Occurrence of pesticide residues in indoor dust of farmworker households across Europe and Argentina

Modeling the impact of pesticide drift deposition on off-field non-target receptors

Pesticide application can result in residue drift deposition in off-field areas, which can be harmful to non-target organisms inhabiting adjacent off-field environments. In order to comprehend the impact of pesticide drift deposition on off-field non-target organisms, an integrated modeling approach was incorporated into the life cycle analysis perspective for the assessment of their exposure to pesticide residues and the characterization of their human toxicity and ecotoxicity potentials. The modeling assumption comprises four modeling scenarios: children & cattle & sensitive crops (tomatoes) based on exposure assessment, and the continent-scale human health toxicity & ecotoxicity under a life cycle analysis perspective. The simulation results for the nearby off-field exposure scenario revealed that pesticide dissipation kinetics in environments and drift deposition type were two important factors influencing non-target organisms' exposure to pesticide residues deposited in off-field environments. The continental scenario simulated via USEtox revealed that considering off-field drift deposition resulted in lower simulated human toxicity potentials of pesticides when compared to simulation results that did not consider drift deposition, given that pesticide residues remaining within the treated field contributed the most to overall human exposure. Taking drift deposition into account, on the other hand, could result in higher or lower simulated ecotoxicity potentials of pesticides than not taking drift deposition in off-field areas into account, depending on the physicochemical properties of pesticides. The proposed modeling approach, which is adaptable to drift deposition types and chemical species, can aid in investigating the off-field impacts of pesticide residues. Future research will incorporate spatiotemporal factors to characterize region-specific drift deposition functions and pesticide fate in off-field environments to conduct site-specific impact assessments.

Widespread occurrence of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in indoor dust from urban homes across the United States and its contribution to human exposure

Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide, with concerns over human exposure and potential health risks. Nevertheless, little is known about the sources of human exposure to glyphosate and its degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). In this study, we measured glyphosate and AMPA in 99 indoor dust samples collected from urban homes in sixteen states in the USA. Glyphosate and AMPA were detected in all samples at geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 193 and 30.8 ng/g, respectively. We found a strong and significant positive correlation between glyphosate and AMPA concentrations (r = 0.70, p < 0.01), indicating that the latter mainly originated from glyphosate. The concentrations of glyphosate (r = 0.40, p < 0.01) and AMPA (r = 0.33, p < 0.01) in indoor dust were significantly correlated with the county-wide agricultural usage of this herbicide. Human exposure to glyphosate and AMPA through dust ingestion were in the ranges of 0.05-0.85 and 0.01-0.14 ng/kg body weight (BW)/day, respectively, for various age groups, which were more than two orders of magnitude below the acceptable daily intake for glyphosate (500 μg/kg BW/day). Further studies are needed to identify the sources and health outcomes of human exposure to glyphosate.

Occurrence and human risk assessment of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in indoor dust from homes, schools and offices

This study investigates the current situation and possible health risks due to pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) including analgesics, antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories, psychiatric and cardiovascular drugs, and metabolites, in indoor environments. To achieve this objective, a total of 85 dust samples were collected in 2022 from three different Spanish indoor environments: homes, classrooms, and offices. The analytical method was validated meeting SANTE/2020/12830 and SANTE/12682/2019 performance criteria. All indoor dust samples except one presented at least one PhAC. Although concentration levels ranged from < LOQ to 18 µg/g, only acetaminophen, thiabendazole, clotrimazole, and anhydroerythromycin showed quantification frequencies (Qf %) above 19% with median concentrations of 166 ng/g, 74 ng/g, 25 ng/g and 14 ng/g, respectively. The PhAC distribution between dust deposited on the floor and settled on elevated (> 0.5 m) surfaces was assessed but no significant differences (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test) were found. However, concentrations quantified at the three types of locations showed significant differences (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis H-test). Homes turned out to be the indoor environment with higher pharmaceutical concentrations, especially acetaminophen (678 ng/g, median). The use of these medicines and their subsequent removal from the body were identified as the main PhAC sources in indoor dust. Relationships between occupant habits, building characteristics, and/or medicine consumption and PhAC concentrations were studied. Finally, on account of concentration differences, estimated daily intakes (EDIs) for inhalation, ingestion and dermal adsorption exposure pathways were calculated for toddlers, adolescents and adults in homes, classrooms and offices separately. Results proved that dust ingestion is the main route of exposure, contributing more than 99% in all indoor environments. Moreover, PhAC intakes for all studied groups, at occupational locations (classrooms and offices) are much lower than that obtained for homes, where hazard indexes (HIs) obtained for acetaminophen (7%-12%) and clotrimazole (4%-7%) at the worst scenario (P95) highlight the need for continuous monitoring.

Mycoremediation of the novel fungicide ametoctradin by different agricultural soils and accelerated degradation utilizing selected fungal strains

Accelerating safety assessments for novel agrochemicals is imperative, advocating for in vitro setups to present pesticide biodegradation by soil microbiota before field studies. This approach enables metabolic profile generation in a controlled laboratory environment eliminating extrinsic factors. In the current study, ten different soil samples were utilized to check their capability to degrade Ametoctradin by their microbiota. Furthermore, five different fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Penicillium chrysogenum) were utilized to degrade Ametoctradin in aqueous media. A degradation pathway was established using the metabolic patterns created during the biodegradation of Ametoctradin. In contrast to 47% degradation (T1/2 of 34 days) when Ametoctradin was left in the soil samples, the fungal strain Aspergillus fumigatus demonstrated 71% degradation of parent Ametoctradin with a half-life (T1/2) of 16 days. In conclusion, soil rich in microorganisms effectively cleans Ametoctradin-contaminated areas while Fungi have also been shown to be an effective, affordable, and promising way to remove Ametoctradin from the environment.

Parkinson's Disease Is Predominantly an Environmental Disease

Parkinson's disease is the world's fastest growing brain disorder, and exposure to environmental toxicants is the principal reason. In this paper, we consider alternative, but unsatisfactory, explanations for its rise, including improved diagnostic skills, aging populations, and genetic causes. We then detail three environmental toxicants that are likely among the main causes of Parkinson's disease- certain pesticides, the solvent trichloroethylene, and air pollution. All three environmental toxicants are ubiquitous, many affect mitochondrial functioning, and all can access humans via various routes, including inhalation and ingestion. We reach the hopeful conclusion that most of Parkinson's disease is thus preventable and that we can help to create a world where Parkinson's disease is increasingly rare.

Pesticide residues with hazard classifications relevant to non-target species including humans are omnipresent in the environment and farmer residences

Intensive and widespread use of pesticides raises serious environmental and human health concerns. The presence and levels of 209 pesticide residues (active substances and transformation products) in 625 environmental samples (201 soil, 193 crop, 20 outdoor air, 115 indoor dust, 58 surface water, and 38 sediment samples) have been studied. The samples were collected during the 2021 growing season, across 10 study sites, covering the main European crops, and conventional and organic farming systems. We profiled the pesticide residues found in the different matrices using existing hazard classifications towards non-target organisms and humans. Combining monitoring data and hazard information, we developed an indicator for the prioritization of pesticides, which can support policy decisions and sustainable pesticide use transitions. Eighty-six percent of the samples had at least one residue above the respective limit of detection. One hundred residues were found in soil, 112 in water, 99 in sediments, 78 in crops, 76 in outdoor air, and 197 in indoor dust. The number, levels, and profile of residues varied between farming systems. Our results show that non-approved compounds still represent a significant part of environmental cocktails and should be accounted for in monitoring programs and risk assessments. The hazard profiles analysis confirms the dominance of compounds of low-moderate hazard and underscores the high hazard of some approved compounds and recurring "no data available" situations. Overall, our results support the idea that risk should be assessed in a mixture context, taking environmentally relevant mixtures into consideration. We have uncovered uncertainties and data gaps that should be addressed, as well as the policy implications at the EU approval status level. Our newly introduced indicator can help identify research priority areas, and act as a reference for targeted scenarios set forth in the Farm to Fork pesticide reduction goals.