Transfer and risk assessment of fipronil in laying hen tissues and eggs

A Review of Biological and Sustainable Management Approaches for Alphitobius diaperinus, a Major Pest in Poultry Facilities

The lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) is a significant pest in poultry facilities, transmitting pathogens such as Salmonella and causing structural damage in poultry operations. Challenges such as insecticide resistance and environmental concerns associated with the widespread use of traditional insecticides underscore the need for sustainable alternatives. This review examines biological and sustainable management strategies for managing the lesser mealworm, including entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, plant essential oils-extracts, pheromones, and diatomaceous earth. These eco-friendly approaches highlight fungi and nematodes for their effectiveness in larval control and essential oils for their insecticidal and repellent properties. The application of pheromones and diatomaceous earth further complements other methods within integrated pest management (IPM) systems. Integrating these biological tools into IPM offers a sustainable and effective solution for reducing A. diaperinus populations, addressing both health and environmental concerns.

Synergistic Enhancing of Biological Activity and Natural Light Self-Degradation of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nano-organometallic Pesticide-Fused Phenylpyrazole Amine Derivatives with Hollow Box TiO2 by One-pot Microwave Synthesis

Nano-TiO2 as an antimicrobial inorganic material, can stimulate cells to produce reactive oxygen species and exhibit effective biochemical properties; however, phenylpyrazole derivatives, as organic pesticides, are widely used in agriculture and food. To find novel pesticides with environmental friendliness, combined with three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) prediction analysis, three types of alkaloidal phenylpyrazole amine derivatives (PA) were synthesized by a one-pot microwave method. Based on the dye sensitization strategy, four nano-organometallic pesticides (PT) were prepared by organic-inorganic hybridization. PA and PT showed 2.5 and 5.2 times higher insecticidal activity against P. xylostella than fipronil, and PT had 3.9 times greater antibacterial activity against A. tumefaciens. The synergistic effect realizes the balance of amphiphilicity, enhances the biological activity of PT, improves the phloem fluidity, and promotes the absorption and transportation of substances. In addition, this synergistic effect reduces the band gap width, improves the light absorption capacity, induces cells to produce active reactive oxygen species and free radicals (ROS: ·O2-, ·OH), and destroys the cytomembrane so that PT can better enter the cell, resulting in cell death. PT has excellent natural light self-degradation performance and converts to the phenylpyrazole parent moiety, which enhances biological activity and greatly reduces the environmental residues, implying that nano-organometallic pesticide (PT) provides a new idea for its natural degradation and fluorescence detection of pesticide residues.

Combined effects of TiO2 nanoparticle and fipronil co-exposure on microbiota in mouse intestine

Oral exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) may affect intestinal microbiota, and this effect may be further changed by co-contaminates. In the present study, we investigated the combined effects of TiO2 NPs and fipronil (FPN) on microbiota in mouse intestines. Mice were intragastric exposed to 5.74 mg/kg TiO2 NPs, 2.5 mg/kg FPN, or both of them, once a day, for 30 days. The results showed that individual exposure to TiO2 NPs or FPN decreased body weight and induced pathological changes in intestines. The exposure was also associated with increased cleaved caspase-3 protein, oxidative stress and decreased tight junction protein expression. Furthermore, the levels of diamine oxidase (DAO), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammatory cytokines in serum were also elevated, indicating increased intestinal barrier permeability. As expected, both TiO2 NPs and FPN decreased the diversity and altered the composition of microbiota. However, the observed effects were not further enhanced after the co-exposure to TiO2 NPs and FPN, except that Romboutsia was only significantly increased after the co-exposure to TiO2 NPs + FPN. We concluded that oral exposure to TiO2 NPs and FPN showed minimal synergistic effects on microbiota in mouse intestine.