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Irep N, Inci K, Tokgun PE, Tokgun O. Exosome inhibition improves response to first-line therapy in small cell lung cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18138. [PMID: 38353469 PMCID: PMC10865916 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are recognized as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication, facilitating carcinogenesis. Although there have been significant advancements in exosome research in recent decades, no drugs that target the inhibition of sEV secretion have been approved for human use. For this study, we employed GW4869 and Nexinhib20 as inhibitors of exosome synthesis and trafficking combined. First, we found that Nexinhib20 and GW4869 effectively inhibited RAB27A and neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) nsMase2. Interestingly, the inhibition of nsMase2 and RAB27A decreased expression of CD9, CD63 and Tsg101, both at RNA and protein levels. We used a combination treatment strategy of cisplatin/etoposide plus GW4869 or Nexinhib20 on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. The combination treatment of GW4869 or Nexinhib20 effectively enhanced the inhibitory effects of first-line chemotherapy on the SCLC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that reducing exosome release through GW4869 and Nexinhib20 treatment effectively reduced cellular proliferation and significantly induced apoptosis in SCLC cells. Also, we showed that combining exosome inhibition with chemotherapy has a significant synergistic effect on cellular proliferation. We also found increased p53 and p21 expressions with western blot and significantly changing Bax, BCL2, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions. Inhibiting the exosome pathway offers opportunities for developing novel, effective treatment strategies for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Irep
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institution of Health SciencesPamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
| | - Kubilay Inci
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institution of Health SciencesPamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
| | - Pervin Elvan Tokgun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicinePamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
| | - Onur Tokgun
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institution of Health SciencesPamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicinePamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
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Le-Xin C, Ming-Jun L, Chun-Qi X, Jia-Xin Z, Jing-Ya Y, Li-Xin N, Mei-Qi W, En-Xin Z, Xiao-Jun Z. Yi Qi Chu Tan Formula (YQCTF) inhibited the progress of lung cancer via regulating tumor-associated neutrophil: An integrated study of network pharmacology, proteomics and pharmacodynamics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116943. [PMID: 37532072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yi Qi Chu Tan Formula (YQCTF), a prescription consisting of eight traditional Chinese medicine for treating lung cancer, has been clinically proven to be effective in improving the life quality and prolonging the survival time of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of YQCTF on NSCLC mice model and further explore its therapeutic targets by using network pharmacology, proteomics and pharmacodynamic methodologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The network pharmacology analysis was firstly conducted to screen out the potential active ingredients and therapeutic targets of YQCTF against NSCLC. Three kinds of extracts, i.e. the water extract (WE), water extraction-alcohol precipitation (WEAP) and alcohol extract (AE) of YQCTF were prepared, which chemical compositions were subsequently analyzed by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and which anti-neoplastic efficacy was examined on NSCLC mice model. Mice tumor tissues were collected for proteomics analysis, and the immunomodulatory effects of YQCTF extracts on the tumor microenvironment (TME) were further validated by using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot. RESULTS Network pharmacology identified 60 conjunct genes and ample cancer-related signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets of YQCTF. Protein-protein interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that YQCTF might negatively regulate cancer-related inflammation. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the main components of YQCTF include at least ginsenosides, solasodine, solamargine, solasonine, peimisine, peiminine, peimine and sipeimine-3β-D-glucosihde. All kinds of YQCTF extracts significantly inhibited the growth of lung cancer allograft and regulated the ratio of immune cells in tumor tissues, i.e. upregulated the fractions of T cells, promoted the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), increased the M1/M2 ratio of tumor-related macrophages, but reduced the number of Tregs and immunosuppressive neutrophils. Proteomics identified neutrophils to be the most prominently enriched target linked to NETs formation in mice tumor tissue, which is verified by the downregulation of neutrophil recruiting factors involving IL-6, HIF-1α and IL-8, as well as the decreases of NETs-related biomarkers including H3cit, MPO, CD18, MMP9 and ICAM-1 in immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot analysis. CONCLUSION YQCTF inhibited the progress of mice NSCLC allograft, suppressed the pro-tumorigenic tumor-associated neutrophils and improved the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Le-Xin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Li Ming-Jun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xu Chun-Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zeng Jia-Xin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yang Jing-Ya
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6001, Beihuan Avenue, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518034, PR China
| | - Nie Li-Xin
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6001, Beihuan Avenue, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518034, PR China
| | - Wang Mei-Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhang En-Xin
- The Sixth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6001, Beihuan Avenue, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518034, PR China; Shenzhen Bao'an Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, No. 99, Lai'an Road, Xixiang Street, Bao'an District, Shenzhen, 518101, PR China.
| | - Zhang Xiao-Jun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Waihuandong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Huang J, Wang C, Hou Y, Tian Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Li W. Molecular mechanisms of Thrombospondin-2 modulates tumor vasculogenic mimicry by PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115455. [PMID: 37696083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) differs from the classical tumor angiogenesis model. VM does not depend on endothelial cells; instead, highly aggressive tumor cells mimic endothelial cells to form a vascular-like channel structure. VM mediated by tumor cells is significantly and positively associated with a poor prognosis and low survival rates in patients with highly aggressive cancer. In the treatment of highly aggressive malignancies, the presence of VM is considered an important reason for the unsatisfactory clinical efficacy of anti-tumor-angiogenesis therapy (e.g., therapy targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A). Many targeted therapeutic drugs based on traditional tumor blood vessels have been used clinically. Although some progress has been made in certain tumors, problems such as drug resistance have restricted the expected therapeutic effects. Thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) is one of the most important genes associated with angiogenesis, and this gene exerts angiogenesis-related functions through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Although the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is closely related to the progression of VM, the mechanism by which the promising biomarker THBS2 participates in and regulates tumor VM by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is unclear. In this review, we analyze the monomer structure and biological activity of THBS2, the structure and potential synthesis mechanisms of VM, and the complex mechanisms between THBS2, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and VM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yixuan Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yanru Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, The College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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