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Guo J, Xu H, Sun Y, Chen K, Zhang X, Xie H, Jiang Y, Liu J. Borate-containing triblock copolymer electrolytes for improved lithium-ion transference number and interface stability. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 660:565-573. [PMID: 38266338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The electrolytes with high lithium-ion transference number (tLi+) can reduce the formation of concentration polarization during charge/discharge process and improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we report triblock copolymer electrolytes (PBOEE) containing borate. The sp2 hybridized boron atoms acting as Lewis acids can anchor the anions of lithium salts, enabling PBOEE to achieve high tLi+ of up to 0.53. Also, the borate groups can promote the formation of stable organic-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film, which enables the Li symmetric cell to cycle stably at 0.1 mA cm-2/0.1 mAh cm-2 for more than 3100 h with a low overpotential of 0.08 V under 50 °C. The optimized PBOEE_24 has an ionic conductivity of 1.41 × 10-4 S cm-1 and electrochemical stability window of 4.8 V vs. Li+/Li at 50 °C. Combining these advantages, the LiFePO4/PBOEE_24/Li cell exhibits an initial discharge specific capacity of 157.3 mA h g-1 at 0.5C with a capacity retention of 85 % after 600 cycles under 50 °C. At a higher current density of 1C, the discharge capacity maintains at 128.0 mA h g-1 after 400 cycles with a capacity retention of 84.88 %. These results suggest that block copolymer containing sp2 hybridized boron atoms is a promising all-solid-state polymer electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Guo
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hongliang Xu
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuxue Sun
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kai Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Haiming Xie
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Chen J, Biswas A, Su H, Cao J, Hong S, Wang H, Dong X. Quantifying changes in soil organic carbon density from 1982 to 2020 in Chinese grasslands using a random forest model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1076902. [PMID: 37404537 PMCID: PMC10316965 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1076902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
China has the second-largest grassland area in the world. Soil organic carbon storage (SOCS) in grasslands plays a critical role in maintaining carbon balance and mitigating climate change, both nationally and globally. Soil organic carbon density (SOCD) is an important indicator of SOCS. Exploring the spatiotemporal dynamics of SOCD enables policymakers to develop strategies to reduce carbon emissions, thus meeting the goals of "emission peak" in 2030 and "carbon neutrality" in 2060 proposed by the Chinese government. The objective of this study was to quantify the dynamics of SOCD (0-100 cm) in Chinese grasslands from 1982 to 2020 and identify the dominant drivers of SOCD change using a random forest model. The results showed that the mean SOCD in Chinese grasslands was 7.791 kg C m-2 in 1982 and 8.525 kg C m-2 in 2020, with a net increase of 0.734 kg C m-2 across China. The areas with increased SOCD were mainly distributed in the southern (0.411 kg C m-2), northwestern (1.439 kg C m-2), and Qinghai-Tibetan (0.915 kg C m-2) regions, while those with decreased SOCD were mainly found in the northern (0.172 kg C m-2) region. Temperature, normalized difference vegetation index, elevation, and wind speed were the dominant factors driving grassland SOCD change, explaining 73.23% of total variation in SOCD. During the study period, grassland SOCS increased in the northwestern region but decreased in the other three regions. Overall, SOCS of Chinese grasslands in 2020 was 22.623 Pg, with a net decrease of 1.158 Pg since 1982. Over the past few decades, the reduction in SOCS caused by grassland degradation may have contributed to soil organic carbon loss and created a negative impact on climate. The results highlight the urgency of strengthening soil carbon management in these grasslands and improving SOCS towards a positive climate impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Asim Biswas
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Haohai Su
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Cao
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Hong
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hairu Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Dong
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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Xu M, Ma Q, Li S, Yang F, Zhang T, Xu F, Yang B, Zhang H, Zhang S, Wang Q, Tang Y, Wang H. The estimation and partitioning of evapotranspiration in a coniferous plantation in subtropical China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1120202. [PMID: 36937995 PMCID: PMC10016383 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1120202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimations of forest evapotranspiration (ET) and its components, transpiration (T) and evaporation (E), are important for deep understanding and predicting the responses of forest water cycles to climate change. In this study, the improved Shuttleworth-Wallace model (SWH) was applied to estimate ET, T, and E during 2003-2014 in a subtropical planation, and the modeled results were verified using in situ measurements by the eddy covariance technique, sap flow, and micro-lysimeter method. The study aimed to clarify whether it is feasible and reliable to use the SWH model to estimate and partition ET in forests. In addition, depending on the long-term data, the specific performances in modeling ET under different climatic backgrounds were investigated, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. The results verified that the SWH performed relatively well in the subtropical forest, and the modeled ET, T and E could track the seasonal variations, although overestimations were found in the peak seasons. However, the model was relatively weaker in estimating the interannual variabilities. It performed well in modeling ET in normal years but showed larger model residuals in years with obvious climatic anomalies. In the severe summer-drought (2003) and cold-spring (2005) years, the model greatly overestimated ET. It also overestimated ET in summer since 2010, which may be ascribed to the less dependency of ET on VPD induced by the more humid microclimate in forest accompanied with forest development. For the ET partitioning results, the modeled and measured E and T values were all in reasonable ranges. The possible reasons for underestimations (overestimations) of E and T by measurements (SWH model) were discussed. In this study, the data obtained using different methods and from different scales matched each other and could be cross validated, and the discussion on discrepancies would be beneficial for understanding the advantages and flaws of different methods and could be the basis for optimizing the measurement and model methods. In sum, this study verified that it is feasible to use the SWH model in forests and provided a basis for further improving and optimizing the modeled results under different climate backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xu
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University,
Shenyang, China
| | - Qianhui Ma
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University,
Shenyang, China
| | - Shengtong Li
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University,
Shenyang, China
| | - Fengting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University,
Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jinzhou Ecology and Agriculture Meteorological Center, Liaoning Meteorological
Bureau, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Meteorological Service Center,
Harbin, China
| | - Qianyu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University,
Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University,
Shenyang, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University,
Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
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Fan R, Sun M, Zhu X, Wang Q. Eddy covariance measurement-based differences in annual evapotranspiration between forests and grasslands in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1030929. [PMID: 36507377 PMCID: PMC9732459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1030929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Annual evapotranspiration (AET), the total water vapor loss to the atmosphere during a year, is a vital process of global water cycles and energy cycles. Revealing the differences in AET values and spatial variations between forests and grasslands would benefit for understanding AET spatial variations, which serves as a basis for regional water management. Based on published eddy covariance measurements in China, we collected AET values from 29 forests and 46 grasslands, and analyzed the differences in AET values and spatial variations between forests and grasslands in China. The results showed that forests had a significant higher AET (645.98 ± 232.73 kgH2O m-2 yr-1) than grasslands (359.31 ± 156.02 kgH2O m-2 yr-1), while the difference in AET values between forests and grasslands was not significant after controlling mean annual precipitation (MAP) relating factors. The effects of latitude and mean annual air temperature (MAT) on AET spatial variations differed between forests and grassland, while AET of forests and grasslands both exhibited increasing trends with similar rates along the increasing MAP, aridity index (AI), soil water content (SW), and leaf area index. The comprehensive effects of multiple factors on AET spatial variations differed between forests and grasslands, while MAP both played a dominating role. The effects of other factors were achieved through their close correlations with MAP. Therefore, forests and grasslands under similar climate had comparable AET values. AET responses to MAP were comparable between ecosystem types. Our findings provided a data basis for understanding AET spatial variation over terrestrial ecosystems of China or globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxue Fan
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingyu Sun
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianjin Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiufeng Wang
- Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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