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Marín-Quílez A, García-Tuñón I, Fernández-Infante C, Hernández-Cano L, Palma-Barqueros V, Vuelta E, Sánchez-Martín M, González-Porras JR, Guerrero C, Benito R, Rivera J, Hernández-Rivas JM, Bastida JM. Characterization of the Platelet Phenotype Caused by a Germline RUNX1 Variant in a CRISPR/Cas9-Generated Murine Model. Thromb Haemost 2021; 121:1193-1205. [PMID: 33626581 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RUNX1-related disorder (RUNX1-RD) is caused by germline variants affecting the RUNX1 gene. This rare, heterogeneous disorder has no specific clinical or laboratory phenotype, making genetic diagnosis necessary. Although international recommendations have been established to classify the pathogenicity of variants, identifying the causative alteration remains a challenge in RUNX1-RD. Murine models may be useful not only for definitively settling the controversy about the pathogenicity of certain RUNX1 variants, but also for elucidating the mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis. Therefore, we developed a knock-in murine model, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, carrying the RUNX1 p.Leu43Ser variant (mimicking human p.Leu56Ser) to study its pathogenic potential and mechanisms of platelet dysfunction. A total number of 75 mice were generated; 25 per genotype (RUNX1WT/WT, RUNX1WT/L43S, and RUNX1L43S/L43S). Platelet phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. On average, RUNX1L43S/L43S and RUNX1WT/L43S mice had a significantly longer tail-bleeding time than RUNX1WT/WT mice, indicating the variant's involvement in hemostasis. However, only homozygous mice displayed mild thrombocytopenia. RUNX1L43S/L43S and RUNX1WT/L43S displayed impaired agonist-induced spreading and α-granule release, with no differences in δ-granule secretion. Levels of integrin αIIbβ3 activation, fibrinogen binding, and aggregation were significantly lower in platelets from RUNX1L43S/L43S and RUNX1WT/L43S using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and high thrombin doses. Lower levels of PKC phosphorylation in RUNX1L43S/L43S and RUNX1WT/L43S suggested that the PKC-signaling pathway was impaired. Overall, we demonstrated the deleterious effect of the RUNX1 p.Leu56Ser variant in mice via the impairment of integrin αIIbβ3 activation, aggregation, α-granule secretion, and platelet spreading, mimicking the phenotype associated with RUNX1 variants in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marín-Quílez
- Cancer Research Center - CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Tuñón
- Cancer Research Center - CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández-Infante
- Cancer Research Center - CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Hernández-Cano
- Cancer Research Center - CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Verónica Palma-Barqueros
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Vuelta
- Cancer Research Center - CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Transgenic Facility, Nucleus, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Martín
- Cancer Research Center - CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Transgenic Facility, Nucleus, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Porras
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca - IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerrero
- Cancer Research Center - CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rocío Benito
- Cancer Research Center - CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Rivera
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- On behalf of the "Grupo Español de Alteraciones Plaquetarias Congénitas (GEAPC)", Hemorrhagic Diathesis Working Group, SETH
| | - Jesús María Hernández-Rivas
- Cancer Research Center - CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca - IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José María Bastida
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca - IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
- On behalf of the "Grupo Español de Alteraciones Plaquetarias Congénitas (GEAPC)", Hemorrhagic Diathesis Working Group, SETH
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Ray A, Joshi JM, Sundaravadivelu PK, Raina K, Lenka N, Kaveeshwar V, Thummer RP. An Overview on Promising Somatic Cell Sources Utilized for the Efficient Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1954-1974. [PMID: 34100193 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in understanding developmental biology, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. The initial human iPSC studies used fibroblasts as a starting cell source to reprogram them; however, it has been identified to be a less appealing somatic cell source by numerous studies due to various reasons. One of the important criteria to achieve efficient reprogramming is determining an appropriate starting somatic cell type to induce pluripotency since the cellular source has a major influence on the reprogramming efficiency, kinetics, and quality of iPSCs. Therefore, numerous groups have explored various somatic cell sources to identify the promising sources for reprogramming into iPSCs with different reprogramming factor combinations. This review provides an overview of promising easily accessible somatic cell sources isolated in non-invasive or minimally invasive manner such as keratinocytes, urine cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells used for the generation of human iPSCs derived from healthy and diseased subjects. Notably, iPSCs generated from one of these cell types derived from the patient will offer ethical and clinical advantages. In addition, these promising somatic cell sources have the potential to efficiently generate bona fide iPSCs with improved reprogramming efficiency and faster kinetics. This knowledge will help in establishing strategies for safe and efficient reprogramming and the generation of patient-specific iPSCs from these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ray
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Jahnavy Madhukar Joshi
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, 580009, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sundaravadivelu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Khyati Raina
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nibedita Lenka
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune - 411007, Ganeshkhind, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishwas Kaveeshwar
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, 580009, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Almazni I, Stapley RJ, Khan AO, Morgan NV. A comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 126 patients with an inherited platelet disorder to identify both sequence and copy number genetic variants. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:1848-1865. [PMID: 32935436 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inherited bleeding disorders (IBDs) comprise an extremely heterogeneous group of diseases that reflect abnormalities of blood vessels, coagulation proteins, and platelets. Previously the UK-GAPP study has used whole-exome sequencing in combination with deep platelet phenotyping to identify pathogenic genetic variants in both known and novel genes in approximately 40% of the patients. To interrogate the remaining "unknown" cohort and improve this detection rate, we employed an IBD-specific gene panel of 119 genes using the Congenica Clinical Interpretation Platform to detect both single-nucleotide variants and copy number variants in 126 patients. In total, 135 different heterozygous variants in genes implicated in bleeding disorders were identified. Of which, 22 were classified pathogenic, 26 likely pathogenic, and the remaining were of uncertain significance. There were marked differences in the number of reported variants in individuals between the four patient groups: platelet count (35), platelet function (43), combined platelet count and function (59), and normal count (17). Additionally, we report three novel copy number variations (CNVs) not previously detected. We show that a combined single-nucleotide variation (SNV)/CNV analysis using the Congenica platform not only improves detection rates for IBDs, suggesting that such an approach can be applied to other genetic disorders where there is a high degree of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Almazni
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel J Stapley
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Abdullah O Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neil V Morgan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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