1
|
Yaari Z, Cheung JM, Baker HA, Frederiksen RS, Jena PV, Horoszko CP, Jiao F, Scheuring S, Luo M, Heller DA. Nanoreporter of an Enzymatic Suicide Inactivation Pathway. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7819-7827. [PMID: 33119310 PMCID: PMC8177003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic suicide inactivation, a route of permanent enzyme inhibition, is the mechanism of action for a wide array of pharmaceuticals. Here, we developed the first nanosensor that selectively reports the suicide inactivation pathway of an enzyme. The sensor is based on modulation of the near-infrared fluorescence of an enzyme-bound carbon nanotube. The nanosensor responded selectively to substrate-mediated suicide inactivation of the tyrosinase enzyme via bathochromic shifting of the nanotube emission wavelength. Mechanistic investigations revealed that singlet oxygen generated by the suicide inactivation pathway induced the response. We used the nanosensor to quantify the degree of enzymatic inactivation by measuring response rates to small molecule tyrosinase modulators. This work resulted in a new capability of interrogating a specific route of enzymatic death. Potential applications include drug screening and hit-validation for compounds that elicit or inhibit enzymatic inactivation and single-molecule measurements to assess population heterogeneity in enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Yaari
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Justin M. Cheung
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Hanan A. Baker
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Rune S. Frederiksen
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Prakrit V. Jena
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Christopher, P. Horoszko
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Fang Jiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Simon Scheuring
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Minkui Luo
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Daniel A. Heller
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao L, Gao R, Lu S, Ren L, Wang Z. Reversal of adriamycin resistance in human mammary cancer cells by small interfering RNA of MDR1 and MDR3 genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 26:735-7. [PMID: 17357504 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-006-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reversal effect of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting MDR1 and MDR3 genes on the resistance of MCF-7/ADR cells to adriamycin. siRNA plasmid vector targeting MDR1 and MDR3 genes was transfected into MCF-7/ADR cells, and then was stained with Annexin-V FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated) to detect the early stage cell apoptosis by flow cytometry (FCM). 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of adriamycin for MCF-7/ADR cells was determined by MTT method. MDR1 and MDR3 mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR. Treatment of MCF-7/ADR cells with the two kinds of siRNAs resulted in a reversal of adriamycin resistance of MDR to different extents. 1) The apoptosis efficiency of MDR1 and MDR3 siRNA vector after transfection was (18.21+/-1.65) % and (9.07+/-2.16) % respectively (P<0.05), and there was significant differences in the apoptosis efficiency between p Suppressor Neo vector and the MDR1 siRNA or MDR3 siRNA vector (P<0.01); 2) The reversal effect of MDR1 siRNA is higher than that of MDR3 siRNA (P<0.05); 3) The expression of MDRI and MDR3 mRNA can be restrained by p Suppressor Neo MDR1 and MDR3 siRNA respectively, and the reduction in the mRNA level was in a time-dependent manner (P<0.01). MDR1 and MDR3 gene silencing can enhance intracellular adriamycin accumulation in MCF-7/ADR cells, improve sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR cells to adriamycin, and induce cell apoptosis. The reversal effect of adriamycin resistance by siRNA of MDR1 was more effective than that of MDR3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
O'Brian CA, Chu F, Bornmann WG, Maxwell DS. Protein kinase Cα and ε small-molecule targeted therapeutics: a new roadmap to two Holy Grails in drug discovery? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:175-86. [PMID: 16445370 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase (PK)Calpha and epsilon are rational targets for cancer therapy. However, targeted experimental therapeutics that inhibit PKCalpha or epsilon are unavailable. The authors established recently that covalent modification of an active-site cysteine in human PKCepsilon, Cys452, by small molecules, for example 2-mercaptoethanolamine, is necessary and sufficient to render PKCepsilon kinase-dead. Cys452 is conserved in only eleven human protein kinase genes, including PKCalpha. Therefore, the design of small molecules that bind PKC active sites with an electrophile substituent positioned proximal to the Cys452 side chain may lead to targeted therapeutics that selectively inhibit PKCepsilon, PKCalpha or other PKC isozymes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tobe BTD, Brandel MG, Nye JS, Snyder EY. Implications and limitations of cellular reprogramming for psychiatric drug development. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e59. [PMID: 24232258 PMCID: PMC3849573 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from somatic cells of patients have opened possibilities for in vitro modeling of the physiology of neural (and other) cells in psychiatric disease states. Issues in early stages of technology development include (1) establishing a library of cells from adequately phenotyped patients, (2) streamlining laborious, costly hiPSC derivation and characterization, (3) assessing whether mutations or other alterations introduced by reprogramming confound interpretation, (4) developing efficient differentiation strategies to relevant cell types, (5) identifying discernible cellular phenotypes meaningful for cyclic, stress induced or relapsing-remitting diseases, (6) converting phenotypes to screening assays suitable for genome-wide mechanistic studies or large collection compound testing and (7) controlling for variability in relation to disease specificity amidst low sample numbers. Coordination of material for reprogramming from patients well-characterized clinically, genetically and with neuroimaging are beginning, and initial studies have begun to identify cellular phenotypes. Finally, several psychiatric drugs have been found to alter reprogramming efficiency in vitro, suggesting further complexity in applying hiPSCs to psychiatric diseases or that some drugs influence neural differentiation moreso than generally recognized. Despite these challenges, studies utilizing hiPSCs may eventually serve to fill essential niches in the translational pipeline for the discovery of new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T D Tobe
- 1] Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan C, Higgins PJ. Drugging the undruggable: transcription therapy for cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:76-85. [PMID: 23147197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is often the convergence point of oncogenic signaling. It is not surprising, therefore, that aberrant gene expression is a hallmark of cancer. Transformed cells often develop a dependency on such a reprogramming highlighting the therapeutic potential of rectifying cancer-associated transcriptional abnormalities in malignant cells. Although transcription is traditionally considered as undruggable, agents have been developed that target various levels of transcriptional regulation including DNA binding by transcription factors, protein-protein interactions, and epigenetic alterations. Some of these agents have been approved for clinical use or entered clinical trials. While artificial transcription factors have been developed that can theoretically modulate expression of any given gene, the emergence of reliable reporter assays greatly facilitates the search for transcription-targeted agents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these developments, and discusses various strategies applicable for developing transcription-targeted therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Yan
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, MC-165, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Identification of type-specific anticancer histone deacetylase inhibitors: road to success. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 66:625-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
LAS0811: from combinatorial chemistry to activation of antioxidant response element. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:420194. [PMID: 19794825 PMCID: PMC2753787 DOI: 10.1155/2009/420194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant response element (ARE) and its transcription factor, nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), are potential targets for cancer chemoprevention. We sought to screen small molecules synthesized with combinatorial chemistry for activation of ARE. By high-throughput screening of 9400 small molecules from 10 combinatorial chemical libraries using HepG2 cells with an ARE-driven reporter, we have identified a novel small molecule, 1,2-dimethoxy-4,5-dinitrobenzene (LAS0811), as an activator of the ARE. LAS0811 upregulated the activity of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a representative antioxidative enzyme regulated by ARE. It enhanced production of an endogenous reducing agent, glutathione (GSH). In addition, LAS0811 induced expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), which is an ARE-regulated enzyme with anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, LAS0811 reduced cell death due to the cytotoxic stress of a strong oxidant, t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH). Mechanistically, LAS0811 upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and promoted its translocation into the nuclei leading to subsequent ARE activation. Taken together, LAS0811 is a novel activator of the ARE and its associated detoxifying genes and, thus, a potential agent for cancer chemoprevention.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hallis TM, Kopp AL, Gibson J, Lebakken CS, Hancock M, Van Den Heuvel-Kramer K, Turek-Etienne T. An improved beta-lactamase reporter assay: multiplexing with a cytotoxicity readout for enhanced accuracy of hit identification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:635-44. [PMID: 17517902 DOI: 10.1177/1087057107301499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A problem inherent to the use of cellular assays for drug discovery is their sensitivity to cytotoxic compounds, which can result in false hits from certain compound screens. To alleviate the need to follow-up hits from a reporter assay with a separate cytotoxicity assay, the authors have developed a multiplexed assay that combines the readout of a beta-lactamase reporter with that of a homogeneous cytotoxicity indicator. Important aspects to the development of the multiplexed format are addressed, including results that demonstrate that the IC(50) values of 40 select compounds in a beta-lactamase reporter assay for nuclear factor kappa B and SIE pathway antagonists are not affected by the addition of the cytotoxicity indicator. To demonstrate the improvement in hit confirmation, the multiplexed assay was used to perform a small-library screen (7728 compounds) for serotonin 5HT1A receptor antagonists. Hits identified from analysis of the beta-lactamase reporter data alone were compared to those hits determined when the reporter and cytotoxicity data generated from the multiplexed assay were combined. Confirmation rates were determined from compound follow-up using dose-response analysis of the potential antagonist hits identified by the initial screen. In this representative screen, the multiplexed assay approach yielded a 19% reduction in the number of compounds flagged for follow-up, with a 37% decrease in the number of false hits, demonstrating that multiplexing a beta-lactamase reporter assay with a cytotoxicity readout is a highly effective strategy for reducing false hit rates in cell-based compound screening assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Hallis
- Invitrogen Discovery Sciences, Madison,Wisconsin 53719, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Decaestecker C, Debeir O, Van Ham P, Kiss R. Can anti-migratory drugs be screened in vitro? A review of 2D and 3D assays for the quantitative analysis of cell migration. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:149-76. [PMID: 16888756 DOI: 10.1002/med.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to detail and analyze the pros and cons of in vitro tests available to quantify the anti-migratory effects of anti-cancer drugs for their eventual use in combating the dispersal of tumor cells, a clinical need which currently remains unsatisfied. We therefore briefly sum up why anti-migratory drugs constitute a promising approach in oncology while at the same time emphasizing that migrating cancer cells are resistant to apoptosis. To analyze the pros and cons of the various in vitro tests under review we also briefly sum up the molecular and cellular stages of cancer cell migration, an approach that enables us to argue both that no single in vitro test is sufficient to characterize the anti-migratory potential of a drug and that standardization is needed for the efficient quantitative analysis of cell locomotion in a 3D environment. Before concluding our review we devote the final two parts (i) to the description of new prototypes which, in the near future, could enter the screening process with a view to identifying novel anti-migratory compounds, and (ii) to the anti-migratory compounds currently developed against cancer, with particular emphasis on how these compounds were selected before entering the clinical trial phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Egland KA, Liu XF, Squires S, Nagata S, Man YG, Bera TK, Onda M, Vincent JJ, Strausberg RL, Lee B, Pastan I. High expression of a cytokeratin-associated protein in many cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5929-34. [PMID: 16585525 PMCID: PMC1458675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601296103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have described previously a cDNA library made from membrane-bound polysomal mRNA prepared from breast and prostate cancer cell lines. The library is highly enriched for cDNAs encoding membrane proteins, secreted proteins, and cytokeratins. To characterize this library, 25,277 cDNA clones were sequenced and aligned with various databases; 1,439 clones did not align with known genes. From this set of clones we identified a previously uncharacterized gene encoding a 334-aa protein. Although protein structural motif prediction programs indicate that the gene encodes a membrane protein comprising a signal sequence, a series of leucine-rich repeats, and a single transmembrane domain with a cytoplasmic tail, confocal microscopy of MCF7 breast cancer cells demonstrates that the protein is not directly associated with the plasma membrane or intracellular membranes but instead colocalizes with intermediate filaments and cytokeratins within the cell. Immunofluorescence studies also show that protein expression is increased greatly in mitotic MCF7 cells, and immunohistochemistry demonstrates its expression in human breast cancer cells. Analysis of mRNA levels in 25 different normal tissues by RT-PCR shows that this gene is expressed highly in normal prostate and salivary gland, very weakly in colon, pancreas, and intestine, and not at all in other tissues. RT-PCR studies on human cancer samples show that the RNA is expressed highly in many cancer cell lines and cancer specimens, including 26 of 33 human breast cancers, 3 of 3 prostate cancers, 3 of 3 colon cancers, and 3 of 3 pancreatic cancers. We name the protein CAPC, cytokeratin-associated protein in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi A. Egland
- *South Dakota Health Research Foundation–Signal Transduction Institute, University of South Dakota School of Medicine and Sioux Valley Hospitals and Health System, Sioux Falls, SD 57105
| | - Xiu Fen Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen Squires
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Satoshi Nagata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yan-Gao Man
- Department of Gynecologic and Breast Cancer Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306; and
| | - Tapan K. Bera
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Masanori Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James J. Vincent
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Byungkook Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blagosklonny MV. Overcoming limitations of natural anticancer drugs by combining with artificial agents. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2005; 26:77-81. [PMID: 15681024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During a billion years of evolution, living creatures have perfected cytotoxic agents to kill other organisms without killing themselves, thus providing us with antibiotics to kill bacteria without killing eukaryotic (e.g. human) cells. Some natural agents inhibit specifically most vital cellular structures and functions in cancer cells. However, nature was not creating antibiotics for cancer, and natural agents kill cancer cells precisely because they share targets with normal cells. To discriminate between particular cancer cells and normal cells, we can design or select artificial agents that are not necessarily lethal but are aimed either at cancer-specific targets or at dispensable and even unavailable (in cancer cells) targets. Using rational drug combinations, such selective agents can assist natural agents to eradicate cancer cells selectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Blagosklonny
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College, 19 Bradhurst Avenue, Hawthorne, NY 10532, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Füllbeck M, Huang X, Dumdey R, Frommel C, Dubiel W, Preissner R. Novel curcumin- and emodin-related compounds identified by in silico 2D/3D conformer screening induce apoptosis in tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:97. [PMID: 16083495 PMCID: PMC1198225 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition of the COP9 signalosome (CSN) associated kinases CK2 and PKD by curcumin causes stabilization of the tumor suppressor p53. It has been shown that curcumin induces tumor cell death and apoptosis. Curcumin and emodin block the CSN-directed c-Jun signaling pathway, which results in diminished c-Jun steady state levels in HeLa cells. The aim of this work was to search for new CSN kinase inhibitors analogue to curcumin and emodin by means of an in silico screening method. Methods Here we present a novel method to identify efficient inhibitors of CSN-associated kinases. Using curcumin and emodin as lead structures an in silico screening with our in-house database containing more than 106 structures was carried out. Thirty-five compounds were identified and further evaluated by the Lipinski's rule-of-five. Two groups of compounds can be clearly discriminated according to their structures: the curcumin-group and the emodin-group. The compounds were evaluated in in vitro kinase assays and in cell culture experiments. Results The data revealed 3 compounds of the curcumin-group (e.g. piceatannol) and 4 of the emodin-group (e.g. anthrachinone) as potent inhibitors of CSN-associated kinases. Identified agents increased p53 levels and induced apoptosis in tumor cells as determined by annexin V-FITC binding, DNA fragmentation and caspase activity assays. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that the new in silico screening method is highly efficient for identifying potential anti-tumor drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Füllbeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Monbijoustr. 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Surgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Monbijoustr. 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Dumdey
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Surgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Monbijoustr. 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Frommel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Monbijoustr. 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Dubiel
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Surgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Monbijoustr. 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Monbijoustr. 2, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Russello SV. Assessing Cellular Protein Phosphorylation: High Throughput Drug Discovery Technologies. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2004; 2:225-35. [PMID: 15165518 DOI: 10.1089/154065804323056567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in protein phosphorylation mediate much of cellular physiology. Perturbations in the activity of the kinases that catalyze these reactions underlie numerous human pathologies, including metabolic and inflammatory disorders and most notably, cancer. HTS techniques that determine the activity of protein kinases in vitro are useful in the development of small molecule kinase inhibitors, but do not address underlying mechanistic concerns or efficient in vivo targeting. Observing protein phosphorylation in cell lysates and fixed cells in a high throughput manner is fundamental to understanding the mechanism of action of lead molecules and whether they target signaling pathways of interest. Herein we discuss several higher throughput techniques to study cellular protein kinase signal transduction and the strategies for implementation in kinase drug discovery.
Collapse
|