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Takeo M, Toyoshima KE, Fujimoto R, Iga T, Takase M, Ogawa M, Tsuji T. Cyclical dermal micro-niche switching governs the morphological infradian rhythm of mouse zigzag hair. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4478. [PMID: 37542032 PMCID: PMC10403492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological rhythms are involved in almost all types of biological processes, not only physiological processes but also morphogenesis. Currently, how periodic morphological patterns of tissues/organs in multicellular organisms form is not fully understood. Here, using mouse zigzag hair, which has 3 bends, we found that a change in the combination of hair progenitors and their micro-niche and subsequent bend formation occur every three days. Chimeric loss-of-function and gain-of-function of Ptn and Aff3, which are upregulated immediately before bend formation, resulted in defects in the downward movement of the micro-niche and the rhythm of bend formation in an in vivo hair reconstitution assay. Our study demonstrates the periodic change in the combination between progenitors and micro-niche, which is vital for the unique infradian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takeo
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Koh-Ei Toyoshima
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
- OrganTech Inc., Tokyo, 104-0028, Japan
| | - Riho Fujimoto
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Iga
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Miki Takase
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Tsuji
- Laboratory for Organ Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- OrganTech Inc., Tokyo, 104-0028, Japan.
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2
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Yan Y, Tian J, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhang S, Lin P, Peng R, Zhao C, Zhuang L, Lai B, Zhou L, Zhang G, Li H. Transcriptomic Heterogeneity of Skin Across Different Anatomic Sites. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:398-407.e5. [PMID: 36122800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiomic studies, including RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing, and epigenomics, can provide insight into the connection between anatomically heterogeneous gene expression profile of the skin and dermatoses-predisposed sites, in which RNA sequencing is essential. Therefore, in this study, 159 skin samples collected mainly from discarded normal skin tissue during surgical treatment for benign skin tumors were used for RNA sequencing. On the basis of cluster analysis, the skin was divided into four regions, with each region showing specific physiological characteristics through differentially expressed gene analysis. The results showed that the head and neck region, perineum, and palmoplantar area were closely associated with lipid metabolism, hormone metabolism, blood circulation, and related neural regulation, respectively. Transcription factor enrichment indicated that different regions were associated with the development of adjacent tissues. Specifically, the head and neck region, trunk and extremities, perineum, and palmoplantar area were associated with the central nervous, axial, urogenital, and vascular systems, respectively. The results were imported into an open website (https://dermvis.github.io/) for retrieval. Our transcriptomic data elucidated that human skin exhibits transcriptomic heterogeneity reflecting physiological and developmental variation at different anatomic sites and provided guidance for further studies on skin development and dermatoses predisposed sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicen Yan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Yurong Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Shenxi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Lin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China
| | - Le Zhuang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Binbin Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guohong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Pathology Department, Shantou University Medical College, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Beijing, China.
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3
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Carraco G, Martins-Jesus AP, Andrade RP. The vertebrate Embryo Clock: Common players dancing to a different beat. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:944016. [PMID: 36036002 PMCID: PMC9403190 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.944016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate embryo somitogenesis is the earliest morphological manifestation of the characteristic patterned structure of the adult axial skeleton. Pairs of somites flanking the neural tube are formed periodically during early development, and the molecular mechanisms in temporal control of this early patterning event have been thoroughly studied. The discovery of a molecular Embryo Clock (EC) underlying the periodicity of somite formation shed light on the importance of gene expression dynamics for pattern formation. The EC is now known to be present in all vertebrate organisms studied and this mechanism was also described in limb development and stem cell differentiation. An outstanding question, however, remains unanswered: what sets the different EC paces observed in different organisms and tissues? This review aims to summarize the available knowledge regarding the pace of the EC, its regulation and experimental manipulation and to expose new questions that might help shed light on what is still to unveil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Carraco
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas (FMCB), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Raquel P. Andrade
- ABC-RI, Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute, Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas (FMCB), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Raquel P. Andrade,
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Pechriggl E, Blumer M, Tubbs RS, Olewnik Ł, Konschake M, Fortélny R, Stofferin H, Honis HR, Quinones S, Maranillo E, Sanudo J. Embryology of the Abdominal Wall and Associated Malformations—A Review. Front Surg 2022; 9:891896. [PMID: 35874129 PMCID: PMC9300894 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.891896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the incidence of congenital defects of the intraembryonic celom and its associated structures has increased over recent decades. Surgical treatment of abdominal and diaphragmatic malformations resulting in congenital hernia requires deep knowledge of ventral body closure and the separation of the primary body cavities during embryogenesis. The correct development of both structures requires the coordinated and fine-tuned synergy of different anlagen, including a set of molecules governing those processes. They have mainly been investigated in a range of vertebrate species (e.g., mouse, birds, and fish), but studies of embryogenesis in humans are rather rare because samples are seldom available. Therefore, we have to deal with a large body of conflicting data concerning the formation of the abdominal wall and the etiology of diaphragmatic defects. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge and focuses on the histological and molecular events leading to the establishment of the abdominal and thoracic cavities in several vertebrate species. In chronological order, we start with the onset of gastrulation, continue with the establishment of the three-dimensional body shape, and end with the partition of body cavities. We also discuss well-known human etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Pechriggl
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Blumer
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R. Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada, West Indies
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, United States
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Łukasz Olewnik
- Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marko Konschake
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: Marko Konschake
| | - René Fortélny
- Department of General, Visceral, and Oncological Surgery, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stofferin
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hanne Rose Honis
- Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck (MUI), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sara Quinones
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Maranillo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sanudo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Drissi I, Fletcher E, Shaheen R, Nahorski M, Alhashem AM, Lisgo S, Fernández-Jaén A, Schon K, Tlili-Graiess K, Smithson SF, Lindsay S, J Sharpe H, Alkuraya FS, Woods G. Mutations in phospholipase C eta-1 ( PLCH1) are associated with holoprosencephaly. J Med Genet 2021; 59:358-365. [PMID: 33820834 PMCID: PMC8961749 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly is a spectrum of developmental disorder of the embryonic forebrain in which there is failed or incomplete separation of the prosencephalon into two cerebral hemispheres. To date, dominant mutations in sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway genes are the predominant Mendelian causes, and have marked interfamilial and intrafamilial phenotypical variabilities. METHODS We describe two families in which offspring had holoprosencephaly spectrum and homozygous predicted-deleterious variants in phospholipase C eta-1 (PLCH1). Immunocytochemistry was used to examine the expression pattern of PLCH1 in human embryos. We used SHH as a marker of developmental stage and of early embryonic anatomy. RESULTS In the first family, two siblings had congenital hydrocephalus, significant developmental delay and a monoventricle or fused thalami with a homozygous PLCH1 c.2065C>T, p.(Arg689*) variant. In the second family, two siblings had alobar holoprosencephaly and cyclopia with a homozygous PLCH1 c.4235delA, p.(Cys1079ValfsTer16) variant. All parents were healthy carriers, with no holoprosencephaly spectrum features. We found that the subcellular localisation of PLCH1 is cytoplasmic, but the p.(Cys1079ValfsTer16) variant was predominantly nuclear. Human embryo immunohistochemistry showed PLCH1 to be expressed in the notorcord, developing spinal cord (in a ventral to dorsal gradient), dorsal root ganglia, cerebellum and dermatomyosome, all tissues producing or responding to SHH. Furthermore, the embryonic subcellular localisation of PLCH1 was exclusively cytoplasmic, supporting protein mislocalisation contributing to the pathogenicity of the p.(Cys1079ValfsTer16) variant. CONCLUSION Our data support the contention that PLCH1 has a role in prenatal mammalian neurodevelopment, and deleterious variants cause a clinically variable holoprosencephaly spectrum phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichrak Drissi
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily Fletcher
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Nahorski
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amal M Alhashem
- Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Al Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Lisgo
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Newcastle Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Alberto Fernández-Jaén
- Especialista en Neurología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katherine Schon
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kalthoum Tlili-Graiess
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Prince Sultan Military Medical, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah F Smithson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St Michaels Hospital Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Newcastle Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Hayley J Sharpe
- Signalling Programm, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geoff Woods
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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6
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Abstract
The vertebrate body plan is characterized by the presence of a segmented spine along its main axis. Here, we examine the current understanding of how the axial tissues that are formed during embryonic development give rise to the adult spine and summarize recent advances in the field, largely focused on recent studies in zebrafish, with comparisons to amniotes where appropriate. We discuss recent work illuminating the genetics and biological mechanisms mediating extension and straightening of the body axis during development, and highlight open questions. We specifically focus on the processes of notochord development and cerebrospinal fluid physiology, and how defects in those processes may lead to scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bagnat
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatrics Research Institute, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
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Aldersey JE, Sonstegard TS, Williams JL, Bottema CDK. Understanding the effects of the bovine POLLED variants. Anim Genet 2020; 51:166-176. [PMID: 31999853 DOI: 10.1111/age.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Horns are paired appendages on the head of bovine species, comprising an inner bony core and outer keratin sheath. The horn bud forms during early fetal development but ossification of the developing horn does not occur until approximately 1 month after birth. Little is known about the genetic pathways that lead to horn growth. Hornless, or polled, animals are found in all domestic bovids. Histological studies of bovine fetuses have shown that the horn bud does not form in polled individuals. There are currently four known genetic variants for polledness in cattle on BTA1. All of the variants are intergenic, but probably affect regulation of nearby genes or long non-coding RNAs. Transcriptomic studies suggest that the expression of two nearby long non-coding RNAs are affected by the Celtic POLLED variant, but further studies are required to confirm these data. Candidate genes located elsewhere in the genome are involved in regulating bone formation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Expression of one of these candidate genes, RXFP2, appears to be reduced in the fetal horn bud of polled animals carrying the Celtic variant compared with horned individuals. Investigating horn ontogenesis and the genetic pathway by which the POLLED variants prevent horn development has implications for cattle breeding. If the genetic basis of horn bud formation and polledness is better understood, then new targets may be identified for precision genome editing to create polled individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Aldersey
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA, 5371, Australia
| | | | - J L Williams
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA, 5371, Australia
| | - C D K Bottema
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA, 5371, Australia
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Wu J, Matthias N, Lo J, Ortiz-Vitali JL, Shieh AW, Wang SH, Darabi R. A Myogenic Double-Reporter Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Line Allows Prospective Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Progenitors. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1966-1981.e4. [PMID: 30428361 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myogenic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has been done by gene overexpression or directed differentiation. However, viral integration, long-term culture, and the presence of unwanted cells are the main obstacles. By using CRISPR/Cas9n, a double-reporter human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line was generated for PAX7/MYF5, allowing prospective readout. This strategy allowed pathway screen to define efficient myogenic induction in hPSCs. Next, surface marker screen allowed identification of CD10 and CD24 for purification of myogenic progenitors and exclusion of non-myogenic cells. CD10 expression was also identified on human satellite cells and skeletal muscle progenitors. In vitro and in vivo studies using transgene and/or reporter-free hPSCs further validated myogenic potential of the cells by formation of new fibers expressing human dystrophin as well as donor-derived satellite cells in NSG-mdx4Cv mice. This study provides biological insights for myogenic differentiation of hPSCs using a double-reporter cell resource and defines an improved myogenic differentiation and purification strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (CSCRM), The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nadine Matthias
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (CSCRM), The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan Lo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (CSCRM), The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jose L Ortiz-Vitali
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (CSCRM), The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Annie W Shieh
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sidney H Wang
- Center for Human Genetics, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Radbod Darabi
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (CSCRM), The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases (IMM), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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9
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Kudlicki A. Why a Constant Number of Vertebrae? Digital Control of Segmental Identity during Vertebrate Development: The Somite Cycle Controls a Digital, Chromatin-Based Counter That Defines Segmental Identity and Body Plans in Vertebrate Animals. Bioessays 2019; 42:e1900133. [PMID: 31755133 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is not understood how the numbers and identities of vertebrae are controlled during mammalian development. The remarkable robustness and conservation of segmental numbers may suggest the digital nature of the underlying process. The study proposes a mechanism that allows cells to obtain and store the segmental information in digital form, and to produce a pattern of chromatin accessibility that in turn regulates Hox gene expression specific to the metameric segment. The model requires that a regulatory element be present such that the number of occurrences of the motif between two consecutive Hox genes equals the number of segments under the control of the anterior gene. This is true for the recently discovered hydroxyl radical cleavage 3bp-periodic (HRC3) motif, associated with histone modifications and developmental genes. The finding not only allows the correct prediction of the numbers of segments using only sequence information, but also resolves the 40-year-old enigma of the function of temporal and spatial collinearity of Hox genes. The logic of the mechanism is illustrated in the attached animated video. How different aspects of the proposed mechanism can be tested experimentally is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kudlicki
- Institute for Translational Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA
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10
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Grall E, Tschopp P. A sense of place, many times over ‐ pattern formation and evolution of repetitive morphological structures. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:313-327. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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11
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Powell GL, Russell AP, Sutey J. Patterns of growth in the presacral vertebral column of the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius). J Morphol 2018; 279:1088-1103. [PMID: 29732599 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal growth patterns within the vertebral column may be informative about body proportions and regionalization. We measured femur length, lengths of all pre-sacral vertebrae, and lengths of intervertebral spaces, from radiographs of a series of 21 Eublepharis macularius, raised under standard conditions and covering most of the ontogenetic body size range. Vertebrae were grouped into cervical, sternal, and dorsal compartments, and lengths of adjacent pairs of vertebrae were summed before analysis. Femur length was included as an index of body size. Principal component analysis of the variance-covariance matrix of these data was used to investigate scaling among them. PC1 explained 94.19% of total variance, interpreted as the variance due to body size. PC1 differed significantly from the hypothetical isometric vector, indicating overall allometry. The atlas and axis vertebrae displayed strong negative allometry; the remainder of the vertebral pairs exhibited weak negative allometry, isometry or positive allometry. PC1 explained a markedly smaller amount of variance for the vertebral pairs of the cervical compartment than for the remainder of the vertebral pairs, with the exception of the final pair. The relative standard deviations of the eigenvalues from the PCAs of the three vertebral compartments indicated that the vertebrae of the cervical compartment were less strongly integrated by scaling than were the sternal or dorsal vertebrae, which did not differ greatly between themselves in their strong integration, suggesting that the growth of the cervical vertebrae is constrained by the mechanical requirements of the head. Regionalization of the remainder of the vertebral column is less clearly defined but may be associated with wave form propagation incident upon locomotion, and by locomotory changes occasioned by tail autotomy and regeneration. Femur length exhibits negative allometry relative to individual vertebral pairs and to vertebral column length, suggesting a change in locomotor requirements over the ontogenetic size range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony P Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer Sutey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Expression of meis and hoxa11 in dipnoan and teleost fins provides new insights into the evolution of vertebrate appendages. EvoDevo 2018; 9:11. [PMID: 29719716 PMCID: PMC5924435 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The concerted activity of Meis and Hoxa11 transcription factors is essential for the subdivision of tetrapod limbs into proximo-distal (PD) domains; however, little is know about the evolution of this patterning mechanism. Here, we aim to study the expression of meis and hoxa11 orthologues in the median and paired rayed fins of zebrafish and in the lobed fins of the Australian lungfish. Results First, a late phase of expression of meis1.1 and hoxa11b in zebrafish dorsal and anal fins relates with segmentation of endochondral elements in proximal and distal radials. Second, our zebrafish in situ hybridization results reveal spatial and temporal changes between pectoral and pelvic fins. Third, in situ analysis of meis1, meis3 and hoxa11 genes in Neoceratodus pectoral fins identifies decoupled domains of expression along the PD axis. Conclusions Our data raise the possibility that the origin of stylopod and zeugopod lies much deeper in gnathostome evolution and that variation in meis and hoxa11 expression has played a substantial role in the transformation of appendage anatomy. Moreover, these observations provide evidence that the Meis/Hoxa11 profile considered a hallmark of stylopod/zeugopod patterning is present in Neoceratodus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13227-018-0099-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Jiménez A, Cotterell J, Munteanu A, Sharpe J. A spectrum of modularity in multi-functional gene circuits. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:925. [PMID: 28455348 PMCID: PMC5408781 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in systems biology is to understand the relationship between a circuit's structure and its function, but how is this relationship affected if the circuit must perform multiple distinct functions within the same organism? In particular, to what extent do multi‐functional circuits contain modules which reflect the different functions? Here, we computationally survey a range of bi‐functional circuits which show no simple structural modularity: They can switch between two qualitatively distinct functions, while both functions depend on all genes of the circuit. Our analysis reveals two distinct classes: hybrid circuits which overlay two simpler mono‐functional sub‐circuits within their circuitry, and emergent circuits, which do not. In this second class, the bi‐functionality emerges from more complex designs which are not fully decomposable into distinct modules and are consequently less intuitive to predict or understand. These non‐intuitive emergent circuits are just as robust as their hybrid counterparts, and we therefore suggest that the common bias toward studying modular systems may hinder our understanding of real biological circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Jiménez
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Cotterell
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreea Munteanu
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Sharpe
- EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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