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Walther J, Porenta D, Wilbie D, Seinen C, Benne N, Yang Q, de Jong OG, Lei Z, Mastrobattista E. Comparative analysis of lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 RNP versus mRNA/sgRNA for gene editing in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 196:114207. [PMID: 38325664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The discovery that the bacterial defense mechanism, CRISPR-Cas9, can be reprogrammed as a gene editing tool has revolutionized the field of gene editing. CRISPR-Cas9 can introduce a double-strand break at a specific targeted site within the genome. Subsequent intracellular repair mechanisms repair the double strand break that can either lead to gene knock-out (via the non-homologous end-joining pathway) or specific gene correction in the presence of a DNA template via homology-directed repair. With the latter, pathological mutations can be cut out and repaired. Advances are being made to utilize CRISPR-Cas9 in patients by incorporating its components into non-viral delivery vehicles that will protect them from premature degradation and deliver them to the targeted tissues. Herein, CRISPR-Cas9 can be delivered in the form of three different cargos: plasmid DNA, RNA or a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). We and others have recently shown that Cas9 RNP can be efficiently formulated in lipid-nanoparticles (LNP) leading to functional delivery in vitro. In this study, we compared LNP encapsulating the mRNA Cas9, sgRNA and HDR template against LNP containing Cas9-RNP and HDR template. Former showed smaller particle sizes, better protection against degrading enzymes and higher gene editing efficiencies on both reporter HEK293T cells and HEPA 1-6 cells in in vitro assays. Both formulations were additionally tested in female Ai9 mice on biodistribution and gene editing efficiency after systemic administration. LNP delivering mRNA Cas9 were retained mainly in the liver, with LNP delivering Cas9-RNPs additionally found in the spleen and lungs. Finally, gene editing in mice could only be concluded for LNP delivering mRNA Cas9 and sgRNA. These LNPs resulted in 60 % gene knock-out in hepatocytes. Delivery of mRNA Cas9 as cargo format was thereby concluded to surpass Cas9-RNP for application of CRISPR-Cas9 for gene editing in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Walther
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Deja Porenta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Danny Wilbie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Seinen
- CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Benne
- Department of Infectious Diseases and immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Qiangbing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands; CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier Gerrit de Jong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zhiyong Lei
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands; CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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van Essen M, Riepsaame J, Jacob J. CRISPR-Cas Gene Perturbation and Editing in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. CRISPR J 2021; 4:634-655. [PMID: 34582693 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Directing the fates of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) to generate a multitude of differentiated cell types allows the study of the genetic regulation of human development and disease. The translational potential of hPSC is maximized by exploiting CRISPR to silence or activate genes with spatial and temporal precision permanently or reversibly. Here, we summarize the increasingly refined and diverse CRISPR toolkit for the latter forms of gene perturbation in hPSC and their downstream applications. We discuss newer methods to install edits efficiently with single nucleotide resolution and describe pooled CRISPR screens as a powerful means of unbiased discovery of genes associated with a phenotype of interest. Last, we discuss the potential of these combined technologies in the treatment of hitherto intractable human diseases and the challenges to their implementation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max van Essen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joey Riepsaame
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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