1
|
Talukdar S, Mal S, Kundu P. Physico-chemical features and functional relevance of tomato rhomboid proteases. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132681. [PMID: 38806088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In plants, regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) is crucial for proper growth, development, and stress management. Rhomboid proteases (RPs) residing in the membrane play a vital role in orchestrating RIP. Although RPs can be found in most sequenced genomes, tomato rhomboids (SlRPs) have not yet been studied. Using alternative and comprehensive strategies, we found ten SlRPs encoded in the tomato genome. These SlRPs possess signature motifs and transmembrane domains, showing structural similarity to other members of the RP family. Also, SlRPs are genetically related to other known RPs of the Solanaceae family. Seven of the SlRPs retain serine-histidine catalytic dyads, making them proteolytically active, while three iRhoms lack the dyad and other structural motifs. Although SlRPs could have functional redundancy, their distribution and expression pattern indicate tissue specificity and responsiveness to specific external stimuli. The presence of development and stress-response-related cis-elements in the promoters of SlRPs supports this view. Furthermore, our strategically designed substrate-reporter assay shows that SlRPs have proteolytic activity similar to that of known RPs. This study provides a detailed understanding of all SlRPs and their physico-chemical features, shedding light on their involvement in physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Talukdar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Sayan Mal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700091, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoshida K, Hayashi S. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling protects epithelia from morphogenetic instability and tissue damage in Drosophila. Development 2023; 150:297057. [PMID: 36897356 PMCID: PMC10108703 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Dying cells in the epithelia communicate with neighboring cells to initiate coordinated cell removal to maintain epithelial integrity. Naturally occurring apoptotic cells are mostly extruded basally and engulfed by macrophages. Here, we have investigated the role of Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) signaling in the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis. In Drosophila embryos, epithelial tissues undergoing groove formation preferentially enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. In EGFR mutant embryos at stage 11, sporadic apical cell extrusion in the head initiates a cascade of apical extrusions of apoptotic and non-apoptotic cells that sweeps the entire ventral body wall. Here, we show that this process is apoptosis dependent, and clustered apoptosis, groove formation, and wounding sensitize EGFR mutant epithelia to initiate massive tissue disintegration. We further show that tissue detachment from the vitelline membrane, which frequently occurs during morphogenetic processes, is a key trigger for the EGFR mutant phenotype. These findings indicate that, in addition to cell survival, EGFR plays a role in maintaining epithelial integrity, which is essential for protecting tissues from transient instability caused by morphogenetic movement and damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Yoshida
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8051, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8051, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen C, Tian D, Su J, Liu X, Shah MAA, Li X, Xu L, Yan R, Song X. Protective Efficacy of Rhomboid-Like Protein 3 as a Candidate Antigen Against Eimeria maxima in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:614229. [PMID: 34025594 PMCID: PMC8131851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.614229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis brings tremendous economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. The third generation vaccine, including subunit and DNA vaccines, exhibited promising developmental prospects. In a previous study, we found rhomboid-like protein 3 of Eimeria maxima (EmROM3) was involved in infections by Eimeria species. However, the protective efficacy of EmROM3 against Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) remains unknown. In this study, chickens were intramuscularly immunized with the recombinant protein EmROM3 (rEmROM3) or pVAX1-EmROM3 to determine the EmROM3-induced immune response. The induced humoral immune response was determined by measuring serum IgG antibody levels in immunized chickens. The induced cellular immune response was detected by measuring the transcription level of immune related cytokines and the proportion of T cell subsets of the immunized chickens. Finally, the protective efficacy of the EmROM3 vaccine against E. maxima was evaluated by immunization-challenge trials. Results revealed that the purified rEmROM3 reacted with chicken anti-E. maxima serum. The recombinant plasmid of pVAX1-EmROM3 was transcribed and translated in the injected muscle from the vaccinated chickens. In experimental groups, the IgG titers, proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and transcription level of splenic cytokines were significantly increased compared with the control groups. The immunization-challenge trial revealed that immunization with rEmROM3 or pVAX1-EmROM3 led to restored weight gain, alleviated enteric lesion, decreased oocyst output as well as the higher anticoccidial index (ACI), indicating partial protection against E. maxima. These results indicate that EmROM3 is an effective candidate antigen for developing novel vaccines against infection by E. maxima.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Di Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Ringpai Vet Hospital Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Junzhi Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Ali A Shah
- Department of Pathobiology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tardy OR, Armitage EL, Prince LR, Evans IR. The Epidermal Growth Factor Ligand Spitz Modulates Macrophage Efferocytosis, Wound Responses and Migration Dynamics During Drosophila Embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636024. [PMID: 33898424 PMCID: PMC8060507 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How multifunctional cells such as macrophages interpret the different cues within their environment and undertake an appropriate response is a key question in developmental biology. Understanding how cues are prioritized is critical to answering this - both the clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) and the migration toward damaged tissue is dependent on macrophages being able to interpret and prioritize multiple chemoattractants, polarize, and then undertake an appropriate migratory response. Here, we investigate the role of Spitz, the cardinal Drosophila epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligand, in regulation of macrophage behavior in the developing fly embryo, using activated variants with differential diffusion properties. Our results show that misexpression of activated Spitz can impact macrophage polarity and lead to clustering of cells in a variant-specific manner, when expressed either in macrophages or the developing fly heart. Spitz can also alter macrophage distribution and perturb apoptotic cell clearance undertaken by these phagocytic cells without affecting the overall levels of apoptosis within the embryo. Expression of active Spitz, but not a membrane-bound variant, can also increase macrophage migration speeds and impair their inflammatory responses to injury. The fact that the presence of Spitz specifically undermines the recruitment of more distal cells to wound sites suggests that Spitz desensitizes macrophages to wounds or is able to compete for their attention where wound signals are weaker. Taken together these results suggest this molecule regulates macrophage migration and their ability to dispose of apoptotic cells. This work identifies a novel regulator of Drosophila macrophage function and provides insights into signal prioritization and integration in vivo. Given the importance of apoptotic cell clearance and inflammation in human disease, this work may help us to understand the role EGF ligands play in immune cell recruitment during development and at sites of disease pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier R. Tardy
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L. Armitage
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne R. Prince
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iwan R. Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kreutzberger AJB, Ji M, Aaron J, Mihaljević L, Urban S. Rhomboid distorts lipids to break the viscosity-imposed speed limit of membrane diffusion. Science 2019; 363:363/6426/eaao0076. [PMID: 30705155 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes that cut proteins inside membranes regulate diverse cellular events, including cell signaling, homeostasis, and host-pathogen interactions. Adaptations that enable catalysis in this exceptional environment are poorly understood. We visualized single molecules of multiple rhomboid intramembrane proteases and unrelated proteins in living cells (human and Drosophila) and planar lipid bilayers. Notably, only rhomboid proteins were able to diffuse above the Saffman-Delbrück viscosity limit of the membrane. Hydrophobic mismatch with the irregularly shaped rhomboid fold distorted surrounding lipids and propelled rhomboid diffusion. The rate of substrate processing in living cells scaled with rhomboid diffusivity. Thus, intramembrane proteolysis is naturally diffusion-limited, but cells mitigate this constraint by using the rhomboid fold to overcome the "speed limit" of membrane diffusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J B Kreutzberger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jesse Aaron
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ljubica Mihaljević
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Siniša Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Advanced Imaging Center, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ratke C, Terebieniec BK, Winestrand S, Derba-Maceluch M, Grahn T, Schiffthaler B, Ulvcrona T, Özparpucu M, Rüggeberg M, Lundqvist SO, Street NR, Jönsson LJ, Mellerowicz EJ. Downregulating aspen xylan biosynthetic GT43 genes in developing wood stimulates growth via reprograming of the transcriptome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:230-245. [PMID: 29708593 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is one of the main compounds determining wood properties in hardwood species. The xylan backbone is thought to be synthesized by a synthase complex comprising two members of the GT43 family. We downregulated all GT43 genes in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) to understand their involvement in xylan biosynthesis. All three clades of the GT43 family were targeted for downregulation using RNA interference individually or in different combinations, either constitutively or specifically in developing wood. Simultaneous downregulation in developing wood of the B (IRX9) and C (IRX14) clades resulted in reduced xylan Xyl content relative to reducing end sequence, supporting their role in xylan backbone biosynthesis. This was accompanied by a higher lignocellulose saccharification efficiency. Unexpectedly, GT43 suppression in developing wood led to an overall growth stimulation, xylem cell wall thinning and a shift in cellulose orientation. Transcriptome profiling of these transgenic lines indicated that cell cycling was stimulated and secondary wall biosynthesis was repressed. We suggest that the reduced xylan elongation is sensed by the cell wall integrity surveying mechanism in developing wood. Our results show that wood-specific suppression of xylan-biosynthetic GT43 genes activates signaling responses, leading to increased growth and improved lignocellulose saccharification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ratke
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), S-901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Barbara K Terebieniec
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), S-901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Marta Derba-Maceluch
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), S-901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Grahn
- Material Processes, RISE Innventia AB, SE-114-86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Ulvcrona
- Department of Forest Resource Management, SLU, S-901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Merve Özparpucu
- Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901-87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), S-901-83, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liang J, Balachandra S, Ngo S, O'Brien LE. Feedback regulation of steady-state epithelial turnover and organ size. Nature 2017; 548:588-591. [PMID: 28847000 DOI: 10.1038/nature23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial organs undergo steady-state turnover throughout adult life, with old cells being continually replaced by the progeny of stem cell divisions. To avoid hyperplasia or atrophy, organ turnover demands strict equilibration of cell production and loss. However, the mechanistic basis of this equilibrium is unknown. Here we show that robustly precise turnover of the adult Drosophila intestine arises through a coupling mechanism in which enterocyte apoptosis breaks feedback inhibition of stem cell division. Healthy enterocytes inhibit stem cell division through E-cadherin, which prevents secretion of mitogenic epidermal growth factors (EGFs) by repressing transcription of the EGF maturation factor rhomboid. Individual apoptotic enterocytes promote divisions by loss of E-cadherin, which releases cadherin-associated β-catenin (Armadillo in Drosophila) and p120-catenin to induce rhomboid. Induction of rhomboid in the dying enterocyte triggers activation of the EGF receptor (Egfr) in stem cells within a discrete radius. When we blocked apoptosis, E-cadherin-controlled feedback suppressed divisions, and the organ retained the same number of cells. When we disrupted feedback, apoptosis and divisions were uncoupled, and the organ developed either hyperplasia or atrophy. Together, our results show that robust cellular balance hinges on the obligate coupling of divisions to apoptosis, which limits the proliferative potential of a stem cell to the precise time and place at which a replacement cell is needed. In this way, localized cell-cell communication gives rise to tissue-level homeostatic equilibrium and constant organ size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Liang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shruthi Balachandra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sang Ngo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lucy Erin O'Brien
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Epidermal Growth Factor Pathway Signaling in Drosophila Embryogenesis: Tools for Understanding Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9020016. [PMID: 28178204 PMCID: PMC5332939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
EGF signaling is a well-known oncogenic pathway in animals. It is also a key developmental pathway regulating terminal and dorsal-ventral patterning along with many other aspects of embryogenesis. In this review, we focus on the diverse roles for the EGF pathway in Drosophila embryogenesis. We review the existing body of evidence concerning EGF signaling in Drosophila embryogenesis focusing on current uncertainties in the field and areas for future study. This review provides a foundation for utilizing the Drosophila model system for research into EGF effects on cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Urban S. A guide to the rhomboid protein superfamily in development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:1-4. [PMID: 27751777 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhomboid proteins are considered to be the most widespread membrane proteins across all forms of life. This superfamily comprises both active intramembrane serine proteases that catalyze the release of factors from the membrane, and a eukaryotic subset of non-catalytic members in which rhomboid architecture supports deviating functions. Although rhomboid was discovered in genetic studies of insect development, rhomboid research has broadened dramatically over the past 15 years; rhomboid enzymes are now the best biophysically understood of all intramembrane proteases, and are considered promising therapeutic targets for diseases ranging from parasitic infections to Parkinsonian neurodegeneration. Perhaps the most rapid progress has come with the catalytically inert rhomboid proteins, some of which regulate protein trafficking and/or function, and their prominence is underscored by clinical mutations. Such a diverse collection of advances mark an excellent point to review the state of this vibrant area of research, not because central questions have been answered, but instead because a firm grip in key areas has been established, and the field is now poised for breakthroughs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Urban
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 507 PCTB, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|