in panda hair (n = 10) using radio-immuno-assays. Additionally, we calculated the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (T:C ratio) for each male, which can provide a biomarker of stress and physical performance. Our findings revealed distinct monthly variations in faecal sex-steroid and cortisol concentrations, reflecting reproductive seasonality and visitor-related stress among individual pandas. Notably, the oldest male had a significantly lower T:C ratio than other males. Our results confirm that the level of sex steroids and cortisol can be assayed by panda hair, and the hair cortisol concentrations correlate significantly with that in faeces with one month lag behind (r = 0.68, P = 0.03). However, the concentrations of hormones detected in saliva are lower than those in faeces by two orders of magnitude, making it difficult to ensure accuracy. By assessing the applicability of hair, faecal and salivary sampling, we can infer their utility in monitoring the reproductive status and acute and chronic stress levels of giant pandas, thereby providing a means to gauge the success of ongoing habitat restoration efforts and to discuss the feasibility of sample collection from wild populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yan
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haoqiu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haihong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, No.137, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, No.137, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, No.137, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, No.137, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Shengnan Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, No.137, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ting Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, No.137, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Di Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, No.137, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, No.137, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technologies, Beijing Zoo, No.137, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Christina D Buesching
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Dingzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No.19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang H, Shi Z, Feng B, Liu Y, Tang Z, Dong X, Gu X, Qi D, Xu W, Zhou C, Zhang J. Facilitating giant panda crossings of national highway in Wolong area of Giant Panda National Park amid human activities. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e70067. [PMID: 39076614 PMCID: PMC11286302 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.70067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
As human activities continue to expand, wildlife persistence faces escalating threats from roads. In Wolong area of Giant Panda National Park, the local giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are divided into two population groups along the National Highway G350 (NHG). Therefore, selecting suitable areas to help those giant pandas communicate across the NHG is necessary. In this research, we evaluated the presence of human activities and simulated their absence to analyze how they affect the giant panda's habitat in Wolong. Subsequently, based on the kernel density estimation (KDE) for giant pandas and the main human distribution locations, we selected suitable areas for the population link between the two road sections on the NHG. We simulated the absence of human activities on the two road sections to compare changes in the habitat suitability index (HSI) and connectivity value (CV) relative to their presence. We aimed to carefully select the area for future giant panda corridor plans and simulate whether eliminating human activities will significantly improve the HSI and CV of the area. Our results show that: (1) Human activities presence has led to subtle changes in the landscape pattern of suitable habitats and a decrease in Wolong by 78.76 km2 compared to their absence. (2) Human activities presence significantly reduced HSI and CV in the 1000 m buffer along the NHG compared to their absence. (3) The HSI and CV of the 1000 m buffer in the simulated absence of human activities for the two road sections were significantly higher than their presence. This research identified the optimal road section for crossing the NHG to link giant panda population groups and habitats in Wolong. These insights are significant for formulating conservation decisions and corridor plans and for promoting wildlife conservation in reserves amid high levels of human activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Zongkun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Bin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- School of Ecology and EnvironmentTibet UniversityLhasaChina
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Zhuo Tang
- Wolong National Nature Reserve AdministrationWenchuanChina
| | - Xin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Forestry and Grassland Administration of Sichuan Province & Sichuan Giant Panda National Park AdministrationChengduChina
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda BreedingChengduChina
| | - Weihua Xu
- Research Center for Eco‐Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Caiquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang D. A review of research advances and perspectives on the habitat ecology of Sichuan and golden takins: 2001 to 2022. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43583-43590. [PMID: 38922472 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The Sichuan takin (Budorcas tibetanus) and the golden takin (Budorcas bedfordi) are endemic to China. Studies of their habitat ecology have attracted attention, but dedicated reviews of the topic have not been published. To fill this gap, research advances on the habitat ecology of these takin species were reviewed based on published journal papers from 2001-2022, covering habitat selection and use, as well as habitat assessment and protection. Habitat selection and use by the takins received the most frequent reports in a few protected areas, such as the Tangjiahe Nature Reserve in Sichuan and the Foping Nature Reserve in Shaanxi. Higher herb cover characterized some of the Sichuan takin habitats, while some of the golden takin population exhibited seasonal altitude migration. The focus on habitat assessment and protection differed between the two species. Studying the habitat of the Sichuan takin involves the relationship between its habitat and the protected areas and habitat status in various ranges while studying the habitat of the golden takin involves habitat distribution and change, protection effects, and corridor planning. Some issues worthy of consideration in future research are proposed, including basic habitat information, impacts of human disturbances, habitat restoration, and theoretical, independent, and comprehensive studies on both takins. Habitat conservation frameworks should be formulated for both takins to improve protection and restoration effects. This review provides convenient information to help understand the habitat characteristics of the two takins and is a reference for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Kang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhuo Y, Wang M, Liu Z, Xu W, Abdulnazar A, Rajabi AM, Davletbakov A, Haider J, Khan MZ, Loik N, Faryabi SP, Michel S, Ostrowski S, Moheb Z, Ruckstuhl K, da Silva AA, Alves J, Yang W. Border fences reduce potential for transboundary migration of Marco Polo Sheep (Ovis ammon polii) in the Pamir Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169298. [PMID: 38128653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Border fences have severely impeded the transboundary migration of a number of large mammals worldwide, with central Asia being one of the most impacted. The Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii), an iconic species of Pamir, is threatened in its transboundary movement by increasing border fencing among their five distributed countries, including Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. In this study, by building ensemble species distribution models, we found that eastern Tajikistan had the largest suitable Macro Polo sheep habitat (about 42 % of the total suitable habitat), followed by China (about 32 %). We used least-cost paths to identify 51 ecological corridors including 5 transboundary ecological corridors, which may be important to maintain connectivity in both domestic and transboundary regions. To assess the potential barrier effect of border fences, we assessed four scenarios (30, 40, 50 and 60°) corresponding to the upper limit of the slope for the construction of fences. In areas too steep for fencing, these could be used by wild sheep to cross barriers or borders and may represent migration or movement routes, defined as natural passages. In the most pessimistic Scenario 60, only 25 migratory passages along the border fences were identified, compared to 997 in the most optimistic scenario (Scenario 30), indicating a strong negative effect of intensive border fencing on the transboundary movement of Marco Polo sheep. The establishment of transnational conservation parks, and ensuring permeability is maintained in key areas, could have a positive impact on the connectivity and persistence of Marco Polo sheep populations, and provide important lessons for other large migratory mammals in transboundary regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Sino-Tajikistan Joint Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Application in Arid lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Mori Wildlife Monitoring and Experimentation Station, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mori 831900, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Muyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Sino-Tajikistan Joint Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Application in Arid lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Mori Wildlife Monitoring and Experimentation Station, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mori 831900, China.
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Wenxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Sino-Tajikistan Joint Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Application in Arid lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Mori Wildlife Monitoring and Experimentation Station, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mori 831900, China
| | - Abdulnazarov Abdulnazar
- Pamir Biological Institute, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Khujand, Tajikistan
| | | | - Askar Davletbakov
- Institute for Biology and Soil Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Jibran Haider
- Gilgit-Baltistan Forest and Wildlife Management Department, Forest Complex, Jutial, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar Khan
- Department of Forestry, Range & Wildlife Management, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Nabiev Loik
- Institute of Zoology and Parasitology, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | | | | | | | - Zalmai Moheb
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Afghanistan
| | - Kathreen Ruckstuhl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - António Alves da Silva
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Alves
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Weikang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Sino-Tajikistan Joint Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Application in Arid lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China; Mori Wildlife Monitoring and Experimentation Station, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mori 831900, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Swaisgood RR, Wei W, Zhou H, Yuan F, Hong M, Han H, Zhang Z. Signal detection theory applied to giant pandas: Do pandas go out of their way to make sure their scent marks are found? Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10517. [PMID: 37706159 PMCID: PMC10495809 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-animal communication allows signals released by an animal to be perceived by others. Scent-marking is the primary mode of such communication in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Signal detection theory propounds that animals choose the substrate and location of their scent marks so that the signals released are transmitted more widely and last longer. We believe that pandas trade-off scent-marking because they are an energetically marginal species and it is costly to generate and mark chemical signals. Existing studies only indicate where pandas mark more frequently, but their selection preferences remain unknown. This study investigates whether the marking behavior of pandas is consistent with signal detection theory. Feces count, reflecting habitat use intensity, was combined with mark count to determine the selection preference for marking. The results showed that pandas preferred to mark ridges with animal trails and that most marked tree species were locally dominant. In addition, marked plots and species were selected for lower energy consumption and a higher chance of being detected. Over 90% of the marks used were the longest-surviving anogenital gland secretion marks, and over 80% of the marks were oriented toward animal trails. Our research demonstrates that pandas go out of their way to make sure their marks are found. This study not only sheds light on the mechanisms of scent-marking by pandas but also guides us toward more precise conservation of the panda habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan ProvinceNanchongChina
| | - Ronald R. Swaisgood
- Conservation Science and Wildlife HealthSan Diego Zoo Wildlife AllianceEscondidoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan ProvinceNanchongChina
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan ProvinceNanchongChina
| | - Feiyun Yuan
- Sichuan Tibetan Area Expressway Co., LtdChengduChina
- Sichuan LuShi Expressway Co., LtdChengduChina
| | - Mingsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan ProvinceNanchongChina
| | - Han Han
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan ProvinceNanchongChina
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan ProvinceNanchongChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan Z, Xu Q, Yao Y, Ayala J, Hou R, Wang H. Fecal Metabolomics Reveals the Foraging Strategies of Giant Pandas for Different Parts of Bamboo. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081278. [PMID: 37106841 PMCID: PMC10135075 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change-induced food shortages pose major threats to wildlife conservation, and the exclusive reliance of giant pandas on bamboo makes them particularly vulnerable. The aim of this study was to provide insight into the reasons for the foraging strategies of giant pandas to selectively forage for different bamboo parts (bamboo shoot, culm, and leaf) during different seasons. This study used a metabolomic approach to analyze the fecal metabolites of giant pandas and conducted a correlation analysis with their gut microbiota. The results indicate that the fecal metabolites of giant pandas differ significantly depending on the bamboo parts they forage on, with higher sugar content observed when they consume bamboo culm with high fiber content. By functional annotation, culm group metabolites were enriched in the galactose metabolic pathway, while shoot group metabolites were enriched in the phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, Streptococcus showed a significant positive correlation with glucose and acetic acid content. Therefore, the foraging strategy of giant pandas is based on the ability to utilize the nutrient content of different bamboo parts. Captive feeding and habitat construction should enrich bamboo species to allow them to express their natural foraging strategies and improve their welfare and reproductive status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yan
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - James Ayala
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China
- Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu 610081, China
| |
Collapse
|