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Wang H, Ren W, Xu Y, Wang X, Ma J, Sun Y, Hu W, Chen S, Dai S, Song J, Jia J, Teng Y. Long-term herbicide residues affect soil multifunctionality and the soil microbial community. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116783. [PMID: 39067076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Residues of herbicides with the extensive applications may impact the soil ecosystem and ultimately threaten agricultural sustainability. However, the effects of long-term herbicide residues on soil multifunctionality and the soil microbial community remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluated relationships between soil multifunctionality and soil microbial communities with residual herbicide concentrations by surveying and analyzing 62 black soil samples collected from an agricultural area in northeastern China. Total residual herbicide concentrations varied from 35 to 568 μg/kg in the soil samples. The response of soil multifunctionality to increasing residual herbicide concentrations exhibited an inverted U-shaped relationship with a peak at approximately 310 μg/kg, with net mineralized organic nitrogen (Nm) and total nitrogen (TN) exhibiting the same trend. Microbial community richness was significantly lower in soil samples with high residual herbicide concentrations (> 310 μg/kg, HG) compared to low residual herbicide concentrations (< 310 μg/kg, LG). In addition, the relative abundances of specific keystone microbial genera differed significantly between LG and HG: norank_f_Acetobacteraceae, norank_f_Caldilineaceae, Candidatus_Alysiosphaera, and Gonytrichum. The relative abundances of these genera were also significantly correlated with soil multifunctionality. Structural equation models (SEMs) further showed that herbicide residues influenced soil multifunctionality by affecting these specific keystone genera. Our study demonstrates that long-term herbicide residues significantly impact the multifunctionality of agricultural black soil, where low concentrations stimulate while high concentrations inhibit, underscoring the need for reasonable application of herbicides to maintain soil ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sensen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shixiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jiayin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Junfeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Yu B, Xie C, Lu C, Chen Z, Tian J, Hu C. In situ cleaning of foulants by gas scouring on the membrane-electrode in an electro-membrane bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 403:130860. [PMID: 38763205 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Low-maintenance membrane cleaning is essential for the stable operation of membrane bioreactors. This work proposes an in-situ electrical-cleaning method using an electro-MBR. When the applied bias was transiently increased, the membrane flux recovered rapidly because of the scouring effect from gas evolution reactions. The exfoliation of the cake layer induced by gas scouring played a major role in mitigating membrane fouling, recovering the transmembrane pressure (TMP) by 88.6 % under optimal conditions. Membrane modules did not require replacement during the operation period due to the efficacy of electrical cleaning, with the TMP varying between 37.5 % and 62.5 % of the ultimate pressure requiring change of the membrane modules. Despite the increase in power consumption of 0.66 Wh·m-3 due to the additional applied bias, there was no need for chemical additives or manual maintenance. Therefore, the electrical cleaning method enhanced the service life and reduced the maintenance costs of the electro-MBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Yu
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chengcheng Xie
- CSD New Concept Environmental Development Yixing Co., Ltd, Yixing 214000, China
| | - Chenghai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhibin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Tian
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China.
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Zhang H, Zhou J, Wang K, Li Y, Niu L. Interaction patterns and keystone taxa of bacterial and eukaryotic communities during sulfamethoxazole mineralization in lake sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171597. [PMID: 38461980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a common antibiotic pollutant in aquatic environments, which is highly persistent under various conditions and significantly contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance. Biodegradation is the major pathway to eliminate antibiotics in the natural environment. The roles of bacteria and eukaryotes in the biodegradation of antibiotics have received considerable attention; however, their successions and co-occurrence patterns during the biodegradation of antibiotics remain unexplored. In this study, 13C-labled SMX was amended to sediment samples from Zhushan Bay (ZS), West Shore (WS), and Gonghu Bay (GH) in Taihu Lake to explore the interplay of bacterial and eukaryotic communities during a 30-day incubation period. The cumulative SMX mineralization on day 30 ranged from 5.2 % to 19.3 %, which was the highest in WS and the lowest in GH. The bacterial community showed larger within-group interactions than between-group interactions, and the positive interactions decreased during incubation. However, the eukaryotic community displayed larger between-group interactions than within-group interactions, and the positive interactions increased during incubation. The proportion of negative interactions between bacteria and eukaryotes increased during incubation. Fifty genera (including 46 bacterial and 4 eukaryotic genera) were identified as the keystone taxa due to their dominance in the co-occurrence network and tolerance to SMX. The cumulative relative abundance of these keystone taxa significantly increased during incubation and was consistent with the SMX mineralization rate. These taxa closely cooperated and played vital roles in co-occurrence networks and microbial community interactions, signifying their crucial role in SMX mineralization. These findings broadened our understanding of the complex interactions of microorganisms under SMX exposure and their potential functions during SMX mineralization, providing valuable insights for in situ bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Jingya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Kerong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Lihua Niu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Zuo X, Zhang S, Chen S. The role of water matrix on antibiotic resistance genes transmission in substrate layer from stormwater bioretention cells. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121103. [PMID: 38183842 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Recently, extensive attention has been paid to antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) transmission. However, little available literature could be found about ARGs transmission in stormwater bioretention cells, especially the role of water matrix on ARGs transmission. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate target ARGs (blaTEM, tetR and aphA) transmission behaviors in substrate layer from stormwater bioretention cells under different water matrices, including nutrient elements (e.g., carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus), water environmental conditions (dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and salinity, etc.) and pollution factors (like heavy metals, antibiotics and disinfectants), showing that ARGs conjugation frequency increased sharply with the enhancement of water matrices (expect DO and pH), while there were obvious increasing tendencies for all ARGs transformation frequencies under only the pollution factor. The correlation between dominant bacteria and ARGs transmission implied that conjugation and transformation of ARGs were mainly determined by Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Latescibacterota, Chloroflexi and Cyanobacteria at the phylum level, and by Sphingomonas, Ensifer, IMCC26256, Rubellimicrobium, Saccharimonadales, Vicinamibacteraceae, Nocardioides, JG30-KF-CM66 at the genus level. The mentioned dominant bacteria were responsible for intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell membrane permeability (CMP) in the substrate layer, where the amplification of intracellular ROS variation were the largest with 144 and 147 % under the condition of TP and salinity, respectively, and the one of CMP variation were the highest more than 165 % under various pollution factors. Furthermore, both increasing DO and reducing salinity could be potential approaches for the inhibition of ARGs transmission in bioretention cells taking into account the simultaneous removal of conventional pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoJun Zuo
- Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-remediation, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - SongHu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - ShaoJie Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Shu H, Ma Y, Lu H, Sun H, Zhao J, Ruan Z, Zhou J, Liu Y, Liu F, Xu J, Zheng Y, Guo H, Chen Q, Huang W. Simultaneous aerobic nitrogen and phosphate removal capability of novel salt-tolerant strain, Pseudomonas mendocina A4: Characterization, mechanism and application potential. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130047. [PMID: 37989421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A salt-tolerant strain, Pseudomonas mendocina A4, was isolated from brackish-water ponds showing simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification and phosphorus removal capability. The optimal conditions for nitrogen and phosphate removal of strain A4 were pH 7-8, carbon/nitrogen ratio 10, phosphorus/nitrogen ratio 0.2, temperature 30 °C, and salinity range of 0-5 % using sodium succinate as the carbon source. The nitrogen and phosphate removal efficiencies were 96-100 % and 88-96 % within 24 h, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphate removal processes were matched with the modified Gompertz model, and the underlying mechanisms were confirmed by the activities of key metabolic enzymes. Under 10 % salinity, the immobilization technology was employed to enhance the nitrogen and phosphate removal efficiencies of strain A4, achieving 87 % and 76 %, respectively. These findings highlight the potential application of strain A4 in both freshwater and marine culture wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Shu
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghao Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huiming Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jichen Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhuohao Ruan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fengkun Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Fishery College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jingxuan Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Fishery College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yazhi Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Fishery College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Fishery College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Qionghua Chen
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Aquatic Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Fishery College of Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Yang T, Wang X, Jiang L, Hui X, Bi X, Zheng X, Jiang B, Wang X. Mobility, bacterial hosts, and risks of antibiotic resistome in submicron bioaerosols from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119771. [PMID: 38071920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistome could be loaded by bioaerosols and escape from wastewater or sludge to atmosphere environments. However, until recently, their profile, mobility, bacterial hosts, and risks in submicron bioaerosols (PM1.0) remain unclear. Here, metagenomic sequencing and assembly were employed to conduct an investigation of antibiotic resistome associated with PM1.0 within and around a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). More subtypes of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) with higher total abundance were found along the upwind-downwind-WWTP transect. ARGs in WWTP-PM1.0 were mainly mediated by plasmids and transposases were the most prevalent mobile genetic elements (MGEs) co-occurring with ARGs. A contig-based analysis indicated that very small proportions (15.32%-19.74%) of ARGs in WWTP-PM1.0 were flanked by MGEs. Proteobacteria was the most dominant host of ARGs. A total of 28 kinds of potential pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, carried multiple ARG types. Compared to upwind, WWTP and corresponding downwind were characterized by higher PM1.0 resistome risk. This study emphasizes the vital role of WWTPs in discharging PM1.0-loaded ARGs and antibiotic resistant pathogens to air, and indicates the need for active safeguard procedures, such as that employees wear masks and work clothes, covering the main emission sites, and collecting and destroying of bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Xuyi Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Lu Jiang
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, PR China.
| | - Xiaoliang Hui
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Xuejun Bi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Xiang Zheng
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, PR China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
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Mawardi M, Indrawati A, Lusiastuti AM, Wibawan IWT. Antibiotic resistance gene-free probiont administration to tilapia for growth performance and Streptococcus agalactiae resistance. Vet World 2023; 16:2504-2514. [PMID: 38328352 PMCID: PMC10844778 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2504-2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The rapid development of aquaculture as a major food sector is accompanied by challenges, including diseases that affect tilapia farming worldwide. One such infectious disease caused by Streptococcus agalactiae poses a serious threat to tilapia populations. Probiotics have emerged as a potentially safe preventive measure against S. agalactiae infection. However, antimicrobial resistance from antibiotic-resistant bacteria remains a concern because it can lead to the spread of resistant bacteria and serve as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant genes in fishes and the surrounding environment. This study aimed to identify candidate probiotic bacteria capable of promoting tilapia growth, providing resistance to S. agalactiae infection, devoid of potential pathogenicity, and free from antibiotic resistance genes. Subsequently, the performance of these probiotic candidates in tilapia was evaluated. Materials and Methods Lactococcus garvieae, Priestia megaterium, Bacterium spp., Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus pumilus were examined to assess their antibacterial properties, hemolytic patterns, and antibiotic resistance genes. We used the specific primers tetA, tetB, tetD, tetE, tetO, tetQ, ermB, and qnrS that were used for antibiotic resistance gene detection. In vivo probiotic efficacy was evaluated by administering probiotic candidates in tilapia feed at a concentration of 1 × 106 colonies/mL/50 g of feed over a 60-day maintenance period. Resistance to S. agalactiae infection was observed for 14 days after the challenge test. Results Lactococcus garvieae, P. megaterium, and Bacterium spp. were identified as promising probiotic candidates among the bacterial isolates. On the other hand, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, and B. pumilus carried resistance genes and exhibited a β hemolytic pattern, rendering them unsuitable as probiotic candidates. The selected probiotic candidates (L. garvieae, P. megaterium, and Bacterium spp.) demonstrated the potential to enhance tilapia growth, exhibited no pathogenic tendencies, and were free from antibiotic resistance genes. Supplementation with L. garvieae and Bacterium spp. enhanced tilapia resistance to S. agalactiae infection, whereas P. megaterium supplementation showed an insignificant survival rate compared with controls after the challenge test period. Conclusion Probiotics, particularly L. garvieae, P. megaterium, and Bacterium spp., enhance growth and resistance against S. agalactiae infection, without harboring antibiotic resistance genes. Selecting probiotic candidates based on antibiotic resistance genes is essential to ensure the safety of fish, the environment, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Mawardi
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680 Indonesia
- Government of Indonesia Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Main Center for Freshwater Aquaculture - Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jl. Selabintana No. 37, Selabatu, Kec. Cikole, Kota Sukabumi, Jawa Barat 43114, Indonesia
| | - Agustin Indrawati
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Angela Mariana Lusiastuti
- Research Center for Veterinary Sciences. National Research and Innovation Agency, KST BRIN Soekarno Cibinong Bogor, 16911, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Teguh Wibawan
- Division of Medical Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16680 Indonesia
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