1
|
Zivko C, Hahm TH, Tressler C, Brown D, Glunde K, Mahairaki V. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Organoids to Improve Preclinical Research. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302499. [PMID: 38247228 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical models are essential research tools before novel therapeutic or diagnostic methods can be applied to humans. These range from in vitro cell monocultures to vastly more complex animal models, but clinical translation to humans often fails to deliver significant results. Three-dimensional (3D) organoid systems are being increasingly studied to establish physiologically relevant in vitro platforms in a trade-off between the complexity of the research question and the complexity of practical experimental setups. The sensitivity and precision of analytical tools are yet another limiting factors in what can be investigated, and mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most powerful analytical techniques available to the scientific community. Its innovative use to spatially resolve biological samples has opened many research avenues in the field of MS imaging (MSI). Here, this work aims to explore the current scientific landscape in the application of MSI on organoids, with an emphasis on their combined potential to facilitate and improve preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zivko
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tae-Hun Hahm
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Cay Tressler
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Dalton Brown
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cvekl A, Camerino MJ. Generation of Lens Progenitor Cells and Lentoid Bodies from Pluripotent Stem Cells: Novel Tools for Human Lens Development and Ocular Disease Etiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213516. [PMID: 36359912 PMCID: PMC9658148 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into specialized tissues and organs represents a powerful approach to gain insight into those cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating human development. Although normal embryonic eye development is a complex process, generation of ocular organoids and specific ocular tissues from pluripotent stem cells has provided invaluable insights into the formation of lineage-committed progenitor cell populations, signal transduction pathways, and self-organization principles. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in generation of adenohypophyseal, olfactory, and lens placodes, lens progenitor cells and three-dimensional (3D) primitive lenses, "lentoid bodies", and "micro-lenses". These cells are produced alone or "community-grown" with other ocular tissues. Lentoid bodies/micro-lenses generated from human patients carrying mutations in crystallin genes demonstrate proof-of-principle that these cells are suitable for mechanistic studies of cataractogenesis. Taken together, current and emerging advanced in vitro differentiation methods pave the road to understand molecular mechanisms of cataract formation caused by the entire spectrum of mutations in DNA-binding regulatory genes, such as PAX6, SOX2, FOXE3, MAF, PITX3, and HSF4, individual crystallins, and other genes such as BFSP1, BFSP2, EPHA2, GJA3, GJA8, LIM2, MIP, and TDRD7 represented in human cataract patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Cvekl
- Departments Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-718-430-3217; Fax: +1-718-430-8778
| | - Michael John Camerino
- Departments Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao L, Jin N, Ye Z, Ma T, Huang Y, Li H, Du J, Li Z. A possible connection between reactive oxygen species and the unfolded protein response in lens development: From insight to foresight. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:820949. [PMID: 36211466 PMCID: PMC9535091 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.820949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lens is a relatively special and simple organ. It has become an ideal model to study the common developmental characteristics among different organic systems. Lens development is a complex process influenced by numerous factors, including signals from the intracellular and extracellular environment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of highly reactive and oxygen-containing molecules that can cause endoplasmic reticulum stress in lens cells. As an adaptive response to ER stress, lens cells initiate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain normal protein synthesis by selectively increasing/decreasing protein synthesis and increasing the degradation of misfolded proteins. Generally, the UPR signaling pathways have been well characterized in the context of many pathological conditions. However, recent studies have also confirmed that all three UPR signaling pathways participate in a variety of developmental processes, including those of the lens. In this review, we first briefly summarize the three stages of lens development and present the basic profiles of ROS and the UPR. We then discuss the interconnections between lens development and these two mechanisms. Additionally, the potential adoption of human pluripotent stem-cell-based lentoids in lens development research is proposed to provide a novel perspective on future developmental studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiong Gao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Jin
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianju Ma
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Du
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaohui Li,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan SY, Ali M, Kabir F, Na CH, Delannoy M, Ma Y, Qiu C, Costello MJ, Hejtmancik JF, Riazuddin SA. The role of FYCO1-dependent autophagy in lens fiber cell differentiation. Autophagy 2022; 18:2198-2215. [PMID: 35343376 PMCID: PMC9397473 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2025570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
FYCO1 (FYVE and coiled-coil domain containing 1) is an adaptor protein, expressed ubiquitously and required for microtubule-dependent, plus-end-directed transport of macroautophagic/autophagic vesicles. We have previously shown that loss-of-function mutations in FYCO1 cause cataracts with no other ocular and/or extra-ocular phenotype. Here, we show fyco1 homozygous knockout (fyco1-/-) mice recapitulate the cataract phenotype consistent with a critical role of FYCO1 and autophagy in lens morphogenesis. Transcriptome coupled with proteome and metabolome profiling identified many autophagy-associated genes, proteins, and lipids respectively perturbed in fyco1-/- mice lenses. Flow cytometry of FYCO1 (c.2206C>T) knock-in (KI) human lens epithelial cells revealed a decrease in autophagic flux and autophagic vesicles resulting from the loss of FYCO1. Transmission electron microscopy showed cellular organelles accumulated in FYCO1 (c.2206C>T) KI lens-like organoid structures and in fyco1-/- mice lenses. In summary, our data confirm the loss of FYCO1 function results in a diminished autophagic flux, impaired organelle removal, and cataractogenesis.Abbreviations: CC: congenital cataracts; DE: differentially expressed; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FYCO1: FYVE and coiled-coil domain containing 1; hESC: human embryonic stem cell; KI: knock-in; OFZ: organelle-free zone; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; PE: phosphatidylethanolamine; RNA-Seq: RNA sequencing; SD: standard deviation; sgRNA: single guide RNA; shRNA: shorthairpin RNA; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; WT: wild type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Y. Khan
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Muhammad Ali
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Firoz Kabir
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Delannoy
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yinghong Ma
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caihong Qiu
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M. Joseph Costello
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J. Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S. Amer Riazuddin
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Modeling congenital cataract in vitro using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:60. [PMID: 34599192 PMCID: PMC8486789 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cataracts are the leading cause of childhood blindness. To date, surgical removal of cataracts is the only established treatment, but surgery is associated with multiple complications, which often lead to visual impairment. Therefore, mechanistic studies and drug-candidate screening have been intrigued by the aims of developing novel therapeutic strategies. However, these studies have been hampered by a lack of an appropriate human-disease model of congenital cataracts. Herein, we report the establishment of a human congenital cataract in vitro model through differentiation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into regenerated lenses. The regenerated lenses derived from patient-specific iPSCs with known causative mutations of congenital cataracts (CRYBB2 [p. P24T] and CRYGD [p. Q155X]) showed obvious opacification that closely resembled that seen in patients’ cataracts in terms of opacification severity and disease course accordingly, as compared with lentoid bodies (LBs) derived from healthy individuals. Increased protein aggregation and decreased protein solubility corresponding to the patients’ cataract severity were observed in the patient-specific LBs and were attenuated by lanosterol treatment. Taken together, the in vitro model described herein, which recapitulates patient-specific clinical manifestations of congenital cataracts and protein aggregation in patient-specific LBs, provides a robust system for research on the pathological mechanisms of cataracts and screening of drug candidates for cataract treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gu Y, Yao K, Fu Q. Lens regeneration: scientific discoveries and clinical possibilities. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4911-4923. [PMID: 34143397 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the process of exploring new methods for cataract treatment, lens regeneration is an ideal strategy for effectively restoring accommodative vision and avoiding postoperative complications and has great clinical potential. Lens regeneration, which is not a simple repetition of lens development, depends on the complex regulatory network comprising the FGF, BMP/TGF-β, Notch, and Wnt signaling pathways. Current research mainly focuses on in situ and in vitro lens regeneration. On the one hand, the possibility of the autologous stem cell in situ regeneration of functional lenses has been confirmed; on the other hand, both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have been induced into lentoid bodies in vitro which are similar to the natural lens to a certain extent. This article will briefly summarize the regulatory mechanisms of lens development, describe the recent progress of lens regeneration, explore the key molecular signaling pathways, and, more importantly, discuss the prospects and challenges of their clinical applications to provide reference for clinical transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Gu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|