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Yamamoto S, Matsui K, Kinoshita Y, Hiroshi Sasaki, Sekine H, Saito Y, Nakayama Y, Kume H, Kimura T, Yokoo T, Kobayashi E. Successful reconstruction of the rat ureter by a syngeneic collagen tube with a cardiomyocyte sheet. Regen Ther 2023; 24:561-567. [PMID: 37868722 PMCID: PMC10584669 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ureteral injuries require surgical intervention as they lead to loss of renal function. The current reconstructive techniques for long ureteral defects are problematic. Consequently, this study aimed to reconstruct the ureter in a rat model using subcutaneously prepared autologous collagen tubes (Biotubes). Methods The lower ureter of LEW/SsNSlc rats was ligated to dilate the ureter to make anastomosis easier, and reconstruction was performed six days later by anastomosing the dilated ureter and bladder with a Biotube that was prepared subcutaneously in syngeneic rats. Some rats underwent left nephrectomy and ureter reconstruction simultaneously as negative controls to evaluate the effects of urine flow on patency. The other rats were divided into three groups as follows: a group in which the ureter was reconstructed with the Biotube alone, a group in which cardiomyocyte sheets made from the neonatal hearts of syngeneic rats were wrapped around the Biotube, and a group in which an adipose-derived stem cell sheets made from the inguinal fat of adult syngeneic rats were wrapped. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and pathological evaluations were performed two weeks after reconstruction. Result In the Biotube alone group, all tubes were occluded and hydronephrosis developed, whereas the urothelium regenerated beyond the anastomosis when the left kidney was not removed, suggesting that urothelial epithelial spread occurred with urinary flow. The patency of the ureteral lumen was obtained in some rats in the cardiomyocyte sheet covered group, whereas stricture or obstruction of the reconstructed ureter was observed in all rats in the other groups. Pathological evaluation revealed a layered urothelial structure in the cardiomyocyte sheet covered group, although only a small amount of cardiomyocyte sheets remained. Conclusion Urinary flow may support the epithelial spread of the urothelium into the reconstructed ureter. Neonatal rat cardiomyocyte sheets supported the patency of the regenerated ureter with a layered urothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kinoshita
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Sekine
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yatsumu Saito
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | | | - Haruki Kume
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Kidney Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Elia E, Brownell D, Chabaud S, Bolduc S. Tissue Engineering for Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Tracts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010009. [PMID: 36613452 PMCID: PMC9820091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts share several similarities. Primarily, these tissues are composed of hollow structures lined by an epithelium through which materials need to flow with the help of peristalsis brought by muscle contraction. In the case of the gastrointestinal tract, solid or liquid food must circulate to be digested and absorbed and the waste products eliminated. In the case of the urinary tract, the urine produced by the kidneys must flow to the bladder, where it is stored until its elimination from the body. Finally, in the case of the vagina, it must allow the evacuation of blood during menstruation, accommodate the male sexual organ during coitus, and is the natural way to birth a child. The present review describes the anatomy, pathologies, and treatments of such organs, emphasizing tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Elia
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - David Brownell
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale/LOEX, Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-525-4444 (ext. 42282)
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Deuper L, Meuser M, Thiesler H, Jany UWH, Rudat C, Hildebrandt H, Trowe MO, Kispert A. Mesenchymal FGFR1 and FGFR2 control patterning of the ureteric mesenchyme by balancing SHH and BMP4 signaling. Development 2022; 149:276592. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The coordinated development of the mesenchymal and epithelial progenitors of the murine ureter depends on a complex interplay of diverse signaling activities. We have recently shown that epithelial FGFR2 signaling regulates stratification and differentiation of the epithelial compartment by enhancing epithelial Shh expression, and mesenchymal SHH and BMP4 activity. Here, we show that FGFR1 and FGFR2 expression in the mesenchymal primordium impinges on the SHH/BMP4 signaling axis to regulate mesenchymal patterning and differentiation. Mouse embryos with conditional loss of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in the ureteric mesenchyme exhibited reduced mesenchymal proliferation and prematurely activated lamina propria formation at the expense of the smooth muscle cell program. They also manifested hydroureter at birth. Molecular profiling detected increased SHH, WNT and retinoic acid signaling, whereas BMP4 signaling in the mesenchyme was reduced. Pharmacological activation of SHH signaling in combination with inhibition of BMP4 signaling recapitulated the cellular changes in explant cultures of wild-type ureters. Additional experiments suggest that mesenchymal FGFR1 and FGFR2 act as a sink for FGF ligands to dampen activation of Shh and BMP receptor gene expression by epithelial FGFR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Deuper
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Max Meuser
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 2 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Ulrich W. H. Jany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 2 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover 1 , 30625 Hannover , Germany
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Connaughton DM, Hildebrandt F. Disease mechanisms of monogenic congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:325-343. [PMID: 36208064 PMCID: PMC9618346 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT) is a developmental disorder of the kidney and/or genito-urinary tract that results in end stage kidney disease (ESKD) in up to 50% of children. Despite the congenital nature of the disease, CAKUT accounts for almost 10% of adult onset ESKD. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that CAKUT is a Mendelian disorder, including the observation of familial clustering of CAKUT. Pathogenesis in CAKUT is embryonic in origin, with disturbances of kidney and urinary tract development resulting in a heterogeneous range of disease phenotypes. Despite polygenic and environmental factors being implicated, a significant proportion of CAKUT is monogenic in origin, with studies demonstrating single gene defects in 10%-20% of patients with CAKUT. Here, we review monogenic disease causation with emphasis on the etiological role of gene developmental pathways in CAKUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervla M Connaughton
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kurz J, Weiss AC, Lüdtke THW, Deuper L, Trowe MO, Thiesler H, Hildebrandt H, Heineke J, Duncan SA, Kispert A. GATA6 is a crucial factor for Myocd expression in the visceral smooth muscle cell differentiation program of the murine ureter. Development 2022; 149:dev200522. [PMID: 35905011 PMCID: PMC10656427 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are a crucial component of the mesenchymal wall of the ureter, as they account for the efficient removal of the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder by means of their contractile activity. Here, we show that the zinc-finger transcription factor gene Gata6 is expressed in mesenchymal precursors of ureteric SMCs under the control of BMP4 signaling. Mice with a conditional loss of Gata6 in these precursors exhibit a delayed onset and reduced level of SMC differentiation and peristaltic activity, as well as dilatation of the ureter and renal pelvis (hydroureternephrosis) at birth and at postnatal stages. Molecular profiling revealed a delayed and reduced expression of the myogenic driver gene Myocd, but the activation of signaling pathways and transcription factors previously implicated in activation of the visceral SMC program in the ureter was unchanged. Additional gain-of-function experiments suggest that GATA6 cooperates with FOXF1 in Myocd activation and SMC differentiation, possibly as pioneer and lineage-determining factors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kurz
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo H.-W. Lüdtke
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Deuper
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institut für Klinische Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institut für Klinische Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joerg Heineke
- Abteilung für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, European Center for Angioscience, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephen A. Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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Comparative whole-genome transcriptome analysis in renal cell populations reveals high tissue specificity of MAPK/ERK targets in embryonic kidney. BMC Biol 2022; 20:112. [PMID: 35550069 PMCID: PMC9102746 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MAPK/ERK signaling is a well-known mediator of extracellular stimuli controlling intracellular responses to growth factors and mechanical cues. The critical requirement of MAPK/ERK signaling for embryonic stem cell maintenance is demonstrated, but specific functions in progenitor regulation during embryonic development, and in particular kidney development remain largely unexplored. We previously demonstrated MAPK/ERK signaling as a key regulator of kidney growth through branching morphogenesis and normal nephrogenesis where it also regulates progenitor expansion. Here, we performed RNA sequencing-based whole-genome expression analysis to identify transcriptional MAPK/ERK targets in two distinct renal populations: the ureteric bud epithelium and the nephron progenitors. Results Our analysis revealed a large number (5053) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nephron progenitors and significantly less (1004) in ureteric bud epithelium, reflecting likely heterogenicity of cell types. The data analysis identified high tissue-specificity, as only a fraction (362) of MAPK/ERK targets are shared between the two tissues. Tissue-specific MAPK/ERK targets participate in the regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism in nephron progenitors, which fail to maintain normal mitochondria numbers in the MAPK/ERK-deficient tissue. In the ureteric bud epithelium, a dramatic decline in progenitor-specific gene expression was detected with a simultaneous increase in differentiation-associated genes, which was not observed in nephron progenitors. Our experiments in the genetic model of MAPK/ERK deficiency provide evidence that MAPK/ERK signaling in the ureteric bud maintains epithelial cells in an undifferentiated state. Interestingly, the transcriptional targets shared between the two tissues studied are over-represented by histone genes, suggesting that MAPK/ERK signaling regulates cell cycle progression and stem cell maintenance through chromosome condensation and nucleosome assembly. Conclusions Using tissue-specific MAPK/ERK inactivation and RNA sequencing in combination with experimentation in embryonic kidneys, we demonstrate here that MAPK/ERK signaling maintains ureteric bud tip cells, suggesting a regulatory role in collecting duct progenitors. We additionally deliver new mechanistic information on how MAPK/ERK signaling regulates progenitor maintenance through its effects on chromatin accessibility and energy metabolism. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01309-z.
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7
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Yoshida K, Takezawa S, Itoh M, Takahashi E, Inokuma H, Watanabe K, Kobayashi Y. Renal Dysplasia with Hydronephrosis and Congenital Ureteral Stricture in Two Holstein-Friesian Calves. J Comp Pathol 2022; 193:20-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Wiessner GB, Plumber SA, Xiang T, Mendelsohn CL. Development, regeneration and tumorigenesis of the urothelium. Development 2022; 149:dev198184. [PMID: 35521701 PMCID: PMC10656457 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The urothelium of the bladder functions as a waterproof barrier between tissue and outflowing urine. Largely quiescent during homeostasis, this unique epithelium rapidly regenerates in response to bacterial or chemical injury. The specification of the proper cell types during development and injury repair is crucial for tissue function. This Review surveys the current understanding of urothelial progenitor populations in the contexts of organogenesis, regeneration and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we discuss pathways and signaling mechanisms involved in urothelial differentiation, and consider the relevance of this knowledge to stem cell biology and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B. Wiessner
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sakina A. Plumber
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tina Xiang
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cathy L. Mendelsohn
- Departments of Urology, Genetics and Development, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Kurz J, Weiss AC, Thiesler H, Qasrawi F, Deuper L, Kaur J, Rudat C, Lüdtke TH, Wojahn I, Hildebrandt H, Trowe MO, Kispert A. Notch signaling is a novel regulator of visceral smooth muscle cell differentiation in the murine ureter. Development 2022; 149:274136. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The contractile phenotype of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is transcriptionally controlled by a complex of the DNA-binding protein SRF and the transcriptional co-activator MYOCD. The pathways that activate expression of Myocd and of SMC structural genes in mesenchymal progenitors are diverse, reflecting different intrinsic and extrinsic signaling inputs. Taking the ureter as a model, we analyzed whether Notch signaling, a pathway previously implicated in vascular SMC development, also affects visceral SMC differentiation. We show that mice with a conditional deletion of the unique Notch mediator RBPJ in the undifferentiated ureteric mesenchyme exhibit altered ureter peristalsis with a delayed onset, and decreased contraction frequency and intensity at fetal stages. They also develop hydroureter 2 weeks after birth. Notch signaling is required for precise temporal activation of Myocd expression and, independently, for expression of a group of late SMC structural genes. Based on additional expression analyses, we suggest that a mesenchymal JAG1-NOTCH2/NOTCH3 module regulates visceral SMC differentiation in the ureter in a biphasic and bimodal manner, and that its molecular function differs from that in the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kurz
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fairouz Qasrawi
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Deuper
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jaskiran Kaur
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo H. Lüdtke
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Irina Wojahn
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Meuser M, Deuper L, Rudat C, Aydoğdu N, Thiesler H, Zarnovican P, Hildebrandt H, Trowe MO, Kispert A. FGFR2 signaling enhances the SHH-BMP4 signaling axis in early ureter development. Development 2022; 149:273983. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The patterned array of basal, intermediate and superficial cells in the urothelium of the mature ureter arises from uncommitted epithelial progenitors of the distal ureteric bud. Urothelial development requires signaling input from surrounding mesenchymal cells, which, in turn, depend on cues from the epithelial primordium to form a layered fibro-muscular wall. Here, we have identified FGFR2 as a crucial component in this reciprocal signaling crosstalk in the murine ureter. Loss of Fgfr2 in the ureteric epithelium led to reduced proliferation, stratification, intermediate and basal cell differentiation in this tissue, and affected cell survival and smooth muscle cell differentiation in the surrounding mesenchyme. Loss of Fgfr2 impacted negatively on epithelial expression of Shh and its mesenchymal effector gene Bmp4. Activation of SHH or BMP4 signaling largely rescued the cellular defects of mutant ureters in explant cultures. Conversely, inhibition of SHH or BMP signaling in wild-type ureters recapitulated the mutant phenotype in a dose-dependent manner. Our study suggests that FGF signals from the mesenchyme enhance, via epithelial FGFR2, the SHH-BMP4 signaling axis to drive urothelial and mesenchymal development in the early ureter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Meuser
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Deuper
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nurullah Aydoğdu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patricia Zarnovican
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Tikka P, Mercker M, Skovorodkin I, Saarela U, Vainio S, Ronkainen VP, Sluka JP, Glazier JA, Marciniak-Czochra A, Schaefer F. Computational modelling of nephron progenitor cell movement and aggregation during kidney organogenesis. Math Biosci 2021; 344:108759. [PMID: 34883105 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During early kidney organogenesis, nephron progenitor (NP) cells move from the tip to the corner region of the ureteric bud (UB) branches in order to form the pretubular aggregate, the early structure giving rise to nephron formation. NP cells derive from metanephric mesenchymal cells and physically interact with them during the movement. Chemotaxis and cell-cell adhesion differences are believed to drive the cell patterning during this critical period of organogenesis. However, the effect of these forces to the cell patterns and their respective movements are known in limited details. We applied a Cellular Potts Model to explore how these forces and organizations contribute to directed cell movement and aggregation. Model parameters were estimated based on fitting to experimental data obtained in ex vivo kidney explant and dissociation-reaggregation organoid culture studies. Our simulations indicated that optimal enrichment and aggregation of NP cells in the UB corner niche requires chemoattractant secretion from both the UB epithelial cells and the NP cells themselves, as well as differences in cell-cell adhesion energies. Furthermore, NP cells were observed, both experimentally and by modelling, to move at higher speed in the UB corner as compared to the tip region where they originated. The existence of different cell speed domains along the UB was confirmed using self-organizing map analysis. In summary, we saw faster NP cell movements near aggregation. The applicability of Cellular Potts Model approach to simulate cell movement and patterning was found to be good during for this early nephrogenesis process. Further refinement of the model should allow us to recapitulate the effects of developmental changes of cell phenotypes and molecular crosstalk during further organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Tikka
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology. Heidelberg University Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Moritz Mercker
- Institute of Applied Mathematics (IAM) and Interdisciplinary Center of Scientific Computing (IWR), Mathematikon, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Ilya Skovorodkin
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulla Saarela
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Vainio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ronkainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - James P Sluka
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - James A Glazier
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering and Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Anna Marciniak-Czochra
- Institute of Applied Mathematics (IAM) and Interdisciplinary Center of Scientific Computing (IWR), Mathematikon, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology. Heidelberg University Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Davies JA, Elhendawi M, Palakkan AA, Sallam M. Renal engineering: strategies to address the problem of the ureter. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 20:100334. [PMID: 36644495 PMCID: PMC7614056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current techniques for making renal organoids generate tissues that show function when transplanted into a host, but they have no ureter through which urine can drain. There are at least 4 possible strategies for adding a ureter: connecting to ta host ureter; inducing an engineered kidney to make a ureter; making a stem-cell derived ureter; and replacement of only damaged cortex and outer medulla, using remaining host calyces, pelvis and ureter. Here we review progress: local BMP4 can induce a collecting duct tubule to become a ureter; a urothelial tube can be produced directly from pluripotent cells, and connect to the collecting duct system of a renal organoid; it is possible to graft ES cell-derived ureters into host kidney rudiments and see connection, smooth muscle development and spontaneous contraction, but this has not yet been achieved with all components being derived from ES cells. Remaining problems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Davies
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XB, UK,Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, University of Edinburgh, CH Waddington Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Mona Elhendawi
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XB, UK,Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Anwar A. Palakkan
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XB, UK
| | - May Sallam
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XB, UK,Human Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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13
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Abstract
The kidney plays an integral role in filtering the blood-removing metabolic by-products from the body and regulating blood pressure. This requires the establishment of large numbers of efficient and specialized blood filtering units (nephrons) that incorporate a system for vascular exchange and nutrient reabsorption as well as a collecting duct system to remove waste (urine) from the body. Kidney development is a dynamic process which generates these structures through a delicately balanced program of self-renewal and commitment of nephron progenitor cells that inhabit a constantly evolving cellular niche at the tips of a branching ureteric "tree." The former cells build the nephrons and the latter the collecting duct system. Maintaining these processes across fetal development is critical for establishing the normal "endowment" of nephrons in the kidney and perturbations to this process are associated both with mutations in integral genes and with alterations to the fetal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Smyth
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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14
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Favorito LA, Costa WS, Lobo MLP, Gallo CM, Sampaio FJ. Morphology of the fetal renal pelvis during the second trimester: Comparing genders. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55:2492-2496. [PMID: 32037216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many studies of neonates have shown that renal pelvis ectasia is more common in boys. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are structural differences in the renal pelvis between male and female fetuses in the second trimester of gestation. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied 34 renal pelvises obtained from 34 human fetuses (17 males and 17 females), ranging in age from 13 to 23 weeks postconception. The renal pelvis tissue was stained with Masson's trichrome to quantify connective and smooth muscle cells (SMC). The tissue also was fixed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in a modified Karnovsky solution. The images were captured with an Olympus BX51 microscope and Olympus DP70 camera. The stereological analysis was done with the Image-Pro and ImageJ programs, using a grid to determine volumetric densities (Vv). Means were statistically compared using simple linear correlation and the Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). RESULTS Quantitative analysis indicated differences (p=0.0275) in Vv of connective tissue in male renal pelvises (mean=55.3%) compared to female ones (mean=51.46%). Quantitative analysis indicated a significant difference (p=0.0002) in SMC in male renal pelvises (mean=12.57%) compared to female ones (mean=16.22%). When we compared the SMC at different ages, we did not find any correlation in male (r2=0.2657, p=0.3027) or female fetuses (r2=0.3798, p=0.1326). When we compared the connective tissue at different ages, we did not find any correlation in female fetuses (r2=0.3798, p=0.2870), but we did observe a positive correlation between the connective tissue and age in male fetuses (r2=0.8308, p<0.0001). SEM showed that the collagen fibers had no differences between male and female. CONCLUSION The renal pelvis presents significant structural differences between male and female fetuses. The renal pelvis in males had less SMC and presented a positive correlation of connective tissue with age and the renal pelvis in female had less connective tissue without correlation with the age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waldemar S Costa
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carla M Gallo
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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16
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A Case of Left Retroexternal Iliac Artery Megaureter Associated with Additional Renal and Vascular Congenital Anomalies. Case Rep Urol 2020; 2020:8946435. [PMID: 32774983 PMCID: PMC7396064 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8946435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. A number of rare anatomical anomalies, including retroexternal iliac ureter, extrarenal calyces (ERCs), and vascular anomalies, were observed in a 96-year-old female cadaver during a routine dissection. Description. A markedly dilated left extrarenal pelvis (ERP) with a diameter of 3.15 cm was noticed. Three major calyces were found outside of the normal-sized left kidney. The abdominal aorta (AA), instead of normal bifurcation, branched to the right common, left external, and left internal iliac arteries. The median sacral artery was a direct branch from the right common iliac artery. No hydronephrosis was observed on the affected side, and no urinary tract anomalies were observed on the right side. Significance. The retroiliac megaureter is a rare congenital anomaly, with fewer than 25 cases reported to date. Additionally, the ERCs are amongst the rarest anomalies of the renal collecting system. Further, the current case is one of few reported cases where the particular branching pattern of the AA was observed. The combination of such anatomical anomalies is rare, and the relationship between them is unclear. Common clinical manifestations of retroiliac ureters are the results of ureteric obstruction, hydronephrosis, and secondary infection. Precise knowledge of anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract can help radiologists and surgeons make a definitive diagnosis and prevent inadvertent injury during surgery.
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17
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Roux M, Bouchard M, Kmita M. Multifaceted Hoxa13 function in urogenital development underlies the Hand-Foot-Genital Syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1671-1681. [PMID: 30649340 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand-Foot-Genital syndrome is a rare condition caused by mutations in the HOXA13 gene and characterized by limb malformations and urogenital defects. While the role of Hoxa13 in limb development has been extensively studied, its function during the development of the urogenital system remains elusive mostly due to the embryonic lethality of Hoxa13 homozygous mutant mice. Using a conditional inactivation strategy, we show that mouse fetuses lacking Hoxa13 function develop megaureters, hydronephrosis and malformations of the uterus, reminiscent of the defects characterizing patients with Hand-Foot-Genital syndrome. Our analysis reveals that Hoxa13 plays a critical role in Müllerian ducts fusion and in ureter remodeling by regulating the elimination of the caudal common nephric duct, eventually preventing the separation from the nephric duct. Our data also reveal a specific role for Hoxa13 in the urogenital sinus, which is in part mediated by Gata3, as well as Hoxa13 requirement for the proper organization of the ureter. Finally, we provide evidence that Hoxa13 provides positional and temporal cues during the development of the lower urogenital system, a sine qua non condition for the proper function of the urinary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Roux
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Kmita
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Médecine (Programme de Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Hyuga T, Alcantara M, Kajioka D, Haraguchi R, Suzuki K, Miyagawa S, Kojima Y, Hayashi Y, Yamada G. Hedgehog Signaling for Urogenital Organogenesis and Prostate Cancer: An Implication for the Epithelial-Mesenchyme Interaction (EMI). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E58. [PMID: 31861793 PMCID: PMC6982176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is an essential growth factor signaling pathway especially in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMI) during the development of the urogenital organs such as the bladder and the external genitalia (EXG). The Hh ligands are often expressed in the epithelia, affecting the surrounding mesenchyme, and thus constituting a form of paracrine signaling. The development of the urogenital organ, therefore, provides an intriguing opportunity to study EMI and its relationship with other pathways, such as hormonal signaling. Cellular interactions of prostate cancer (PCa) with its neighboring tissue is also noteworthy. The local microenvironment, including the bone metastatic site, can release cellular signals which can affect the malignant tumors, and vice versa. Thus, it is necessary to compare possible similarities and divergences in Hh signaling functions and its interaction with other local growth factors, such as BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) between organogenesis and tumorigenesis. Additionally, this review will discuss two pertinent research aspects of Hh signaling: (1) the potential signaling crosstalk between Hh and androgen signaling; and (2) the effect of signaling between the epithelia and the mesenchyme on the status of the basement membrane with extracellular matrix structures located on the epithelial-mesenchymal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiju Hyuga
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Mellissa Alcantara
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Daiki Kajioka
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan;
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan;
| | - Yoshiyuki Kojima
- Department of Urology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan;
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; (T.H.); (M.A.); (D.K.); (K.S.)
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19
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Woolf AS. Growing a new human kidney. Kidney Int 2019; 96:871-882. [PMID: 31399199 PMCID: PMC6856720 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There are 3 reasons to generate a new human kidney. The first is to learn more about the biology of the developing and mature organ. The second is to generate tissues with which to model congenital and acquired kidney diseases. In particular, growing human kidneys in this manner ultimately should help us understand the mechanisms of common chronic kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and others featuring fibrosis, as well as nephrotoxicity. The third reason is to provide functional kidney tissues that can be used directly in regenerative medicine therapies. The second and third reasons to grow new human kidneys are especially compelling given the millions of persons worldwide whose lives depend on a functioning kidney transplant or long-term dialysis, as well as those with end-stage renal disease who die prematurely because they are unable to access these treatments. As shown in this review, the aim to create healthy human kidney tissues has been partially realized. Moreover, the technology shows promise in terms of modeling genetic disease. In contrast, barely the first steps have been taken toward modeling nongenetic chronic kidney diseases or using newly grown human kidney tissue for regenerative medicine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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20
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Huycke TR, Tabin CJ. Chick midgut morphogenesis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 62:109-119. [PMID: 29616718 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.170325ct] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is an essential system of organs required for nutrient absorption. As a simple tube early in development, the primitive gut is patterned along its anterior-posterior axis into discrete compartments with unique morphologies relevant to their functions in the digestive process. These morphologies are acquired gradually through development as the gut is patterned by tissue interactions, both molecular and mechanical in nature, involving all three germ layers. With a focus on midgut morphogenesis, we review work in the chick embryo demonstrating how these molecular signals and mechanical forces sculpt the developing gut tube into its mature form. In particular, we highlight two mechanisms by which the midgut increases its absorptive surface area: looping and villification. Additionally, we review the differentiation and patterning of the intestinal mesoderm into the layers of smooth muscle that mechanically drive peristalsis and the villification process itself. Where relevant, we discuss the mechanisms of chick midgut morphogenesis in the context of experimental data from other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Aydoğdu N, Rudat C, Trowe MO, Kaiser M, Lüdtke TH, Taketo MM, Christoffels VM, Moon A, Kispert A. TBX2 and TBX3 act downstream of canonical WNT signaling in patterning and differentiation of the mouse ureteric mesenchyme. Development 2018; 145:145/23/dev171827. [PMID: 30478225 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The organized array of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts in the walls of visceral tubular organs arises by patterning and differentiation of mesenchymal progenitors surrounding the epithelial lumen. Here, we show that the TBX2 and TBX3 transcription factors have novel and required roles in regulating these processes in the murine ureter. Co-expression of TBX2 and TBX3 in the inner mesenchymal region of the developing ureter requires canonical WNT signaling. Loss of TBX2/TBX3 in this region disrupts activity of two crucial drivers of the SMC program, Foxf1 and BMP4 signaling, resulting in decreased SMC differentiation and increased extracellular matrix. Transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that TBX2/TBX3 directly repress expression of the WNT antagonists Dkk2 and Shisa2, the BMP antagonist Bmper and the chemokine Cxcl12 These findings suggest that TBX2/TBX3 are effectors of canonical WNT signaling in the ureteric mesenchyme that promote SMC differentiation by maintaining BMP4 and WNT signaling in the inner region, while restricting CXCL12 signaling to the outer layer of fibroblast-fated mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Aydoğdu
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Kaiser
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo H Lüdtke
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Moon
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville PA 17822, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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22
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Worst TS, Daskalova K, Steidler A, Berner-Leischner K, Röth R, Niesler B, Kriegmair MC, Erben P, Pfalzgraf D. Impact of Altered WNT2B Expression on Bladder Wall Fibroblasts: Implications for Apoptosis Regulation in the Stroma of the Lower Urinary Tract. Urol Int 2017; 99:476-483. [PMID: 29131138 DOI: 10.1159/000481440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the role of WNT signalling in pathological processes involving the urinary tract stroma. Here the impact of WNT signalling on bladder wall fibroblasts (BWFs) was studied using integrated expression profiling. MATERIAL AND METHODS WNT ligand and downstream WNT pathway component expression was profiled in human BWFs using qRT-PCR. Highly expressed WNT2B was knocked down using siRNA in BWFs. The expression of 730 mRNAs and 800 miRNAs was analyzed on the nCounter MAX platform in #WNT2B and control transfected BWFs. qRT-PCR was used for validation in vitro and in matched scar and healthy bladder wall tissue samples of 12 patients with vesico-urethral anastomotic stricture (VUAS). RESULTS Thirteen genes and 9 miRNAs showed differential expression in #WNT2B cells. Among these were TNFSF10, a key apoptosis inductor, (0.22fold, p = 0.011) and miR-1246 (36.2fold, p = 0.031). miRNA target prediction indicated TNFSF10 to be regulated by miR-1246. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed differential expression of miR-1246 and TNFSF10 in #WNT2B BWFs. Furthermore, TNFSF10 was significantly underexpressed in VUAS tissue (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Perturbation of WNT signalling results in an altered expression of the apoptosis inductor TNFSF10. Similar changes are observed in VUAS. Further studies investigating the crosslink between WNT signalling and apoptosis regulation in the urinary tract stroma are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stefan Worst
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Daskalova
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annette Steidler
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karin Berner-Leischner
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralph Röth
- nCounter Core Facility, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- nCounter Core Facility, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian C Kriegmair
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Erben
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Pfalzgraf
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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23
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Taguchi A, Nishinakamura R. Higher-Order Kidney Organogenesis from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:730-746.e6. [PMID: 29129523 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis generates higher-order structures containing functional subunits, connective components, and progenitor niches. Despite recent advances in organoid-based modeling of tissue development, recapitulating these complex configurations from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) has remained challenging. In this study, we report assembly of kidney organoids that recapitulate embryonic branching morphogenesis. By studying the distinct origins and developmental processes of the ureteric bud, which contains epithelial kidney progenitors that undergo branching morphogenesis and thereby plays a central role in orchestrating organ geometry, and neighboring mesenchymal nephron progenitors, we established a protocol for differential induction of each lineage from mouse and human PSCs. Importantly, reassembled organoids developed the inherent architectures of the embryonic kidney, including the peripheral progenitor niche and internally differentiated nephrons that were interconnected by a ramified ureteric epithelium. This selective induction and reassembly strategy will be a powerful approach to recapitulate organotypic architecture in PSC-derived organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Taguchi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
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24
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Asymmetric BMP4 signalling improves the realism of kidney organoids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14824. [PMID: 29093551 PMCID: PMC5665994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a strategy for increasing the anatomical realism of organoids by applying asymmetric cues to mimic spatial information that is present in natural embryonic development, and demonstrate it using mouse kidney organoids. Existing methods for making kidney organoids in mice yield developing nephrons arranged around a symmetrical collecting duct tree that has no ureter. We use transplant experiments to demonstrate plasticity in the fate choice between collecting duct and ureter, and show that an environment rich in BMP4 promotes differentiation of early collecting ducts into uroplakin-positive, unbranched, ureter-like epithelial tubules. Further, we show that application of BMP4-releasing beads in one place in an organoid can break the symmetry of the system, causing a nearby collecting duct to develop into a uroplakin-positive, broad, unbranched, ureter-like ‘trunk’ from one end of which true collecting duct branches radiate and induce nephron development in an arrangement similar to natural kidneys. The idea of using local symmetry-breaking cues to improve the realism of organoids may have applications to organoid systems other than the kidney.
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25
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Yun K. Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29053674 DOI: 10.3791/56247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract junction obstruction defects are congenital anomalies inducing hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Murine urinary tract junction obstruction defects can be assessed by tracking methylene blue dye flow within the urinary system. Methylene blue dye is injected into the renal pelvis of perinatal embryonic kidneys and dye flow is monitored from the renal pelvis of the kidney through the ureter and into the bladder lumen after applying hydrostatic pressure. Dye accumulation will be evident in the bladder lumen of the normal perinatal urinary tract, but will be constrained between the renal pelvis and the end point of an abnormal ureter, if urinary tract obstructions occur. This method facilitates the confirmation of urinary tract junction obstructions and visualization of hydronephrosis and hydroureter. This manuscript describes a protocol for methylene blue dye injection into the renal pelvis to confirm urinary tract junction obstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsun Yun
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health;
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Bohnenpoll T, Wittern AB, Mamo TM, Weiss AC, Rudat C, Kleppa MJ, Schuster-Gossler K, Wojahn I, Lüdtke THW, Trowe MO, Kispert A. A SHH-FOXF1-BMP4 signaling axis regulating growth and differentiation of epithelial and mesenchymal tissues in ureter development. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006951. [PMID: 28797033 PMCID: PMC5567910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiated cell types of the epithelial and mesenchymal tissue compartments of the mature ureter of the mouse arise in a precise temporal and spatial sequence from uncommitted precursor cells of the distal ureteric bud epithelium and its surrounding mesenchyme. Previous genetic efforts identified a member of the Hedgehog (HH) family of secreted proteins, Sonic hedgehog (SHH) as a crucial epithelial signal for growth and differentiation of the ureteric mesenchyme. Here, we used conditional loss- and gain-of-function experiments of the unique HH signal transducer Smoothened (SMO) to further characterize the cellular functions and unravel the effector genes of HH signaling in ureter development. We showed that HH signaling is not only required for proliferation and SMC differentiation of cells of the inner mesenchymal region but also for survival of cells of the outer mesenchymal region, and for epithelial proliferation and differentiation. We identified the Forkhead transcription factor gene Foxf1 as a target of HH signaling in the ureteric mesenchyme. Expression of a repressor version of FOXF1 in this tissue completely recapitulated the mesenchymal and epithelial proliferation and differentiation defects associated with loss of HH signaling while re-expression of a wildtype version of FOXF1 in the inner mesenchymal layer restored these cellular programs when HH signaling was inhibited. We further showed that expression of Bmp4 in the ureteric mesenchyme depends on HH signaling and Foxf1, and that exogenous BMP4 rescued cell proliferation and epithelial differentiation in ureters with abrogated HH signaling or FOXF1 function. We conclude that SHH uses a FOXF1-BMP4 module to coordinate the cellular programs for ureter elongation and differentiation, and suggest that deregulation of this signaling axis occurs in human congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). The mammalian ureter is a simple tube with a specialized multi-layered epithelium, the urothelium, and a surrounding coat of fibroblasts and peristaltically active smooth muscle cells. Besides its important function in urinary drainage, the ureter represents a simple model system to study epithelial and mesenchymal tissue interactions in organ development. The differentiated cell types of the ureter coordinately arise from precursor cells of the distal ureteric bud and its surrounding mesenchyme. How their survival, growth and differentiation is regulated and coordinated within and between the epithelial and mesenchymal tissue compartments is largely unknown. Previous work identified Sonic hedgehog (SHH) as a crucial epithelial signal for growth and differentiation of the ureteric mesenchyme, but the entirety of the cellular functions and the molecular mediators of its mesenchymal signaling pathway have remained obscure. Here we showed that epithelial SHH acts in a paracrine fashion onto the ureteric mesenchyme to activate a FOXF1-BMP4 regulatory module that directs growth and differentiation of both ureteric tissue compartments. HH signaling additionally acts in outer mesenchymal cells as a survival factor. Thus, SHH is an epithelial signal that coordinates various cellular programs in early ureter development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bohnenpoll
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna B. Wittern
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tamrat M. Mamo
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc-Jens Kleppa
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Irina Wojahn
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo H.-W. Lüdtke
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Bohnenpoll T, Feraric S, Nattkemper M, Weiss AC, Rudat C, Meuser M, Trowe MO, Kispert A. Diversification of Cell Lineages in Ureter Development. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:1792-1801. [PMID: 28028137 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016080849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ureter consists of a mesenchymal wall composed of smooth muscle cells and surrounding fibrocytes of the tunica adventitia and the lamina propria and an inner epithelial lining composed of layers of basal, intermediate, and superficial cells. How these cell types arise from multipotent progenitors is poorly understood. Here, we performed marker analysis, cell proliferation assays, and genetic lineage tracing to define the lineage relations and restrictions of the mesenchymal and epithelial cell types in the developing and mature mouse ureter. At embryonic day (E) 12.5, the mesenchymal precursor pool began to subdivide into an inner and outer compartment that began to express markers of smooth muscle precursors and adventitial fibrocytes, respectively, by E13.5. Smooth muscle precursors further diversified into lamina propria cells directly adjacent to the ureteric epithelium and differentiated smooth muscle cells from E16.5 onwards. Uncommitted epithelial progenitors of the ureter differentiated into intermediate cells at E14.5. After stratification into two layers at E15.5 and three cell layers at E18.5, intermediate cells differentiated into basal cells and superficial cells. In homeostasis, proliferation of all epithelial and mesenchymal cell types remained low but intermediate cells still gave rise to basal cells, whereas basal cells divided only into basal cells. These studies provide a framework to further determine the molecular mechanisms of cell differentiation in the tissues of the developing ureter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bohnenpoll
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Feraric
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marvin Nattkemper
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna-Carina Weiss
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Max Meuser
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Gilbert RM, Morgan JT, Marcin ES, Gleghorn JP. Fluid mechanics as a driver of tissue-scale mechanical signaling in organogenesis. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:199-208. [PMID: 28163984 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Organogenesis is the process during development by which cells self-assemble into complex, multi-scale tissues. Whereas significant focus and research effort has demonstrated the importance of solid mechanics in organogenesis, less attention has been given to the fluid forces that provide mechanical cues over tissue length scales. RECENT FINDINGS Fluid motion and pressure is capable of creating spatial gradients of forces acting on cells, thus eliciting distinct and localized signaling patterns essential for proper organ formation. Understanding the multi-scale nature of the mechanics is critically important to decipher how mechanical signals sculpt developing organs. SUMMARY This review outlines various mechanisms by which tissues generate, regulate, and sense fluid forces and highlights the impact of these forces and mechanisms in case studies of normal and pathological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Joshua T Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Elizabeth S Marcin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Jason P Gleghorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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Peuckert C, Aresh B, Holenya P, Adams D, Sreedharan S, Porthin A, Andersson L, Pettersson H, Wölfl S, Klein R, Oxburgh L, Kullander K. Multimodal Eph/Ephrin signaling controls several phases of urogenital development. Kidney Int 2016; 90:373-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
T-box (Tbx) genes encode an ancient group of transcription factors that play important roles in patterning, specification, proliferation, and differentiation programs in vertebrate organogenesis. This is testified by severe organ malformation syndromes in mice homozygous for engineered null alleles of specific T-box genes and by the large number of human inherited organ-specific diseases that have been linked to mutations in these genes. One of the organ systems that has not been associated with loss of specific T-box gene function in human disease for long is the excretory system. However, this has changed with the finding that mutations in TBX18, a member of a vertebrate-specific subgroup within the Tbx1-subfamily of T-box transcription factor genes, cause congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, predominantly hydroureter and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Gene expression analyses, loss-of-function studies, and lineage tracing in the mouse suggest a primary role for this transcription factor in specifying the ureteric mesenchyme in the common anlage of the kidney, the ureter, and the bladder. We review the function of Tbx18 in ureterogenesis and discuss the body of evidence that Tbx18 and other members of the T-box gene family, namely, Tbx1, Tbx2, Tbx3, and Tbx20, play additional roles in development and homeostasis of other components of the excretory system in vertebrates.
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31
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Jovanovic I, Zivkovic M, Kostic M, Krstic Z, Djuric T, Kolic I, Alavantic D, Stankovic A. Transcriptome-wide based identification of miRs in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in children: the significant upregulation of tissue miR-144 expression. J Transl Med 2016; 14:193. [PMID: 27364533 PMCID: PMC4929761 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic cause of most congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) cases remains unknown, therefore the novel approaches in searching for the common disease denominators are required. miRs regulate gene expression in humans and therefore have potentially therapeutic and biomarker properties. No studies thus far have attempted to explore the miRs in human CAKUT. We applied a new strategy to identify most specific miRs associated with CAKUT, in pediatric patients. METHODS Data from the whole genome expression, gathered from ureter tissue samples of 19 patients and 7 controls, were used for the bioinformatic prediction of miRs activity in CAKUT. We integrated microarray gene expression data and miR target predictions from multiple prediction algorithms using Co-inertia analysis (CIA) in conjunction with correspondence analysis and between group analysis, to produce a ranked list of miRs associated with CAKUT. The CIA included five different sequence based miR target prediction algorithms and the Co-expression Meta-analysis of miR Targets. For the experimental validation of expression of miRs identified by the CIA we used tissue from 36 CAKUT patients and 9 controls. The results of gene ontology (GO) analysis on co-expressed targets of miRs associated with CAKUT were used for the selection of putative biological processes relevant to CAKUT. RESULTS We identified 7 miRs with a potential role in CAKUT. The top ranked miRs from miRCos communities 4, 1 and 7 were chosen for experimental validation of expression in CAKUT tissue. The 5.7 fold increase of hsa-miR-144 expression in human tissue from CAKUT patients compared to controls (p = 0.005) was observed. From the GO we selected 7 biological processes that could contribute to CAKUT, which genes are potentially influenced by hsa-miR-144. The hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-183 and hsa-miR-375 weren't differentially expressed in CAKUT. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that integrative approach applied here was useful in identification of the miRs associated with CAKUT. The hsa-miR-144, first time identified in CAKUT, could be connected with biological processes crucial for normal development of kidney and urinary tract. Further functional analysis must follow to reveal the impact of hsa-miR-144 on CAKUT occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jovanovic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Zivkovic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Kostic
- Nephrology and Urology Departments, University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Krstic
- Nephrology and Urology Departments, University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Djuric
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Kolic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Alavantic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stankovic
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Wang QI, Ou TW, Xu JW, Li J, Borazjani A, Jia CS, Wang XU, Yan H. Nephron sparing endoscopic treatment for primary carcinoma of the renal calyx: A case report and literature review. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 5:135-137. [PMID: 27330785 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary carcinoma of the renal calyx is extremely rare. The present study reported nephron sparing endoscopic treatment for primary carcinoma of the renal calyx. An 81-year-old female presented with a 1-year history of intermittent painless gross hematuria. Computed tomography and X-ray of the urinary tract were unable to definitively identify any lesion. Flexible ureteroscopic examination revealed a tumor with epicenter in the lower calyx of the right kidney, with additional involvement around the calyx. Biopsies were obtained and pathology revealed low-grade urothelial carcinoma. Considering additional co-morbidities, the patient elected to undergo endoscopic management with thulium laser. The present report described the feasibility of flexible ureteroscopic thulium laser resection for the treatment of renal calyx carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q I Wang
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Wen Ou
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Wei Xu
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Ali Borazjani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Chun-Song Jia
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - X U Wang
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
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Schultza K, Todab LY. Genetic Basis of Ureterocele. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:62-9. [PMID: 27013924 PMCID: PMC4780476 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666151014222815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) form a group of heterogeneous disorders that affect the kidneys, ureters and bladder, with frequent asynchronous presentations and multiple CAKUT associations in the same individual. Urinary tract formation is a complex process, dependent of the interaction of multiple genes and their sub-product. The same genic alterations can lead to different molecular expressions and different morphological anomalies. The ureterocele is a cystic dilation of the distal intramural ureter, resulting in obstruction of urine flow, dilation of the ureter and renal pelvis and loss of renal function. Two key steps in the urinary tract ontogenesis may be related to ureterocele development: formation and migration of the ureteric bud and its incorporation in the bladder. This review aims to describe the morphological, cellular and biochemical steps, as well as the genes involved in the occurrence of this anomaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schultza
- Department of Urology, Hospital Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lia Yoneka Todab
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Hospital Universitário de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
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Eph/ephrin signaling in the kidney and lower urinary tract. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:359-71. [PMID: 25903642 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development and homeostasis of the highly specialized cell types and tissues that constitute the organs of the urinary system, the kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra, require the tightly regulated exchange of signals in and between these tissues. Eph/ephrin signaling is a bidirectional signaling pathway that has been functionally implicated in many developmental and homeostatic contexts, most prominently in the vascular and neural system. Expression and knockout analyses have now provided evidence that Eph/ephrin signaling is of crucial relevance for cell and tissue interactions in the urinary system as well. A clear requirement has emerged in the formation of the vesicoureteric junction, in urorectal septation and glomerulogenesis during embryonic development, in maintenance of medullary tubular cells and podocytes in homeostasis, and in podocyte and glomerular injury responses. Deregulation of Eph/ephrin signaling may also contribute to the formation and progression of tumors in the urinary system, most prominently bladder and renal cell carcinoma. While in the embryonic contexts Eph/ephrin signaling regulates adhesion of epithelial cells, in the adult setting, cell-shape changes and cell survival seem to be the primary cellular processes mediated by this signaling module. With progression of the genetic analyses of mice conditionally mutant for compound alleles of Eph receptor and ephrin ligand genes, additional essential functions are likely to arise in the urinary system.
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35
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Hurtado R, Smith CS. Hyperpolarization-activated cation and T-type calcium ion channel expression in porcine and human renal pacemaker tissues. J Anat 2016; 228:812-25. [PMID: 26805464 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal pacemaker activity triggers peristaltic upper urinary tract contractions that propel waste from the kidney to the bladder, a process prone to congenital defects that are the leading cause of pediatric kidney failure. Recently, studies have discovered that hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) and T-type calcium (TTC) channel conductances underlie murine renal pacemaker activity, setting the origin and frequency and coordinating upper urinary tract peristalsis. Here, we determined whether this ion channel expression is conserved in the porcine and human urinary tracts, which share a distinct multicalyceal anatomy with multiple pacemaker sites. Double chromagenic immunohistochemistry revealed that HCN isoform 3 is highly expressed at the porcine minor calyces, the renal pacemaker tissues, whereas the kidney and urinary tract smooth muscle lacked this HCN expression. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that HCN(+) cells are integrated within the porcine calyx smooth muscle, and that they co-express TTC channel isoform Cav3.2. In humans, the anatomic structure of the minor calyx pacemaker was assayed via hematoxylin and eosin analyses, and enabled the visualization of the calyx smooth muscle surrounding adjacent papillae. Strikingly, immunofluorescence revealed that HCN3(+) /Cav3.2(+) cells are also localized to the human minor calyx smooth muscle. Collectively, these data have elucidated a conserved molecular signature of HCN and TTC channel expression in porcine and human calyx pacemaker tissues. These findings provide evidence for the mechanisms that can drive renal pacemaker activity in the multi-calyceal urinary tract, and potential causes of obstructive uropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romulo Hurtado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.,The Core for Smooth Muscle Analysis, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl S Smith
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Caruana G, Bertram JF. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract genetics in mice and men. Nephrology (Carlton) 2016; 20:309-11. [PMID: 25605230 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The most common cause of paediatric end-stage kidney disease results from congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Genetic manipulation in mice has provided insight into the developmental events that give rise to the broad spectrum of malformations associated with CAKUT. Despite the increase in the number of identified CAKUT-causing genes, the underlying genetic cause for the majority of patients with CAKUT remains unknown. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the genetic causes of CAKUT based on current mouse mutant models, as well as next-generation sequencing approaches in humans that are helping to bridge the gaps in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Caruana
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Uy N, Reidy K. Developmental Genetics and Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract. J Pediatr Genet 2015; 5:51-60. [PMID: 27617142 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1558423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in children. There is a wide spectrum of renal abnormalities, from mild hydronephrosis to more severe cases, such as bilateral renal dysplasia. The etiology of the majority of cases of CAKUT remains unknown, but there is increasing evidence that genomic imbalance contributes to the pathogenesis of CAKUT. Advances in human and mouse genetics have contributed to increased understanding of the pathophysiology of CAKUT. Mutations in genes involved in both transcription factors and signal transduction pathways involved in renal development are associated with CAKUT. Large cohort studies suggest that copy number variants, genomic, or de novo mutations may explain up to one-third of all cases of CAKUT. One of the major challenges to the use of genetic information in the clinical setting remains the lack of strict genotype-phenotype correlation. However, identifying genetic causes of CAKUT may lead to improved diagnosis of extrarenal complications. With the advent of decreasing costs for whole genome and exome sequencing, future studies focused on genotype-phenotype correlations, gene modifiers, and animal models of gene mutations will be needed to translate genetic advances into improved clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Uy
- Department of Pediatrics/Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States
| | - Kimberly Reidy
- Department of Pediatrics/Nephrology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States
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Abstract
A number of genes involved in kidney development are reactivated in the adult after acute kidney injury (AKI). This has led to the belief that tissue repair mechanisms recapitulate pathways involved in embryonic development after AKI. We will discuss evidence to support this hypothesis by comparing the mechanisms of development with common pathways known to regulate post-AKI repair, or that we identified as cell-specific candidates based on public datasets from recent AKI translational profiling studies. We will argue that while many of these developmental pathways are reactivated after AKI, this is not associated with general cellular reprogramming to an embryonic state. We will show that reactivation of these developmental genes is often associated with expression in cells that are not normally involved in mediating parallel responses in the embryo, and that depending on the cellular context, these responses can have beneficial or detrimental effects on injury and repair after AKI.
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