1
|
Liao N, Pan L, Zhao H, Yang S, Qin X, Huang J, Li X, Dong K, Shi X, Hou Q, Chen Q, Wang P, Jiang G, Li N. Species pool and soil properties in mangrove habitats influence the species-immigration process of diazotrophic communities across southern China. mSystems 2024:e0030724. [PMID: 38980055 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00307-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial immigration is an ecological process in natural environments; however, the ecological trade-off mechanisms that govern the balance between species extinction and migration are still lacking. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the migration of diazotrophic communities from soil to leaves across six natural mangrove habitats in southern China. The results showed that the diazotrophic alpha and beta diversity exhibited significant regional and locational variations. The diazotrophic species pool gradually increased from the leaves to nonrhizosphere soil at each site, exhibiting a vertical distribution pattern. Mantel test analyses suggested that climate factors, particularly mean annual temperature, significantly influenced the structure of the diazotrophic community. The diazotrophic community assembly was mainly governed by dispersal limitation in soil and root samples, whereas dispersal limitation and ecological drift were dominant in leaves. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that the species pool and soil properties, particularly the oxidation-reduction potential and pH, were closely linked to the species-immigration ratio of diazotrophic communities. Our study provides novel insights for understanding the ecological trait diversity patterns and spread pathways of functional microbial communities between below- and aboveground habitats in natural ecosystems.IMPORTANCEEnvironmental selection plays key roles in microbial transmission. In this study, we have provided a comprehensive framework to elucidate the driving patterns of the ecological trade-offs in diazotrophic communities across large-scale mangrove habitats. Our research revealed that Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Marinobacterium lutimaris, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens were more abundant in root-associated soil than in leaves by internal and external pathways. The nonrhizospheric and rhizospheric soil samples harbored the most core amplicon sequence variants, indicating that these dominant diazotrophs could adapt to broader ecological niches. Correlation analysis indicated that the diversities of the diazotrophic community were regulated by biotic and abiotic factors. Furthermore, this study found a lower species immigration ratio in the soil than in the leaves. Both species pool and soil properties regulate the species-immigration mechanisms of the diazotrophic community. These results suggest that substantial species immigration is a widespread ecological process, leading to alterations in local community diversity across diverse host environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nengjian Liao
- Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Climate, Resources and Environment in Continental Shelf Sea and Deep Sea of Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Lianghao Pan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences (Guangxi Mangrove Research Center), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Beihai, China
| | - Huaxian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | - Xinyi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education (Nanning Normal University), Nanning, China
| | | | - Xiaoli Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Xiaofang Shi
- Guangxi Key Lab of Mangrove Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences (Guangxi Mangrove Research Center), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Beihai, China
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qinghua Hou
- Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qingxiang Chen
- Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Pengbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gonglingxia Jiang
- Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Nan Li
- Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Climate, Resources and Environment in Continental Shelf Sea and Deep Sea of Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu R, Ren M, Liang S, Zou S, Li D. Effects of antibiotic resistance genes on health risks of rivers in habitat of wild animals under human disturbance - based on analysis of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors in microbes of river sediments. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11435. [PMID: 38799388 PMCID: PMC11126646 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Studying the ecological risk of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to wild animals from human disturbance (HD) is an important aspect of "One Health". The highest risk level of ARGs is reflected in pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (PARBs). Metagenomics was used to analyze the characteristics of PARBs in river sediments. Then, the total contribution of ARGs and virulence factors (VFs) were assessed to determine the health risk of PARBs to the rivers. Results showed that HD increased the diversity and total relative abundance of ARG groups, as well as increased the kinds of PARBs, their total relative abundance, and their gene numbers of ARGs and VFs. The total health risks of PARBs in wild habitat group (CK group), agriculture group (WA group), grazing group (WG group), and domestic sewage group (WS group) were 0.067 × 10-3, -1.55 × 10-3, 87.93 × 10-3, and 153.53 × 10-3, respectively. Grazing and domestic sewage increased the health risk of PARBs. However, agriculture did not increase the total health risk of the rivers, but agriculture also introduced new pathogenic mechanisms and increased the range of drug resistance. More serious was the increased transfer risk of ARGs in the PARBs from the rivers to wild animals under agriculture and grazing. If the ARGs in the PARBs are transferred from the rivers under HD to wild animals, then wild animals may face severe challenges of acquiring new pathogenic mechanisms and developing resistance to antibiotics. Further analysis showed that the total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) were related to the risk of ARGs. Therefore, controlling human emissions of TP and DON could reduce the health risk of rivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongpan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Minxing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Sumei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Shuzhen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus Roxellana at China West Normal University of Sichuan ProvinceChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation of Ministry of EducationChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus Roxellana at China West Normal University of Sichuan ProvinceChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Liziping Giant Panda's Ecology and Conservation Observation and Research Station of Sichuan ProvinceScience and Technology Department of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zou X, Lin Y, Zhang S, Deng T, Xu X, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Lu W, Hu Q, Lin C, Zhu C, Liu F. Fluorescence detecting glycopeptide antibiotics via a dynamic molecular switch. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1294:342309. [PMID: 38336411 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs) represented by vancomycin (VAN) are clinically used as a first-line treatment for serious infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. The use and dosing methods of GPAs are rigorously managed for safety considerations, which calls for fast and accurate quantification approaches. RESULT A new sort of fluorescent probes for GPAs has been proposed, each of which was integrated by a fluorescein-based reporter and a GPAs' recognition peptide D-alanyl-D-alanine (D-Ala-D-Ala). These probes work as dynamic molecular switches, which mainly exist as non-fluorescent spirolactam forms in the absence of GPAs. GPAs binding with the dipeptide regulates the dynamic balance between fluorescence OFF lactam form and fluorescence ON ring-opened form, rendering these probes capable of GPAs detecting. The most promising one P1 exhibits excellent sensitivity and selectivity towards GPAs detection. SIGNIFICANCE Different to previous developments, P1 consists of a single fluorophore without the need of a fluorescence-quenching group or a secondary dye, which is the smallest fluorescent probe for GPAs up to now. P1 realizes direct VAN quantification from complex biological samples including real serums, dispensing with additional drug extraction. More interestingly, both P1 and P6 can distinguish GPAs with different peptide backbones, which has not been achieved previously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zou
- The First Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yanting Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Tao Deng
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, PR China
| | - Ximing Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Yingchun Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhihui Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- The First Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang GY, Liu XQ, Jiang YJ, Mu XJ, Huang BW. Horizontal gene transfer in activated sludge enhances microbial antimicrobial resistance and virulence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168908. [PMID: 38013098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Activated sludge (AS) plays a vital role in removing organic pollutants and nutrients from wastewater. However, the risks posed by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between bacteria in AS are still unclear. Here, a total of 478 high-quality non-redundant metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were obtained. >50 % and 5 % of MAGs were involved in at least one HGT and recent HGT, respectively. Most of the transfers (82.4 %) of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) occurred among the classes of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. The bacteria involved in the transfers of virulence factor genes (VFGs) mainly include Alphaproteobacteria (42.3 %), Bacteroidia (19.2 %), and Gammaproteobacteria (11.5 %). Moreover, the number of ARGs and VFGs in the classes of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria was higher than that in other bacteria (P < 0.001). Mobile genetic elements were important contributors to ARGs and VFGs in AS bacteria. These results have implications for the management of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in activated sludge microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yu Fang
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China; National Grain Industry (High-Quality Rice Storage in Temperate and Humid Region) Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Liu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China; National Grain Industry (High-Quality Rice Storage in Temperate and Humid Region) Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Yu-Jian Jiang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jing Mu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Bing-Wen Huang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sang Y, Mo S, Zeng S, Wu X, Kashif M, Song J, Yu D, Bai L, Jiang C. Model of shrimp pond-mediated spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the mangrove habitat of a subtropical gulf. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167199. [PMID: 37734616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Aquacultures are the main reason for the environmental selection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), resulting in the enrichment of ARGs. As a filter, a marine mangrove ecosystem can reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or eliminate ARGs; however, its elimination mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamic distribution of ARGs in two different types of mangrove habitats (shrimp ponds and virgin forests), within a subtropical gulf located in the Beibu Gulf, China, during dry and wet seasons by using metagenomics and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. As the key environmental factors, sulfide, salinity, and mobile genetic elements significantly were found to contribute to ARGs distribution, respectively. Wet and dry seasons influenced the dispersal of ARGs but did not affect the microbial community structure. Three potential biomarkers, TEM-116, smeD, and smeE, played key roles in seasonal differences. The key different genes in the biological relevance of absolute abundance were demonstrated by RT-qPCR. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that high-abundance ARGs were distributed in a modular manner. For the first time, a risk index weighted by risk rank (RIR) was proposed and used to quantify the human risk of ARGs in the mangrove metagenome. The shrimp ponds during the wet season showed the highest RIR detected. In addition to offering a perspective on reducing AMR in mangrove wetlands, this study constructed the first spatiotemporal dynamic model of ARGs in the Beibu Gulf, China and contributed to revealing the global spread of ARGs. Meanwhile, this study proposes a new pipeline for assessing the risk of ARGs, while also exploring the concept of "One Health."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Sang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Research Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Shuming Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Research Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Sen Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Research Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Research Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Research Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Dahui Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Lirong Bai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Chengjian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Research Center for Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu S, Liu B, Zhu Y, Qiu Y, Li B. The Spatial-Temporal Effects of Bacterial Growth Substrates on Antibiotic Resistance Gene Spread in the Biofilm. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1154. [PMID: 37508250 PMCID: PMC10376823 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is considered as the hotspot of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination. Bacterial growth substrates are important factors for biofilm formation, but its spatial-temporal effects on ARG spread in biofilm is still unclear. In this study, microfluidics combined with microscopic observation were used to reveal spatial-temporal effects of bacterial growth substrates on ARG transfer at real time. The initial horizontal gene transfer events were found to be independent of substrate levels. However, subsequent transfer processes varied greatly depending on the availability of growth substrates. The proportion of transconjugants was much higher (~12%) when observed in substrate-rich regions (under the channel) at 24 h, followed by an exponential decline, with the distance far from the channel. Furthermore, three-dimensional observation revealed that vertical gene transfer influenced by the concentrations of bacterial growth substrates was important for ARG spread in biofilm. The transfer frequency was 8.2 times higher in the high substrate concentration (50×) compared to low concentration (0.5×) in simulated sewage, underscoring the substantial impact of bacterial growth substrate variability on ARG dissemination. This study is helpful for in-depth understanding of ARG dissemination through biofilms and indicates that reducing pollutant emission is important for ARG control in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bingwen Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mukherji S, Imchen M, Mondal S, Bhattacharyya A, Siddhardha B, Kumavath R, Ghosh A. Anthropogenic impact accelerates antibiotic resistome diversity in the mangrove sediment of Indian Sundarban. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136806. [PMID: 36220439 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are situated in convergence zones between fresh and marine water and are prone to pollution and deforestation. This study explored the microbiome structure, function and antibiotic resistome of Indian Sundarban. The taxonomic Chao1 estimated diversity was highest in uninhabited Kalash (1204.64 ± 12.72) and lowest in Godkhali, which experiences considerable human activities (1158.76 ± 11.18). The alpha diversity showed negative correlation (p < 0.05) with PAH such as Acenaphthene (r = -0.56), Acenaphthylene (r = -0.62), Fluoranthene (r = -0.59), Fluorene (r = -0.55), Phenanthrene (r = -0.57), while the biochemical parameters phosphate (r = 0.58) and salinity (r = 0.58) had a significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation. The data suggest the importance of physicochemical parameters in maintaining the mangrove microbiome. The taxonomic composition was dominated by Proteobacteria (54.12 ± 0.37). All sites were dominated by ARGs such as rpoB2, cpxR, ompR, camP, and bacA. Comparing the Sundarban mangrove sediment resistome with mangrove from other sites in India (Kerala) and China (Guangxi, Hainan, and Shenzhen) suggested that resistome from Indian mangrove has a significantly (p < 0.05) higher ARG diversity compared to Chinese mangroves. Yet, the abundance of the ARG was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the Indian mangroves posing a much greater risk if enriched. The study suggests that anthropogenic activities and pollution degrade the microbiome diversity, disturb the microbiome functions, and enrich ARGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayantan Mukherji
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Madangchanok Imchen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Sangita Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India
| | - Anish Bhattacharyya
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Genomics and Evolution, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Busi Siddhardha
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Ranjith Kumavath
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye P.O., Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014 India.
| | - Abhrajyoti Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, EN 80, Sector V, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700091, India.
| |
Collapse
|