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Watanabe S, Hoshina T, Kojiro M, Kusuhara K. The recent characteristics of influenza-related hospitalization in Japanese children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2011-2015. [PMID: 33661411 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the recent epidemiology and characteristics of influenza-related hospitalization in Japanese children. This study included 3741 children with influenza. Children hospitalized for febrile seizures (FS) induced by etiologies other than influenza also served as a disease control. Most outpatients (92.8%) visited our hospital with complaints of respiratory symptoms, whereas FS were the most predominant symptoms of inpatients (58/154, 37.7%). Children with influenza-induced FS were significantly older than those with FS induced by other etiologies (P <0.001). Although the characteristics of severe influenza may vary throughout the world, the analysis of influenza-induced neurological disorders is important for understanding its epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kitakyushu General Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoshina
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Masumi Kojiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitakyushu General Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koichi Kusuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Ali I, Silva JC, Liu S, Shultz SR, Kwan P, Jones NC, O'Brien TJ. Targeting neurodegeneration to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 123:100-109. [PMID: 30099094 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the quest for developing new therapeutic targets for post-traumatic epilepsies (PTE), identifying mechanisms relevant to development and progression of disease is critical. A growing body of literature suggests involvement of neurodegenerative mechanisms in the pathophysiology of acquired epilepsies, including following traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this review, we discuss the potential of some of these mechanisms to be targets for the development of a therapy against PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrish Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Juliana C Silva
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Polymorphisms in the interleukin-1β (IL-1B) and interleukin-1α (IL-1A) genes on risk of febrile seizures: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:1529-1536. [PMID: 29808330 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to clarify the role of four common genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-1β (IL-1B) and interleukin-1α (IL-1A) genes on risk of febrile seizures (FS) by means of meta-analyses. We searched for studies published until February 2018 using ISI Web of Science, Pubmed, Wanfang, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using MetaAnalyst version Beta 3.13. Seventeen case-control studies were included for meta-analysis. For the IL-1B rs16944 polymorphism, the summary analysis of studies conducted among Caucasian populations showed a significant association in the CT+TT versus CC contrast (OR 1.434, 95% CI 1.153-1.785), while the pooled analysis for Asian populations yielded a significant estimate in the TT versus CC+CT comparison (OR 1.393, 95% CI 1.051-1.846). No association was observed between the IL-1B rs1143627, IL-1B rs1143634, and IL-1A rs1800587 polymorphisms and FS risk. Sensitivity analyses excluding studies showing deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium did not alter conclusions. The findings of our meta-analysis suggest that the IL-1B rs16944 polymorphism may be an important genetic determinant for FS in Caucasian and Asian populations.
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Ito M, Takahashi H, Yano H, Shimizu YI, Yano Y, Ishizaki Y, Tanaka J, Ishii E, Fukuda M. High mobility group box 1 enhances hyperthermia-induced seizures and secondary epilepsy associated with prolonged hyperthermia-induced seizures in developing rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:2095-2104. [PMID: 28879430 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important inflammatory mediator, are high in the serum of febrile seizure (FS) patients. However, its roles in FS and secondary epilepsy after prolonged FS are poorly understood. We demonstrate HMGB1's role in the pathogenesis of hyperthermia-induced seizures (HS) and secondary epilepsy after prolonged hyperthermia-induced seizures (pHS). In the first experiment, 14-15-day-old male rats were divided into four groups: high-dose HMGB1 (100 μg), moderate-dose (10 μg), low-dose (1 μg), and control. Each rat was administered HMGB1 intranasally 1 h before inducing HS. Temperature was measured at seizure onset with electroencephalography (EEG). In the second experiment, 10-11-day-old rats were divided into four groups: pHS + HMGB1 (10 μg), pHS, HMGB1, and control. HMGB1 was administered 24 h after pHS. Video-EEGs were recorded for 24 h at 90 and 120 days old; histological analysis was performed at 150 days old. In the first experiment, the temperature at seizure onset was significantly lower in the high- and moderate-dose HMGB1 groups than in the control group. In the second experiment, the incidence of spontaneous epileptic seizure was significantly higher in the pHS + HMGB1 group than in the other groups. Comparison between pHS + HMGB1 groups with and without epilepsy revealed that epileptic rats had significantly enhanced astrocytosis in the hippocampus and corpus callosum. In developing rats, HMGB1 enhanced HS and secondary epilepsy after pHS. Our findings suggest that HMGB1 contributes to FS pathogenesis and plays an important role in the acquired epileptogenesis of secondary epilepsy associated with prolonged FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Taiyougaoka 1-1, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1181, Japan
| | - Hajime Yano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yusuke I Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yano
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yoshito Ishizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Fukuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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Kaur C, Rathnasamy G, Ling EA. Biology of Microglia in the Developing Brain. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:736-753. [PMID: 28859332 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia exist in different morphological forms in the developing brain. They show a small cell body with scanty cytoplasm with many branching processes in the grey matter of the developing brain. However, in the white matter such as the corpus callosum where the unmyelinated axons are loosely organized, they appear in an amoeboid form having a round cell body endowed with copious cytoplasm rich in organelles. The amoeboid cells eventually transform into ramified microglia in the second postnatal week when the tissue becomes more compact with the onset of myelination. Microglia serve as immunocompetent macrophages that act as neuropathology sensors to detect and respond swiftly to subtle changes in the brain tissues in pathological conditions. Microglial functions are broadly considered as protective in the normal brain development as they phagocytose dead cells and sculpt neuronal connections by pruning excess axons and synapses. They also secrete a number of trophic factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-β among many others that are involved in neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival. On the other hand, microglial cells when activated produce a plethora of molecules such as proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide that are implicated in the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions such as epilepsy, cerebral palsy, autism, and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Although many studies have investigated the origin and functions of the microglia in the developing brain, in-depth in vivo studies along with analysis of their transcriptome and epigenetic changes need to be undertaken to elucidate their full potential be it protective or neurotoxic. This would lead to a better understanding of their roles in the healthy and diseased developing brain and advancement of therapeutic strategies to target microglia-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gurugirijha Rathnasamy
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Kołosowska K, Maciejak P, Szyndler J, Turzyńska D, Sobolewska A, Płaźnik A. The role of IL-1β and glutamate in the effects of lipopolysaccharide on the hippocampal electrical kindling of seizures. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 298:146-52. [PMID: 27609288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In our study, we used rapid electrical hippocampal kindling and in vivo microdialysis methods to assess the involvement of inflammatory mediators: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proinflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in mechanisms of epileptogenesis. We observed, that both, LPS and IL-1β, administered into stimulated hippocampus, accelerated kindling process. LPS also increased the expression of IL-1β in stimulated hippocampus in kindled rats. In vivo acute LPS perfusion, via a microdialysis cannula implanted into the naïve rat's hippocampus, produced an increase in extracellular glutamate release. We suppose, that particularly IL-1β action and increased glutamate concentration may significantly contribute to LPS effects on kindling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kołosowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Szyndler
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Turzyńska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Sobolewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Płaźnik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego Street 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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Kim I, Mlsna LM, Yoon S, Le B, Yu S, Xu D, Koh S. A postnatal peak in microglial development in the mouse hippocampus is correlated with heightened sensitivity to seizure triggers. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00403. [PMID: 26807334 PMCID: PMC4714636 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explosive synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning occur in the hippocampus during the first two weeks of postnatal life, coincident with a heightened susceptibility to seizures in rodents. To determine the temporal correlation between microglial development and age-dependent susceptibility and response to seizures, we quantified developmental changes in basal microglia levels and seizure-induced microglial activation in the hippocampus of Cx3Cr1(GFP /+) transgenic mice. METHODS Basal levels of microglia were quantified in the hippocampi of Cx3Cr1(GFP /+) mice at P0, P5, P10, P15, P20, P25, P30, P40, and P60. Seizure susceptibility and seizure-induced microglial activation were assessed in response to febrile seizures (lipopolysaccharide followed by hyperthermia) and kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. RESULTS The density of microglia within the hippocampus increased rapidly after birth, reaching a peak during the second week of life - the age at which the animals became most vulnerable to seizure triggers. In addition, this peak of microglial development and seizure vulnerability during the second postnatal week represented the time of maximal seizure-induced microglia activation. CONCLUSIONS Overreactive innate immunity mediated by activated microglia may exacerbate acute injury to neuronal synapses and contribute to the long-term epileptogenic effects of early-life seizures. Anti-inflammatory therapy targeting excessive production of inflammatory mediators by activated microglia, therefore, may be an effective age-specific therapeutic strategy to minimize neuronal dysfunction and prevent increases in susceptibility to subsequent seizures in developing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Kim
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute Department of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago Illinois
| | - Lauren M Mlsna
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute Department of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago Illinois
| | - Stella Yoon
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute Department of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago Illinois
| | - Brandy Le
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute Department of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago Illinois
| | - Songtao Yu
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute Department of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago Illinois
| | - Dan Xu
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute Department of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago Illinois
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute Department of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago Illinois
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Fukuda M, Ito M, Yano Y, Takahashi H, Motoie R, Yano A, Suzuki Y, Ishii E. Postnatal interleukin-1β administration after experimental prolonged febrile seizures enhances epileptogenesis in adulthood. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:813-9. [PMID: 25575695 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether prolonged febrile seizures (pFS) in childhood facilitate mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) in adulthood. Interleukin (IL)-1β is associated with seizures in children and immature animal models. Here, we use a rat model of pFS to study the effects of IL-1β on adult epileptogenesis, hippocampal damage, and cognition. We produced prolonged hyperthermia-induced seizures on postnatal days (P) 10-11 and administered IL-1β or saline intranasally immediately after the seizures. Motor and cognitive functions were assessed at P85 using rotarod and passive avoidance tests. Electroencephalogram recordings were conducted at P90 and P120. Hippocampal CA1 and CA3 neurons and gliosis were quantified at the end of the experiment. Spontaneous seizure incidence was significantly greater in rats that had received IL-1β than in those that had received saline or those without hyperthermia-induced seizures (p < 0.05). Seizure frequency did not differ significantly between the three groups and no motor deficits were observed. Passive avoidance learning was impaired in rats that received IL-1β compared with controls (p < 0.05), but was not different from that in rats that received saline. Hippocampal cell numbers and gliosis did not differ between the three groups. These results indicate that neuronal loss and gliosis are not prerequisites for the epileptogenic process that follows pFS. Our results suggest that infantile pFS combined with IL-1β overproduction can enhance adulthood epileptogenesis, and might contribute to the development of MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsumasa Fukuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan,
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Fukuda M, Hino H, Suzuki Y, Takahashi H, Morimoto T, Ishii E. Postnatal interleukin-1β enhances adulthood seizure susceptibility and neuronal cell death after prolonged experimental febrile seizures in infantile rats. Acta Neurol Belg 2014; 114:179-85. [PMID: 24002650 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-013-0246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FS) are recognized as an antecedent to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-HS), but it is unclear whether prolonged FS are a direct cause of TLE-HS. Here, we used a rat model of infantile FS to study the effects of inflammatory cytokines on seizure susceptibility and neuronal death in adults. Prolonged hyperthermia-induced seizures (pHS) were induced in male Lewis rats at post natal day (P) 10. Cytokines were administered twice intranasally, once immediately after pHS and once the following day. The effects of intranasal interleukin (IL)-1β or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α were tested in rats undergoing a single episode of pHS (P10) and in rats undergoing repeated pHS (P10 and P12). Seizure susceptibility was tested at P70-73 by quantifying the seizure onset time (SOT) after kainic acid administration, and neuronal cell injury and gliosis in adulthood. SOT significantly reduced in rats receiving IL-1β together with repeated pHS, whereas no significant effects were seen in rats receiving IL-1β after a single pHS episode, or in rats receiving TNFα. Hippocampal neuronal cell loss was observed in the CA3 region of rats receiving IL-1β together with repeated pHS; however, there was no significant change in gliosis among each group. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that excessive production of IL-1β after repeated prolonged FS can enhance adult seizure susceptibility and neuronal cell death, and might contribute to the development of TLE-HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsumasa Fukuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan,
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Wang Z, Fan Y, Xu J, Li L, Heng D, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, Liu W, He X. Transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus in novel rat model of febrile seizures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95237. [PMID: 24736375 PMCID: PMC3988142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common type of convulsive events in infants and young children, but the precise underlying genetic mechanism remains to be explored. To investigate the underlying pathogenic factors in FS and subsequent epilepsy, alterations in gene expression between the two new strains of rats (hyperthermia-prone [HP] vs hyperthermia-resistant [HR]), were investigated by using the Whole Rat Genome Oligo Microarray. This process identified 1,140 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 602 upregulated and 538 downregulated), which were analyzed to determine significant Gene Ontology (GO) categories, signaling pathways and gene networks. Based on the GO analyses, the modified genes are closely related to various FS pathogenesis factors, including immune and inflammatory responses and ion transport. Certain DEGs identified have not been previously examined in relation to FS pathogenesis. Among these genes is dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), a gene closely linked to interleukin 6 (IL-6), which played a key role in the gene network analysis. Furthermore, sitagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor significantly decreased epileptic discharge in rats, observed via electroencephalogram, suggesting an important role for DPP4 in FS. The effectiveness of sitagliptin in reducing seizure activity may occur through a mechanism that stabilizes cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. In addition, DPP4 expression may be regulated by DNA methylation. The hippocampal gene expression profiles in novel rat models of FS provides a large database of candidate genes and pathways, which will be useful for researchers interested in disorders of neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcheng Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanteng Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Duanhe Heng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (XH)
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (XH)
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Gu F, Hazra A, Aulakh A, Žiburkus J. Purinergic control of hippocampal circuit hyperexcitability in Dravet syndrome. Epilepsia 2014; 55:245-55. [PMID: 24417577 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI) or Dravet syndrome is one of the most devastating childhood epilepsies. Children with SMEI have febrile and afebrile seizures (FS and aFS), ataxia, and social and cognitive dysfunctions. SMEI is pharmacologically intractable and can be fatal in 10-20% of patients. It remains to be elucidated how channelopathies that cause SMEI impact synaptic activities in key neural circuits, and there is an ongoing critical need for alternative methods of controlling seizures in SMEI. Using the SCN1A gene knock-in mouse model of SMEI (mSMEI), we studied hippocampal cell and circuit excitability, particularly during hyperthermia, and tested whether an adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) agonist can reliably control hippocampal circuit hyperexcitability. METHODS Using a combination of electrophysiology (extracellular and whole-cell voltage clamp) and fast voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI), we quantified synaptic excitation and inhibition, spatiotemporal characteristics of neural circuit activity, and hyperthermia-induced febrile seizure-like events (FSLEs) in juvenile mouse hippocampal slices. We used hyperthermia to elicit FSLEs in hippocampal slices, while making use of adenosine A1R agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) to control abnormally widespread neural activity and FSLEs. RESULTS We discovered a significant excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalance in mSMEI hippocampi, in which inhibition was decreased and excitation increased. This imbalance was associated with an increased spatial extent of evoked neural circuit activation and a lowered FSLE threshold. We found that a low concentration (50 nm) of CPA blocked FSLEs and reduced the spatial extent of abnormal neural activity spread while preserving basal levels of excitatory synaptic transmission. SIGNIFICANCE Our study reveals significant hippocampal synapse and circuit dysfunctions in mSMEI and demonstrates that the A1R agonist CPA can reliably control hippocampal hyperexcitability and FSLEs in vitro. These findings may warrant further investigations of purinergic agonists as part of the development of new therapeutic approaches for Dravet syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
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12
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Febrile seizures: recent developments and unanswered questions. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:2011-7. [PMID: 23846392 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-013-2224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Febrile seizures (FS) are typically observed in infants and children affecting 2-5 % of the pediatric population and are the commonest seizures in childhood. OBJECTIVES The present review summarizes epidemiology, etiology, clinical picture, and diagnostic procedures as well as the therapeutic options and the different courses this disorder may take. METHOD An extensive review of literature is performed, while views and aspects towards the pathogenesis of FS are stated. Risk factors for multiple recurrences of FS and for subsequent epilepsy are analyzed. Questions regarding the treatment and follow-up of children with FS are answered. RESULTS Whereas the frequency of epilepsy following simple FS is estimated to be 1.0-2.2 % of patients, and thus does not differ from the risk of normal population, complicated FS are associated with an increased risk of subsequent epilepsy in 4.1-6.0 %. Febrile status epilepticus with focal symptoms may result in approximately 5 % of cases in complex partial epilepsy. Furthermore, multiple recurrences increase the risk for generalized epilepsy (>4 %). The immediate management of FS, intermittent prophylaxis, and the effectiveness of the treatment in combination with antipyretics are presented in detail. CONCLUSION FS can cause a great anxiety and even panic to parents and to the whole family. Parents should be educated about the benign condition and the good prognosis. Although much information has been gained, much remains to be learned.
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Silveira G, de Oliveira ACP, Teixeira AL. Insights into inflammation and epilepsy from the basic and clinical sciences. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:1071-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yu N, Di Q, Hu Y, Zhang YF, Su LY, Liu XH, Li LC. A meta-analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the plasma of epileptic patients with recent seizure. Neurosci Lett 2012; 514:110-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Long-term consequences of a prolonged febrile seizure in a dual pathology model. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43:312-21. [PMID: 21406232 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that febrile status epilepticus (SE) in children can lead to acute hippocampal injury and subsequent temporal lobe epilepsy. The contribution of febrile SE to the mechanisms underlying temporal lobe epilepsy are however poorly understood. A rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy following hyperthermic SE was previously established in our laboratory, wherein a focal cortical lesion induced at postnatal day 1 (P1), followed by a hyperthermic SE (more than 30 min) at P10, leads to hippocampal atrophy at P22 (dual pathology model) and spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) with mild visuospatial memory deficits in adult rats. The goal of this study was to identify the long term electrophysiological, anatomical and molecular changes in this model. Following hyperthermic SE, all cortically lesioned pups developed progressive SRS as adults, characterized by the onset of highly rhythmic activity in the hippocampus. A reduction of hippocampal volume on the side of the lesion preceded the SRS and was associated with a loss of hippocampal neurons, a marked decrease in pyramidal cell spine density, an increase in the hippocampal levels of NMDA receptor NR2A subunit, but no significant change in GABA receptors. These findings suggest that febrile SE in the abnormal brain leads to hippocampal injury that is followed by progressive network reorganization and molecular changes that contribute to the epileptogenesis as well as the observed memory deficits.
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Expression of the interleukin 6 system in cortical lesions from patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and focal cortical dysplasia type IIb. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:838-49. [PMID: 20613633 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181eaeae5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCDIIb) are characterized by epilepsy-associated cerebral cortical malformations. To understand the potential role of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the pathogenesis of these lesions, we analyzed the IL-6 system in TSC and FCDIIb cortical lesions and in control cortex (CTX). Greater messenger RNA and protein levels of IL-6 and of its receptors (i.e. IL-6 receptor [IL-6R] and glycoprotein 130 [gp130]) were observed in TSC and FCDIIb lesions versus CTX. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that IL-6 and IL-6R were strongly expressed in misshapen cells, namely, dysmorphic neurons, giant neurons, and balloon cells. Glycoprotein 130 was diffusely expressed in nearly all cell types. Most IL-6/IL-6R+ misshapen cells colabeled with neuronal rather than astrocytic markers, suggesting a neuronal lineage; most IL-6/IL-6R+ balloon cells in FCDIIb expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein. Protein levels of Janus kinase 2 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 were greater than in CTX, suggesting involvement of the gp130-Janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway in IL-6 signal transduction. Soluble IL-6R, but not soluble gp130, was greater in TSC and FCDIIb lesions than in CTX, indicating activation of this trans-signaling pathway. These results suggest that overexpression in the IL-6 system and activation of IL-6 signal transduction pathways may contribute to the pathogenesis of cortical lesions in TSC and FCDIIb.
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Genetic susceptibility to febrile seizures: case-control association studies. Brain Dev 2010; 32:57-63. [PMID: 19854014 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A genetic predisposition to febrile seizures (FS) has long been recognized. The inheritance appears to be polygenic in small families or sporadic cases of FS encountered in daily clinical practice. To determine whether candidate genes are responsible for the susceptibility to FS, we have performed genetic association studies in FS patients and controls. METHODS The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes involved in immune response (interleukin (IL) 1B), endocannabinoid signaling (CNR1), acid-base balance (SLC4A3, SLC9A1, SLC9A3), gap junction channel (CX43), and GABA(A) receptor trafficking (PRIP1) were examined in 249 FS patients (186 simple and 63 complex FS) and 225 controls. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the allele frequencies of the SNPs between controls and all FS, simple FS, and complex FS patients. When the simple FS patients were divided into two groups according to either having (familial) or not having a family history of FS in close relatives (sporadic), there was a significant association between IL1B -511 SNP and sporadic simple FS (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that cytokine genes may act as enhancers or attenuators of FS susceptibility. Genetic association study may be an effective approach to understanding the molecular basis of FS at least in a subgroup of patients.
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Scantlebury MH, Heida JG. Febrile seizures and temporal lobe epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Res 2009; 89:27-33. [PMID: 20005077 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FS) are a common neurological disorder that affects children. Simple FS are thought to be benign but experimental and clinical evidence support that the risk of developing epilepsy after FS increases if the FS are prolonged and the brain is abnormal. In addition, prolonged FS (PFS) have many deleterious long-term effects characterized mainly in the hippocampus but may involve the whole brain and that prompt abortive treatment of PFS may prevent some of the adverse effects. This review focuses on some of the key factors involved in the generation of FS, factors leading to PFS and potential mechanisms and functional correlates leading to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris H Scantlebury
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
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