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Kardaras G, Christodorescu R, Boariu M, Rusu D, Belova A, Chinnici S, Vela O, Radulescu V, Boia S, Stratul SI. A Low-Cost Protocol Using the Adjunctive Action of Povidone-Iodine Irrigations and Sodium Hypochlorite Rinsing Solution in Step 2 of Periodontal Therapy for Patients with Stage III-IV Periodontitis: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:144. [PMID: 38786542 PMCID: PMC11119210 DOI: 10.3390/dj12050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In severe stages of periodontitis, conventional periodontal therapy and maintenance care are usually insufficient due to the viral and bacterial etiology; thus, a mechanical approach alone may not be sufficient to eliminate a substantial portion of subgingival pathogens, especially in deep periodontal sites. Background and Objectives: This single-blind, randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the clinical and microbiological efficacy of a low-cost protocol using povidone-iodine and sodium hypochlorite formulations as adjuncts to non-surgical therapy for patients with stage IV periodontitis when compared with chlorhexidine, the most commonly employed substance to date for antimicrobial regimens in periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients were randomly divided into two groups: control (subgingival instrumentation, chlorhexidine-assisted) and test (antiviral medication, subgingival instrumentation with povidone-iodine, sodium hypochlorite rinsing solution, and antibiotics). Clinical measurements and microbiological analyses were performed at baseline and after three months. Results: After three months, notable differences were found in the bacterial detection scores for Porphyromonas gingivalis (a significant reduction in detection frequency was observed in the test compared to the control (p = 0.021)), and there were significant reductions in detection in the test group for Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola, showing undetectable levels (p < 0.0001 for both). In the test group, the pocket probing depth median value was reduced significantly (p = 0.0005); similarly, bleeding on probing showed a marked decrease (p < 0.0001). However, changes in clinical attachment loss and full-mouth plaque score were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Using the proposed protocol, substantial improvements in clinical and microbiological parameters were obtained when compared with the current antimicrobial recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kardaras
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.K.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (S.C.); (O.V.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Ruxandra Christodorescu
- Department V Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Marius Boariu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, TADERP Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Darian Rusu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.K.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (S.C.); (O.V.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Alla Belova
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.K.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (S.C.); (O.V.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Salvatore Chinnici
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.K.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (S.C.); (O.V.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Octavia Vela
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.K.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (S.C.); (O.V.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Viorelia Radulescu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.K.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (S.C.); (O.V.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Simina Boia
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.K.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (S.C.); (O.V.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Stefan-Ioan Stratul
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (G.K.); (D.R.); (A.B.); (S.C.); (O.V.); (V.R.); (S.B.); (S.-I.S.)
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Svellenti L, Karacic J, Herzog J, Tanner M, Sahrmann P. Effects of Rinsing with Povidone-Iodine during Step II Periodontal Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2111. [PMID: 38610876 PMCID: PMC11012979 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Antiseptics have been suggested to enhance the outcomes of non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Among these, povidone-iodine (PVP-iodine) was reported to significantly reduce periodontal pocket depths (PPDs). The aim of this study was to systematically re-assess the existing literature regarding the potential benefit of using PVP-iodine in step II periodontal therapy. Material and Methods: The scientific literature was systematically searched across electronic libraries for randomized controlled trials employing PVP-iodine during NSPT through to September 2023, using search items related to PVP-iodine and periodontitis. The selection process was performed by two independent reviewers. The primary outcomes were reductions in periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). When reasonable, a meta-analysis of the included studies was performed. Results: Initially, 799 records were identified. After abstract and title screening and fulltext revision, 15 RCTs were included. The data from eight studies were merged in meta-analyses. The use of PVP-iodine had no significant effect on PPD reduction at 6 months (means [standard deviation]: -0.12 mm [-0.33; 0.09]) but it did at 12 months (-0.29 mm [-0.56; -0.02]). CAL was significantly better at 6 (-0.42 mm [-0.64; -0.20]) and 12 months (-0.39 mm [-0.66; -0.11]). Conclusions: PVP-iodine rinsing during NSPT may slightly improve patients' PPD and CAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Svellenti
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology, and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Karacic
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology, and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Herzog
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology, and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Tanner
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Sahrmann
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology, and Cariology, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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El Mobadder M, Nammour S, Grzech-Leśniak Z, Grzech-Leśniak K. Efficacy of the Adjunct Use of Povidone-Iodine or Sodium Hypochlorite with Non-Surgical Management of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216593. [PMID: 36362818 PMCID: PMC9658783 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review sought to assess the efficacy of combining either sodium hypochlorite or povidone-iodine as disinfection solutions with non-surgical treatment of periodontitis. An electronic search was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar from inception until 10 September 2022. Outcomes included clinical outcomes (probing pocket depth, plaque index, clinical attachment level, relative-horizontal attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, the position of gingival margin) and biochemical (BAPNA level) properties. A subgroup analysis was conducted according to the assessment timepoint. Ten studies reporting the use of povidone-iodine and five studies reporting the use of sodium hypochlorite were included in this review. Overall, in the meta-analysis of povidone-iodine, no significant changes were noted in any of the assessed outcomes; however, minor changes were noted in probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level at a specific timepoint. Regarding sodium hypochlorite, a significant reduction in all clinical outcomes, except for bleeding on probing, was noted. In conclusion, the use of povidone-iodine does not result in an improvement in clinical outcomes, whereas sodium hypochlorite has promising properties that result in significant improvement in probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level. However, more studies are needed to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan El Mobadder
- Dental Surgery Department, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +961-7134-3767
| | - Samir Nammour
- Department of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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Ather A, Parolia A, Ruparel NB. Efficacy of Mouth Rinses Against SARS-CoV-2: A Scoping Review. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.648547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in saliva and nasopharyngeal secretions has challenged the routine practice of dentistry. Use of preprocedural mouth rinses has been recommended by several organizations to potentially reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This scoping review aimed at evaluating the available evidence on the efficacy of mouth rinses against SARS-CoV-2.Methods:A thorough literature search on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) was performed by two independent reviewers and data from articles addressing the aim of this article were extracted.Results:After exclusion of articles not addressing the end point in question, 12 articles were included in this scoping review. Of the 12 articles, seven werein vitrostudies and five werein vivohuman clinical studies. Thein vitrostudies used a standardized methodology (endpoint dilution assay) to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial mouth rinses against SARS-CoV-2. Thein vivostudies were done utilizing polymerase chain reaction assay of samples obtained from saliva or nasopharyngeal swab or a combination of both nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab. The reagents tested in these studies included povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), essential oils, and quaternary ammonium compounds and demonstrated varied efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.Conclusion:Based on the available evidence fromin vitrostudies, it can be concluded that mouth rinses have a potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load; however, effectiveness inin vivoconditions is still inconclusive. Owing to the substantial heterogeneity in reporting of the anti–SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of mouth rinses, this review highlights the need to conduct future research with robust and standardized methodologies to confirm effectiveness of mouth rinses.
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Moosavi MS, Aminishakib P, Ansari M. Antiviral mouthwashes: possible benefit for COVID-19 with evidence-based approach. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1794363. [PMID: 32944152 PMCID: PMC7482897 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1794363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak, and pandemic of COVID-19 causing widespread concerns in all health systems of countries. Virus-carrying aerosols can penetrate the healthy human body and lungs, resulting in rapid transmission. For the first time, in this evidence-based article, the effects of different types of mouthwashes to reduce the viral load were investigated. Also, another aim of this essay is a reduction in viral load in patients with COVID-19 and prevention developing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Methods Related databases were comprehensively searched for relevant studies. The present study was performed according to the preferred cases for standard systematic reviews (PRISMA). Results Five original studies in which the subject matter was directly evaluated were included. Different types of mouthwashes and viruses were investigated in this study. Conclusions The antiviral mouthwashes play a certainly important role in reducing the viral load of the salivary virus. In the present study, this importance could be proved in two different aspects, that is, the use of mouthwash before dental procedures to reduce the risk of transmission of the virus to the dental team and the use of this mouthwash in COVID-19 patients to help improve systemic problems associated with oral microbial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh-Sadat Moosavi
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouyan Aminishakib
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Department, Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, Cancer Institute Hospital, IKHC, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ansari
- School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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H R R, Dhamecha D, Jagwani S, Rao M, Jadhav K, Shaikh S, Puzhankara L, Jalalpure S. Local drug delivery systems in the management of periodontitis: A scientific review. J Control Release 2019; 307:393-409. [PMID: 31255689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is a microbial disease of tooth supporting tissues that results in progressive destruction of surrounding soft and hard tissues with eventual tooth mobility and exfoliation. Perioceutics, which includes the delivery of therapeutic agents via systemic and local means as an adjunct to mechanical therapy has revolutionized the arena of periodontal therapy. Selection of a right antimicrobial agent with appropriate route of drug administration is the key to successful periodontal therapy. Irrigating systems, fibers, gels, strips, films, microparticles, nanoparticles and low dose antimicrobial agents are some of the local drug delivery systems (LDDS) available in the field, which aims to deliver antimicrobial agents to sub-gingival diseased sites with minimal or no side-effects on other body sites. The present review aim to summarize the current state-of-the-art technology on LDDS in periodontal therapy ensuring the the practitioners are able to choose LDD agents which are custom made for a specific clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari H R
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; Manipal McGill Center for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Dinesh Dhamecha
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India.
| | - Satveer Jagwani
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Meghana Rao
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Kiran Jadhav
- KLE University's College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Shabana Shaikh
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi Puzhankara
- Department of Periodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Jalalpure
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India; KLE University's College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
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Léber A, Budai-Szűcs M, Urbán E, Vályi P, Gácsi A, Berkó S, Kovács A, Csányi E. Combination of Zinc Hyaluronate and Metronidazole in a Lipid-Based Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Periodontitis. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E142. [PMID: 30934537 PMCID: PMC6471433 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being a highly prevalent disease and a possible contributor to adult tooth loss, periodontitis possesses no well-established therapy. The aim of the recent study was the development and evaluation of a mucoadhesive monophase lipid formulation for the sustained local delivery of amoxicillin, metronidazole, and/or zinc hyaluronate or gluconate. METHODS To investigate our formulations, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, swelling, erosion, mucoadhesivity, drug release, and antimicrobial measurements were performed. RESULTS Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the loaded drugs are in a suspended form, the softening of the formulations starts at body temperature, but a part remains solid, providing sustained release. Swelling of the lipid compositions is affected by the hydrophilic components, their concentration, and the strength of the coherent lipid structure, while their erosion is impacted by the emulsification of melted lipid components. CONCLUSIONS Results of drug release and antimicrobial effectiveness measurements show that a sustained release may be obtained. Amoxicillin had higher effectiveness against oral pathogens than metronidazole or zinc hyaluronate alone, but the combination of the two latter could provide similar effectiveness to amoxicillin. The applied mucoadhesive polymer may affect adhesivity, drug release through the swelling mechanism, and antimicrobial effect as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Léber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Edit Urbán
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Péter Vályi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Attila Gácsi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Csányi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
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Van der Sluijs M, Van der Sluijs E, Van der Weijden F, Slot DE. The effect on clinical parameters of periodontal inflammation following non-surgical periodontal therapy with ultrasonics and chemotherapeutic cooling solutions: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:1074-1085. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Eveline Van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Fridus Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Else Slot
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Eggers M, Eickmann M, Zorn J. Rapid and Effective Virucidal Activity of Povidone-Iodine Products Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA). Infect Dis Ther 2015; 4:491-501. [PMID: 26416214 PMCID: PMC4675768 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-015-0091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the first case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection was reported in 2012, the virus has infected more than 1300 individuals in 26 countries, and caused more than 480 deaths. Human-to-human transmission requires close contact, and has typically occurred in the healthcare setting. Improved global awareness, together with improved hygiene practices in healthcare facilities, has been highlighted as key strategies in controlling the spread of MERS-CoV. This study tested the in vitro efficacy of three formulations of povidone iodine (PVP-I: 4% PVP-I skin cleanser, 7.5% PVP-I surgical scrub, and 1% PVP-I gargle/mouthwash) against a reference virus (Modified vaccinia virus Ankara, MVA) and MERS-CoV. METHODS According to EN14476, a standard suspension test was used to assess virucidal activity against MVA and large volume plating was used for MERS-CoV. All products were tested under clean (0.3 g/L bovine serum albumin, BSA) and dirty conditions (3.0 g/L BSA + 3.0 mL/L erythrocytes), with application times of 15, 30, and 60 s for MVA, and 15 s for MERS-CoV. The products were tested undiluted, 1:10 and 1:100 diluted against MVA, and undiluted against MERS-CoV. RESULTS A reduction in virus titer of ≥4 log10 (corresponding to an inactivation of ≥99.99%) was regarded as evidence of virucidal activity. This was achieved versus MVA and MERS-CoV, under both clean and dirty conditions, within 15 s of application of each undiluted PVP-I product. CONCLUSION These data indicate that PVP-I-based hand wash products for potentially contaminated skin, and PVP-I gargle/mouthwash for reduction of viral load in the oral cavity and the oropharynx, may help to support hygiene measures to prevent transmission of MERS-CoV. FUNDING Mundipharma Research GmbH & Co.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Eggers
- Labor Prof. Gisela Enders MVZ GbR and the Institute of Virology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology e.V., Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Zorn
- Mundipharma Research GmbH & Co.KG, Limburg, Germany.
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