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Mao W, Jin H, Yin S, Xu L, Guo R, Mao K. Presence of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in human urine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171609. [PMID: 38461994 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to carbazole (CZ) and polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) may pose a threat to human health, owing to their potential dioxin-like toxicity. Until now, the presence of these chemicals in the human urine from the general population is still unclear. Human urine samples (n = 210) were taken from the general population in Quzhou, China in this study, and were analyzed for CZ and 14 PHCZs. CZ and nine PHCZs were detected in collected human urine. CZ (detection frequency 100 %), 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ; 88 %), 3,6-dichlorocarbzole (36-CCZ; 84 %), and 3-bromocarbazole (3-BCZ; 80 %) were more frequently detected. Among detected PHCZs, 3-CCZ (mean 0.49 ng/mL, < LOD-4.3 ng/mL) had comparatively higher urinary levels, followed by 3-BCZ (0.30 ng/L, < LOD-1.9 ng/mL) and 36-CCZ (0.20 ng/L, < LOD-1.4 ng/mL). Urinary concentrations of CZ in male participants (1.3 ± 0.26 ng/mL) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in female participants (0.92 ± 0.24 ng/mL). No obvious trend in urinary concentrations with the age of participants was found for CZ and detected PHCZs. The mean daily excretion was found highest for CZ (31 ng/kg bw/day), followed by 3-CCZ (19 ng/kg bw/day) and 3-BCZ (8.5 ng/kg bw/day). This study provides the first data, to our knowledge, on the presence and levels of CZ and PHCZs in human urine, which is necessary for conducting the human exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China; Innovation Research Center of Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324400, PR China
| | - Sihui Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China
| | - Luyao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China
| | - Ruyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Kaili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China.
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Wang X, Hu M, Li M, Huan F, Gao R, Wang J. Effects of exposure to 3,6-DBCZ on neurotoxicity and AhR pathway during early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115892. [PMID: 38157798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging environmental pollutants, yet limited information is available on their embryotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Therefore, the current work was performed to investigate the adverse effects of 3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-DBCZ), a typical PHCZs homolog, on the early life stages of zebrafish larvae. It revealed that the 96-hour post-fertilization (hpf) median lethal concentration (LC50) value of 3,6-DBCZ in zebrafish larvae was determined to be 0.7988 mg/L. Besides, 3,6-DBCZ reduced survival rates at concentrations ≥ 1 mg/L and decreased hatching rates at ≥ 0.25 mg/L at 48 hpf. In behavior tests, it inhibited locomotor activities and reduced the frequency of recorded acceleration states in response to optesthesia (a sudden bright light stimulus) at concentrations ≥ 160 μg/L. Meanwhile, 3,6-DBCZ exposure decreased the frequency of recorded acceleration states in the startle response (tapping mode) at concentrations ≥ 6.4 μg/L. Pathologically, with the transgenic zebrafish model (hb9-eGFP), we observed a strikingly decreased axon length and number in motor neurons after 3,6-DBCZ treatment, which may be ascribed to the activation of the AhR signaling pathway, as evidenced by the molecular docking analysis and Microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay suggested that 3,6-DBCZ binding to AhR-ARNT2 compound proteins. Through interaction with AhR-ARNT, a striking reduction of the anti-oxidative stress (sod1/2, nqo1, nrf2) and neurodevelopment-related genes (elavl3, gfap, mbp, syn2a) were observed after 3,6-DBCZ challenge, accompanied by a marked increased inflammatory genes (TNFβ, IL1β, IL6). Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized adverse effect of 3,6-DBCZ on zebrafish neurodevelopment and locomotor behaviors, potentially mediated through the activation of the AhR pathway. Furthermore, it provides direct evidence for the toxic concentrations of 3,6-DBCZ and the potential target signaling in zebrafish larvae, which may be beneficial for the risk assessment of the aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Miaoyang Hu
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Muhan Li
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fei Huan
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Shi B, Hou K, Cheng C, Bai Y, Liu C, Du Z, Wang J, Wang J, Li B, Zhu L. Effects of the polyhalogenated carbazoles 3-bromocarbazole and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole on soil microbial communities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117379. [PMID: 37832772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil ecosystems are being more contaminated with polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), which raising much attention about their impact on soil microorganisms. 3-Bromocarbazole (3-BCZ) and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1,3,6,8-TBCZ) are two typical PHCZs with high detection rates in the soil environment. However, ecological risk research on these two PHCZs in soil is still lacking. In the present study, after 80 days of exposure, the ecological influence of 3-BCZ and 1,3,6,8-TBCZ was investigated based on 16S rDNA sequencing, ITS sequencing, gene (16S rDNA, ITS, amoA, nifH, narG and cbbL) abundance and soil enzyme activity. The results showed that the bacterial 16S rDNA gene abundance significantly decreased under 3-BCZ and 1,3,6,8-TBCZ exposure after 80 days of incubation. The fungal ITS gene abundance significantly decreased under 1,3,6,8-TBCZ (10 mg/kg) exposure. PHCZs contributed to the alteration of bacteria and fungi community abundance. Bacteria Sphingomonas, RB41 and fungus Mortierella, Cercophora were identified as the most dominant genera. The two PHCZs consistently decreased the relative abundance of Sphingomonas, Lysobacter, Dokdonella, Mortierella and Cercophora etc at 80th day. These keystone taxa are related to the degradation of organic compounds, carbon metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism and may thus have influence on soil ecological functions. Bacterial and fungal functions were estimated using functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX) and fungi functional guild (FUNGuild), respectively. The nitrogen and carbon metabolism pathway were affected by 3-BCZ and 1,3,6,8-TBCZ. The soil nitrogen-related functions of aerobic ammonia oxidation were decreased but the soil carbon-related functions of methanol oxidation, fermentation, and hydrocarbon degradation were increased at 80th day. The effects of 3-BCZ and 1,3,6,8-TBCZ on the abundances of the amoA, nifH, narG, and cbbL genes showed a negative trend. These results elucidate the ecological effects of PHCZs and extend our knowledge on the structure and function of soil microorganisms in PHCZ-contaminated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Kaixuan Hou
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China; College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256603, PR China.
| | - Chao Cheng
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Yao Bai
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Changrui Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Zhongkun Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, PR China.
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Zhou S, Su Q, Zhong D, Guo J, Liu J, Li A. Mutual interference between 3,6-dichlorinated carbazole and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1195. [PMID: 37698675 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of the environment by polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) has been increasingly observed during the past decade. Among numerous PHCZ congeners, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) is often among the most frequently detected at higher concentrations. Although the environmental level of the legacy pesticide p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) has been declining, it continues to be ubiquitously detected. These two compounds were found to interfere with each other during analyses using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with single- or triple-quadrupole low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS or MS/MS). The base peak in the mass spectra was that of m/z 235 for both compounds. In MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), the same transitions (235 → 200 and 235 → 165) were often used. Under the same GC operating conditions, the SH-I-5MS capillary column used in this work did not resolve the two compounds at baseline. Pre-treatment using cleanup column chromatography can fractionate the sample extract, with the two compounds separated in different fractions before instrumental analyses. Reversed-phase HPLC columns also work for resolving 36-CCZ and p,p'-DDT. Possible overlaps in GC retention and similarity in MS spectra might have caused data inaccuracy for 36-CCZ as well as p,p'-DDT in some studies published to date, and steps to avoid the interference should be taken into quality control protocols in future research and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Qi Su
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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