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Cruz de Casas P, Knöpper K, Dey Sarkar R, Kastenmüller W. Same yet different - how lymph node heterogeneity affects immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:358-374. [PMID: 38097778 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs in which immune responses of the adaptive immune system are initiated and regulated. Distributed throughout the body and embedded in the lymphatic system, local lymph nodes are continuously informed about the state of the organs owing to a constant drainage of lymph. The tissue-derived lymph carries products of cell metabolism, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, pathogens and circulating immune cells. Notably, there is a growing body of evidence that individual lymph nodes differ from each other in their capacity to generate immune responses. Here, we review the structure and function of the lymphatic system and then focus on the factors that lead to functional heterogeneity among different lymph nodes. We will discuss how lymph node heterogeneity impacts on cellular and humoral immune responses and the implications for vaccination, tumour development and tumour control by immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cruz de Casas
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rupak Dey Sarkar
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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2
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Lou X, Duan S, Li M, Yuan Y, Chen S, Wang Z, Wang Z, Sun L, Qian F. IL-36α inhibits melanoma by inducing pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3045-3061. [PMID: 37318520 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-36α (IL-36α) is essential for various inflammatory conditions, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, whereas its role in tumor immunity is unclear. In this study, it was demonstrated that IL-36α could activate the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in macrophages, leading to the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5 and iNOS. Importantly, IL-36α has significant antitumor effects, altering the tumor microenvironment and promoting the infiltration of MHC IIhigh macrophages and CD8+ T cells while decreasing the levels of monocyte myeloid-derived suppressor cells, CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells. This ultimately results in the inhibition of tumor growth and migration. Furthermore, IL-36α synergized with the PD-L1 antibody increased the immune cells infiltration and enhanced the anti-tumor effect of the PD-L1 antibody on melanoma. Collectively, this study reveals a new role for IL-36α in promoting anti-tumor immune responses in macrophages and suggests its potential for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixin Duan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengkai Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Yuan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zishu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Sun
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Qian
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, People's Republic of China.
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Xia Y, Fu S, Ma Q, Liu Y, Zhang N. Application of Nano-Delivery Systems in Lymph Nodes for Tumor Immunotherapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:145. [PMID: 37269391 PMCID: PMC10239433 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a promising research "hotspot" in cancer treatment. "Soldier" immune cells are not uniform throughout the body; they accumulate mostly in the immune organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes (LNs), etc. The unique structure of LNs provides the microenvironment suitable for the survival, activation, and proliferation of multiple types of immune cells. LNs play an important role in both the initiation of adaptive immunity and the generation of durable anti-tumor responses. Antigens taken up by antigen-presenting cells in peripheral tissues need to migrate with lymphatic fluid to LNs to activate the lymphocytes therein. Meanwhile, the accumulation and retaining of many immune functional compounds in LNs enhance their efficacy significantly. Therefore, LNs have become a key target for tumor immunotherapy. Unfortunately, the nonspecific distribution of the immune drugs in vivo greatly limits the activation and proliferation of immune cells, which leads to unsatisfactory anti-tumor effects. The efficient nano-delivery system to LNs is an effective strategy to maximize the efficacy of immune drugs. Nano-delivery systems have shown beneficial in improving biodistribution and enhancing accumulation in lymphoid tissues, exhibiting powerful and promising prospects for achieving effective delivery to LNs. Herein, the physiological structure and the delivery barriers of LNs were summarized and the factors affecting LNs accumulation were discussed thoroughly. Moreover, developments in nano-delivery systems were reviewed and the transformation prospects of LNs targeting nanocarriers were summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunli Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingping Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Drug Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Wang H, Ye X, Spanos M, Wang H, Yang Z, Li G, Xiao J, Zhou L. Exosomal Non-Coding RNA Mediates Macrophage Polarization: Roles in Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050745. [PMID: 37237557 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes are nanosized extracellular particles that contain proteins, DNA, non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and other molecules, which are widely present in biofluids throughout the body. As a key mediator of intercellular communication, EVs transfer their cargoes to target cells and activate signaling transduction. Increasing evidence shows that ncRNA is involved in a variety of pathological and physiological processes through various pathways, particularly the inflammatory response. Macrophage, one of the body's "gatekeepers", plays a crucial role in inflammatory reactions. Generally, macrophages can be classified as pro-inflammatory type (M1) or anti-inflammatory type (M2) upon their phenotypes, a phenomenon termed macrophage polarization. Increasing evidence indicates that the polarization of macrophages plays important roles in the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the role of exosomal ncRNA in regulating macrophage polarization and the role of polarized macrophages as an important source of EV in CVD remains to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the role and molecular mechanisms of exosomal-ncRNA in regulating macrophage polarization during CVD development, focusing on their cellular origins, functional cargo, and their detailed effects on macrophage polarization. We also discuss the role of polarized macrophages and their derived EV in CVD as well as the therapeutic prospects of exosomal ncRNA in the treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China
| | - Xuan Ye
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Michail Spanos
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Huanxin Wang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
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Nakamachi Y, Uto K, Hayashi S, Okano T, Morinobu A, Kuroda R, Kawan S, Saegusa J. Exosomes derived from synovial fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis promote macrophage migration that can be suppressed by miR-124-3p. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14986. [PMID: 37151687 PMCID: PMC10161379 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Exosomes are potent vehicles for intercellular communication. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic disease of unknown etiology. Local administration of miR-124 precursor to rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis suppresses systemic arthritis and bone destruction. Thus, exosomes may be involved in this disease. We aimed to determine the role of exosomes in the pathology of RA. Methods Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were collected from patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA). miR-124-3p mimic was transfected into the RA FLS (RA miR-124 FLS). Exosomes were collected from the culture medium by ultracentrifugation. Macrophages were produced from THP-1 cells. MicroRNAs in the exosomes were analyzed using real-time PCR. Proteomics analysis was performed using nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Macrophage migration was evaluated using a Transwell migration assay. SiRNA was used to knockdown proteins of interest. Results MicroRNAs in the RA FLS, RA miR-124 FLS, and OA FLS exosomes were similar. Proteomics analysis revealed that pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels were higher in RA FLS exosomes than in RA miR-124 FLS and OA FLS exosomes, and proteasome 20S subunit beta 5 (PSMB5) levels were lower in RA FLS exosomes than in RA miR-124 FLS and OA FLS exosomes. The RA FLS exosomes promoted and the RA miR-124 FLS exosomes suppressed macrophage migration. PTX3-silenced RA FLS exosomes suppressed and PSMB5-silenced OA FLS exosomes promoted macrophage migration. Conclusions RA FLS exosomes promote macrophage migration via PTX3 and PSMB5, and miR-124-3p suppresses this migration.
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CCR7 Mediates Dendritic-Cell-Derived Exosome Migration and Improves Cardiac Function after Myocardial Infarction. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020461. [PMID: 36839783 PMCID: PMC9964111 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles in promoting wound healing after myocardial infarction (MI). Our previous studies have shown that exosomes derived from DCs (DEXs) could migrate to lymphoid tissue and improve cardiac function post-MI by activating CD4+ T cells; however, the mechanism of DEXs' migration to lymphoid tissue and the improvement of cardiac function are still unknown. In our study, we found that CCR7 expression significantly increased in MI-DEXs compared with control-DEXs; meanwhile, CCL19 and CCL21, the ligands of CCR7, significantly increased in the serum of MI-model mice. Subsequently, we overexpressed and knocked down CCR7 in MI-DEXs and found that overexpressed CCR7 enhanced the migration of MI-DEXs to the spleen; however, CCR7 knockdown attenuated MI-DEXs' migration according to near-IR fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, overexpressed CCR7 in MI-DEXs enhanced the MI-DEXs' improvement of cardiac function after MI; however, CCR7-knockdown MI-DEXs attenuated this improvement. In addition, after DEXs' migration to the spleen, MI-DEXs activated CD4+ T cells and induced the expression of IL-4 and IL-10, which were significantly increased in the MI-DEX group compared with the control group. In conclusion, CCR7 could mediate DEXs' migration to the spleen and improve cardiac function after MI, and we found that the mechanism was partly via activation of CD4+ T cells and secretion of IL-4 and IL-10. Our study presented an innovative method for improving cardiac function by enhancing the migration ability of MI-DEXs after MI, while CCR7 could be a potential candidate for MI-DEX bioengineering to enhance migration.
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Katakai T. Yin and yang roles of B lymphocytes in solid tumors: Balance between antitumor immunity and immune tolerance/immunosuppression in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1088129. [PMID: 36761946 PMCID: PMC9902938 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1088129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of B cells in antitumor immunity has been reported to be either promotive or suppressive, but the specific mechanism remains to be comprehensively understood. However, this complicated situation likely depends on the temporal and spatial relationship between the developing tumor and B cells that recognize tumor antigens. Unlike responses against microbial or pathogenic infections, tumor cells are derived from autologous cells that have mutated and become aberrant; thus, elimination by the adaptive immune system is essentially inefficient. If tumor cells can evade immune attack at an early stage, non-destructive responses, such as tolerance and immunosuppression, are established over time. In tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs), tumor antigen-reactive B cells potentially acquire immunoregulatory phenotypes and contribute to an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, triggering and enhancing antitumor responses by immunotherapies require selective control of these regulatory B cell subsets in TDLNs. In contrast, B cell infiltration and formation of tertiary lymphoid structures in tumors are positively correlated with therapeutic prognosis, suggesting that tumor antigen-specific activation of B cells and antibody production are advantageous for antitumor immunity in mid- to late-stage tumors. Given that the presence of B cells in tumor tissues may reflect the ongoing antitumor response in TDLNs, therapeutic induction and enhancement of these lymphocytes are expected to increase the overall effectiveness of immunotherapy. Therefore, B cells are promising targets, but the spatiotemporal balance of the subsets that exhibit opposite characteristics, that is, the protumor or antitumor state in TDLNs, should be understood, and strategies to separately control their functions should be developed to maximize the clinical outcome.
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Harvey B, Fu X, Li L, Neupane KR, Anand N, Kolesar JM, Richards CI. Dendritic Cell Membrane-Derived Nanovesicles for Targeted T Cell Activation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46222-46233. [PMID: 36570199 PMCID: PMC9773342 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
T cells play an integral role in the generation of an effective immune response and are responsible for clearing foreign microbes that have bypassed innate immune system defenses and possess cognate antigens. The immune response can be directed toward a desired target through the selective priming and activation of T cells. Due to their ability to activate a T cell response, dendritic cells and endogenous vesicles from dendritic cells are being developed for cancer immunotherapy treatment. However, current platforms, such as exosomes and synthetic nanoparticles, are limited by their production methods and application constraints. Here, we engineer nanovesicles derived from dendritic cell membranes with similar properties as dendritic cell exosomes via nitrogen cavitation. These cell-derived nanovesicles are capable of activating antigen-specific T cells through direct and indirect mechanisms. Additionally, these nanovesicles can be produced in large yields, overcoming production constraints that limit clinical application of alternative immunomodulatory vesicle or nanoparticle-based methods. Thus, dendritic cell-derived nanovesicles generated by nitrogen cavitation show potential as an immunotherapy platform to stimulate and direct T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock
T. Harvey
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Xu Fu
- Light
Microscopy Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Lan Li
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Khaga R. Neupane
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Namrata Anand
- Department
of Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jill M. Kolesar
- Department
of Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Christopher I. Richards
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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Shen J, Zhang M, Peng M. Progress of exosome research in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cytokine X 2022; 4:100066. [PMID: 35656386 PMCID: PMC9151726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2022.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells by exosomes derived from SLE. Abnormal expression of exosome composition in SLE. Diagnostic role of miRNAs in Exosomes for SLE. Feasibility of exosomes in the treatment of SLE.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a global chronic autoimmune disease that invades most organs of the body, with kidney injury being the most prominent feature. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that carry a variety of proteins, lipids and genetic material, participate in the exchange of local and intersystem information, and play an important immunoregulatory role in a variety of autoimmune diseases. At the same time, the use of exosomes as disease biomarkers and drug delivery carriers also shows great application prospects. This article reviews current progress in the application of exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of SLE.
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Key Words
- CfDNA, Circulating free DNA
- Diagnostic role
- Exosomes
- HMGB1, High mobility group box 1
- Immunomodulation
- LN, Lupus nephritis
- MSC, Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
- MiRNAs, Microribonucleic acids
- Microribonucleic acid
- PAMPs, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDCs, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
- SLE, Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- TLR, Recombinant Toll Like Receptor
- Therapeutic potential
- Treg, Regulatory T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Meiyu Peng
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
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Zheng C, Xie L, Qin H, Liu X, Chen X, Lv F, Wang L, Zhu X, Xu J. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:835566. [PMID: 35309937 PMCID: PMC8924487 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.835566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles that can be actively secreted by most cell types into the extracellular environment. Evidence indicates that EVs can carry microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), proteins, and lipids to target cells or tissue organizations. Latest studies show that EVs play a vital role in the immune modulation and may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal T cell activation and sustained production of autoantibodies against self-antigens, resulting in inflammation and damage to multiple systems. Pathogenic mechanisms of SLE, however, are still not well understood. In this review, we summarize the latest research advances on the functions and mechanisms of EVs, and its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Xie
- *Correspondence: Lin Xie, ; Xiaohua Zhu, ; Jinhua Xu,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaohua Zhu
- *Correspondence: Lin Xie, ; Xiaohua Zhu, ; Jinhua Xu,
| | - Jinhua Xu
- *Correspondence: Lin Xie, ; Xiaohua Zhu, ; Jinhua Xu,
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Zhang Y, Cai Z, Shen Y, Lu Q, Gao W, Zhong X, Yao K, Yuan J, Liu H. Hydrogel-load exosomes derived from dendritic cells improve cardiac function via Treg cells and the polarization of macrophages following myocardial infarction. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:271. [PMID: 34496871 PMCID: PMC8424987 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of global death. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes (DEXs) provide us with the possibility of improving cardiac function after MI but are limited by low retention times and short-lived therapeutic effects. In this study, we developed a novel drug delivery system incorporating alginate hydrogel that continuously releases DEXs and investigated the mechanisms underlying the action of DEXs in the improvement of cardiac function after MI. Results We incorporated DEXs with alginate hydrogel (DEXs-Gel) and investigated controlled released ability and rheology, and found that DEXs-Gel release DEXs in a sustainable mammer and prolonged the retention time of DEXs but had no detrimental effects on the migration in vivo. Then DEXs-Gel was applicated in the MI model mice, we found that DEXs-Gel siginificantly enhanced the therapeutic effects of DEXs with regards to improving cardiac function after MI. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining revealed that DEXs significantly upregulated the infiltration of Treg cells and M2 macrophages into the border zoom after MI, and DEXs activated regulatory T (Treg) cells and shifted macrophages to reparative M2 macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Our novel delivery method provides an innovative tool for enhancing the therapeutic effects of DEXs after MI. Further analysis revealed that DEXs exert effect by activating Treg cells and by modifying the polarization of macrophages. Graphic Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital of Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunli Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that can transport cargos of proteins, lipids, DNA, various RNA species and microRNAs (miRNAs). Exosomes can enter cells and deliver their contents to recipient cell. Owing to their cargo exosomes can transfer different molecules to the target cells and change the phenotype of these cells. The fate of the contents of an exosome depends on its target destination. Various mechanisms for exosome uptake by target cells have been proposed, but the mechanisms responsible for exosomes internalization into cells are still debated. Exosomes exposed cells produce labeled protein kinases, which are expressed by other cells. This means that these kinases are internalized by exosomes, and transported into the cytoplasm of recipient cells. Many studies have confirmed that exosomes are not only secreted by living cells, but also internalized or accumulated by the other cells. The "next cell hypothesis" supports the notion that exosomes constitute communication vehicles between neighboring cells. By this mechanism, exosomes participate in the development of diabetes and its associated complications, critically contribute to the spreading of neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease, and non-proteolysed form of Fas ligand (mFasL)-bearing exosomes trigger the apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, exosomes derived from human B lymphocytes induce antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T cell responses. Interestingly, exosomes secreted by cancer cells have been demonstrated to express tumor antigens, as well as immune suppressive molecules. This process is defined as "exosome-immune suppression" concept. The interplay via the exchange of exosomes between cancer cells and between cancer cells and the tumor stroma promote the transfer of oncogenes and onco-miRNAs from one cell to other. Circulating exosomes that are released from hypertrophic adipocytes are effective in obesity-related complications. On the other hand, the "inflammasome-induced" exosomes can activate inflammatory responses in recipient cells. In this chapter protein kinases-related checkpoints are emphasized considering the regulation of exosome biogenesis, secretory traffic, and their impacts on cell death, tumor growth, immune system, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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13
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Permana AD, Nainu F, Moffatt K, Larrañeta E, Donnelly RF. Recent advances in combination of microneedles and nanomedicines for lymphatic targeted drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1690. [PMID: 33401339 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous diseases have been reported to affect the lymphatic system. As such, several strategies have been developed to deliver chemotherapeutics to this specific network of tissues and associated organs. Nanotechnology has been exploited as one of the main approaches to improve the lymphatic uptake of drugs. Different nanoparticle approaches utilized for both active and passive targeting of the lymphatic system are discussed here. Specifically, due to the rich abundance of lymphatic capillaries in the dermis, particular attention is given to this route of administration, as intradermal administration could potentially result in higher lymphatic uptake compared to other routes of administration. Recently, progress in microneedle research has attracted particular attention as an alternative for the use of conventional hypodermic injections. The benefits of microneedles, when compared to intradermal injection, are subsequently highlighted. Importantly, microneedles exhibit particular benefit in relation to therapeutic targeting of the lymphatic system, especially when combined with nanoparticles, which are further discussed. However, despite the apparent benefits provided by this combination approach, further comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies are now necessary to realize the potential extent of this dual-delivery platform, further taking into consideration eventual usability and acceptability in the intended patient end-users. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Kurtis Moffatt
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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14
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Mittal S, Gupta P, Chaluvally-Raghavan P, Pradeep S. Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Immune Regulation and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123563. [PMID: 33260606 PMCID: PMC7760253 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Accumulating evidence has reported that extracellular vesicles secreted by different tumor microenvironment cells can interfere with the host immune system. These vesicles transmit the signals in the tumor microenvironment that affect the proliferation, apoptosis, activation, and, metabolism of immune cells such as dendritic cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, creating a pro-tumoral environment for tumor progression and survival. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the function of extracellular vesicles derived from tumor cells and immune cells in regulating the critical processes associated with cancer progression. Besides, we also provide insights on how the extracellular vesicles are employed as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and drug carriers in cancer. Abstract The development of effective therapies for cancer treatment requires a better understanding of the tumor extracellular environment and a dynamic interaction between tumor cells, the cells of the immune system, and the tumor stroma. Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles play an important role in this interaction. Extracellular vesicles are nanometer-sized membrane-bound vesicles secreted by various types of cells that facilitate intracellular communication by transferring proteins, various lipids, and nucleic acids, especially miRNAs, between cells. Extracellular vesicles play discrete roles in the immune regulatory functions, such as antigen presentation, and activation or suppression of immune cells. Achieving therapeutic intervention through targeting of extracellular vesicles is a crucial area of research now. Thus, a deeper knowledge of exosome biology and the molecular mechanism of immune regulation is likely to provide significant insight into therapeutic intervention utilizing extracellular vesicles to combat this dreadful disease. This review describes the recent updates on immune regulation by extracellular vesicles in cancer progression and possible use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Prachi Gupta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pradeep Chaluvally-Raghavan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-414-955-2673; Fax: +1-414-805-6622
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15
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Hejrati A, Hasani B, Esmaili M, Bashash D, Tavakolinia N, Zafari P. Role of exosome in autoimmunity, with a particular emphasis on rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2020; 24:159-169. [PMID: 33159418 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-derived exosomes are identified as carriers of lipids, proteins, and genetic materials that participate in cell-cell signal communication, biological process, and cell signaling. Also, their involvement has been reported in a vast array of disorders and inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a common cause of joint disorder, is an inflammation-based disease in which the precise understanding of its pathogenesis needs to be further investigated. Also, there is only a palliative care approach for the alleviation of RA symptoms. This paper discusses the recent advances in the biology of exosomes in autoimmune disorders especially in RA, and also provides a new line of research for arthritis therapy using exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hejrati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hazrate-Rasool General Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Hasani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Esmaili
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naeimeh Tavakolinia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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16
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Giri KR, de Beaurepaire L, Jegou D, Lavy M, Mosser M, Dupont A, Fleurisson R, Dubreil L, Collot M, Van Endert P, Bach JM, Mignot G, Bosch S. Molecular and Functional Diversity of Distinct Subpopulations of the Stressed Insulin-Secreting Cell's Vesiculome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1814. [PMID: 33101266 PMCID: PMC7556286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta cell failure and apoptosis following islet inflammation have been associated with autoimmune type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. As conveyors of biological active material, extracellular vesicles (EV) act as mediators in communication with immune effectors fostering the idea that EV from inflamed beta cells may contribute to autoimmunity. Evidence accumulates that beta exosomes promote diabetogenic responses, but relative contributions of larger vesicles as well as variations in the composition of the beta cell's vesiculome due to environmental changes have not been explored yet. Here, we made side-by-side comparisons of the phenotype and function of apoptotic bodies (AB), microvesicles (MV) and small EV (sEV) isolated from an equal amount of MIN6 beta cells exposed to inflammatory, hypoxic or genotoxic stressors. Under normal conditions, large vesicles represent 93% of the volume, but only 2% of the number of the vesicles. Our data reveal a consistently higher release of AB and sEV and to a lesser extent of MV, exclusively under inflammatory conditions commensurate with a 4-fold increase in the total volume of the vesiculome and enhanced export of immune-stimulatory material including the autoantigen insulin, microRNA, and cytokines. Whilst inflammation does not change the concentration of insulin inside the EV, specific Toll-like receptor-binding microRNA sequences preferentially partition into sEV. Exposure to inflammatory stress engenders drastic increases in the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in all EV and of interleukin-27 solely in AB suggesting selective sorting toward EV subspecies. Functional in vitro assays in mouse dendritic cells and macrophages reveal further differences in the aptitude of EV to modulate expression of cytokines and maturation markers. These findings highlight the different quantitative and qualitative imprints of environmental changes in subpopulations of beta EV that may contribute to the spread of inflammation and sustained immune cell recruitment at the inception of the (auto-) immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margot Lavy
- IECM, ONIRIS, INRAE, USC1383, Nantes, France
| | | | - Aurelien Dupont
- MRic, Biosit, UMS3480 CNRS, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | - Laurence Dubreil
- PAnTher, INRAE, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Mayeul Collot
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR CNRS 7213, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Peter Van Endert
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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17
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Myeloid Cell Modulation by Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176319. [PMID: 32878277 PMCID: PMC7504548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) can carry proteins, RNA and DNA, thus serving as communication tools between cells. Tumor cells secrete EV, which can be taken up by surrounding cells in the tumor microenvironment as well as by cells in distant organs. Tumor-derived EV (TEV) contain factors induced by tumor-associated hypoxia such as heat shock proteins or a variety of microRNA (miRNA). The interaction of TEV with tumor and host cells can promote cancer angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Myeloid cells are widely presented in tissues, comprise the majority of immune cells and play an essential role in immune reactions and tissue remodeling. However, in cancer, the differentiation of myeloid cells and their functions are impaired, resulting in tumor promotion. Such alterations are due to chronic inflammatory conditions associated with cancer and are mediated by the tumor secretome, including TEV. A high capacity of myeloid cells to clear EV from circulation put them in the central position in EV-mediated formation of pre-metastatic niches. The exposure of myeloid cells to TEV could trigger numerous signaling pathways. Progenitors of myeloid cells alter their differentiation upon the contact with TEV, resulting in the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), inhibiting anti-tumor function of T and natural killer (NK) cells and promoting thereby tumor progression. Furthermore, TEV can augment MDSC immunosuppressive capacity. Different subsets of mature myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC) and granulocytes take up TEV and acquire a protumorigenic phenotype. However, the delivery of tumor antigens to DC by TEV was shown to enhance their immunostimulatory capacity. The present review will discuss a diverse and complex EV-mediated crosstalk between tumor and myeloid cells in the context of the tumor type, TEV-associated cargo molecules and type of recipient cells.
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18
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Li C, Donninger H, Eaton J, Yaddanapudi K. Regulatory Role of Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: The Message Is in the Envelope. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1525. [PMID: 32765528 PMCID: PMC7378739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous group of membrane-surrounded structures. Besides serving as a harbor for the unwanted material exocytosed by cells, EVs play a critical role in conveying intact protein, genetic, and lipid contents that are important for intercellular communication. EVs, broadly comprised of microvesicles and exosomes, are released to the extracellular environment from nearly all cells either via shedding from the plasma membrane or by originating from the endosomal system. Exosomes are 40–150 nm, endosome-derived small EVs (sEVs) that are released by cells into the extracellular environment. This review focuses on the biological properties of immune cell-derived sEVs, including composition and cellular targeting and mechanisms by which these immune cell-derived sEVs influence tumor immunity either by suppressing or promoting tumor growth, are discussed. The final section of this review discusses how the biological properties of immune cell-derived sEVs can be manipulated to improve their immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Howard Donninger
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - John Eaton
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Immuno-Oncology Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Immuno-Oncology Group, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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19
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Bordoni B. The Five Diaphragms in Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine: Neurological Relationships, Part 1. Cureus 2020; 12:e8697. [PMID: 32699694 PMCID: PMC7370585 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In osteopathic manual medicine (OMM), there are several approaches for patient assessment and treatment. One of these is the five diaphragm model (tentorium cerebelli, tongue, thoracic outlet, diaphragm, and pelvic floor), whose foundations are part of another historical model: respiratory-circulatory. The myofascial continuity, anterior and posterior, supports the notion the human body cannot be divided into segments but is a continuum of matter, fluids, and emotions. In this first part, the neurological relationships of the tentorium cerebelli and the lingual muscle complex will be highlighted, underlining the complex interactions and anastomoses, through the most current scientific data and an accurate review of the topic. In the second part, I will describe the neurological relationships of the thoracic outlet, the respiratory diaphragm and the pelvic floor, with clinical reflections. In literature, to my knowledge, it is the first time that the different neurological relationships of these anatomical segments have been discussed, highlighting the constant neurological continuity of the five diaphragms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA
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20
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Abstract
The influx and efflux of cells and antigens to and from the draining lymph nodes largely take place through the subcapsular, cortical and medullary sinus systems. Recent analyses in mice and humans have revealed unexpected diversity in the lymphatic endothelial cells, which form the distinct regions of the sinuses. As a semipermeable barrier, the lymphatic endothelial cells regulate the sorting of lymph-borne antigens to the lymph node parenchyma and can themselves serve as antigen-presenting cells. The leukocytes entering the lymph node via the sinus system and the lymphocytes egressing from the parenchyma migrate through the lymphatic endothelial cell layer. The sinus lymphatic endothelial cells also orchestrate the organogenesis of lymph nodes, and they undergo bidirectional signalling with other sinus-resident cells, such as subcapsular sinus macrophages, to generate a unique lymphatic niche. In this Review, we consider the structural and functional basis of how the lymph node sinus system coordinates immune responses under physiological conditions, and in inflammation and cancer.
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21
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Hood JL. Natural melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 59:251-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Wu R, Gao W, Yao K, Ge J. Roles of Exosomes Derived From Immune Cells in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:648. [PMID: 30984201 PMCID: PMC6449434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies aimed at minimizing adverse remodeling in cardiovascular diseases on a molecular and cellular basis are urgently needed. Exosomes are nanosized lipid vesicles released from various cells that are able to mediate intercellular signaling and communication via their cargos. It has been increasingly demonstrated that exosomes from cardiomyocytes or stem/progenitor cells can promote cardiac repair and regeneration, but their mechanism has not been fully explained. Immune responses mediated by immune cells also play important and complicated roles in the progression of various cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. Exosomes derived from immune cells have shown pleiotropic effects on these pathological states, whether similar to or different from their parent cells. However, the underlying mechanism remains obscure. In this review, we first describe the biological characteristics and biogenesis of exosomes. Then we critically examine the emerging roles of exosomes in cardiovascular disease; the exosomes we focus on are derived from immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, T cells, as well as neutrophils and mast cells. Among the cardiovascular diseases we discuss, we mainly focus on myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. As active intercellular communicators, exosomes from immune cells may offer prospective diagnostic and therapeutic value in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kang Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
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23
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Bardi GT, Al-Rayan N, Richie JL, Yaddanapudi K, Hood JL. Detection of Inflammation-Related Melanoma Small Extracellular Vesicle (sEV) mRNA Content Using Primary Melanocyte sEVs as a Reference. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051235. [PMID: 30870978 PMCID: PMC6429302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) participate in tumor pathogenesis. Tumor pathogenesis is highly dependent on inflammatory processes. Given the potential for melanoma sEVs to carry tumor biomarkers, we explored the hypothesis that they may contain inflammation-related mRNA content. Biophysical characterization showed that human primary melanocyte-derived sEVs trended toward being smaller and having less negative (more neutral) zeta potential than human melanoma sEVs (A-375, SKMEL-28, and C-32). Using primary melanocyte sEVs as the control population, RT-qPCR array results demonstrated similarities and differences in gene expression between melanoma sEV types. Upregulation of pro-angiogenic chemokine ligand CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8 mRNAs in A-375 and SKMEL-28 melanoma sEVs was the most consistent finding. This paralleled increased production of CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL8 proteins by A-375 and SKMEL-28 sEV source cells. Overall, the use of primary melanocyte sEVs as a control sEV reference population facilitated the detection of inflammation-related melanoma sEV mRNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina T Bardi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Numan Al-Rayan
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Jamaal L Richie
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| | - Joshua L Hood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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24
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Sun B, Zhou Y, Fang Y, Li Z, Gu X, Xiang J. Colorectal cancer exosomes induce lymphatic network remodeling in lymph nodes. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1648-1659. [PMID: 30734278 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Gastric CancerFudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Shanghai China
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yantian Fang
- Department of Gastric CancerFudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Shanghai China
| | - Zhenyang Li
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jianbin Xiang
- Department of General SurgeryHuashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai China
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25
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Contribution of the plasma and lymph Degradome and Peptidome to the MHC Ligandome. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:203-216. [PMID: 30343358 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Every biological fluid, blood, interstitial fluid and lymph, urine, saliva, lacrimal fluid, nipple aspirate, and spinal fluid, contains a peptidome-degradome derived from the cellular secretome along with byproducts of the metabolic/catabolic activities of each parenchymal organ. Clement et al. (J Proteomics 78:172-187, 2013), Clement et al. (J Biol Chem 291:5576-5595, 2016), Clement et al. (PLoS One 5:e9863, 2010), Clement et al. (Trends Immunol 32:6-11, 2011), Clement et al. (Front Immunol 4:424, 2013), Geho et al. (Curr Opin Chem Biol 10, 50-55, 2006), Interewicz et al. (Lymphology 37:65‑72, 2004), Leak et al. (Proteomics 4:753‑765, 2004), Popova et al. (PLoS One 9:e110873, 2014), Zhou et al. (Electrophoresis 25:1289‑1298, 2004), D'Alessandro et al. (Shock 42:509‑517, 2014), Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 42:485‑498, 2014), Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 35:331‑338, 2011), Jordan et al. (J Surg Res 143:130‑135, 2007), Peltz et al. (Surgery 146:347‑357, 2009), Zurawel et al. (Clin Proteomics 8:1, 2011), Ling et al. (Clin Proteomics 6:175‑193, 2010), Sturm et al. (Nat Commun 4:1616, 2013). Over the last decade, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biological fluids peptidome and degradome have provided a dynamic measurement of tissue homeostasis as well as the tissue response to pathological damage. Proteomic profiling has mapped several of the proteases and resulting degradation by-products derived from cell cycle progression, organ/tissue remodeling and cellular growth, physiological apoptosis, hemostasis, and angiogenesis. Currently, a growing interest lies in the degradome observed during pathological conditions such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and immune responses to pathogens as a way to exploit biological fluids as liquid biopsies for biomarker discovery Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 42:485-498, 2014), Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 35:331-338, 2011), Ling et al. (Clin Proteomics 6:175-193, 2010), Ugalde et al. (Methods Mol Biol 622:3-29, 2010), Quesada et al. (Nucleic Acids Res 37:D239‑243, 2009), Cal et al. (Front Biosci 12, 4661-4669, 2007), Shen et al. (PLoS One 5:e13133, 2010a), Antwi et al. (Mol Immunol 46:2931-2937, 2009a), Antwi et al. (J Proteome Res 8:4722‑4731, 2009b), Bedin et al. (J Cell Physiol 231, 915‑925, 2016), Bery et al. (Clin Proteomics 11:13, 2014), Bhalla et al. (Sci Rep 7:1511, 2017), Fan et al. (Diagn Pathol 7:45, 2012a), Fang et al. (Shock 34:291‑298, 2010), Fiedler et al. (Clin Cancer Res 15:3812‑3819, 2009), Fredolini et al. (AAPS J 12:504‑518, 2010), Greening et al. (Enzymes 42:27‑64, 2017), He et al. (PLoS One 8:e63724, 2013), Huang et al. (Int J Gynecol Cancer 28:355‑362, 2018), Hashiguchi et al. (Med Hypotheses 73:760‑763, 2009), Liotta and Petricoin (J Clin Invest 116:26‑30, 2006), Petricoin et al. (Nat Rev Cancer 6:961‑967, 2006), Shen et al. (J Proteome Res 9:2339‑2346, 2010a), Shen et al. (J Proteome Res 5:3154‑3160, 2006), Smith (Clin Proteomics 11:23, 2014), Wang et al. (Oncotarget 8:59376‑59386, 2017), Yang et al. (Clin Exp Med 12:79‑87, 2012a), Yang et al. (J Clin Lab Anal 26:148‑154, 2012b), Yang et al. (Anat Rec (Hoboken) 293:2027‑2033, 2010), Zapico-Muniz et al. (Pancreas 39:1293‑1298, 2010), Villanueva et al. (Mol Cell Proteomics 5:1840‑1852, 2006), Robbins et al. (J Clin Oncol 23:4835‑4837, 2005), Klupczynska et al. (Int J Mol Sci 17:410, 2016). In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of the degradome/peptidome observed in two main biological fluids (plasma and lymph) during physiological and pathological conditions and its importance for immune surveillance.
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26
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Tucci M, Mannavola F, Passarelli A, Stucci LS, Cives M, Silvestris F. Exosomes in melanoma: a role in tumor progression, metastasis and impaired immune system activity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20826-20837. [PMID: 29755693 PMCID: PMC5945529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (Exo) are small vesicles produced by melanoma cells and the accessory cells of the tumor microenvironment. They emerge via both classical and direct pathways and actively participate in tumor colonisation of distant tissues. The proteins, nucleic acids, cytokines and growth factors engulfed by Exo are transferred to recipient cells, where they drive numerous functions required for the tumor escape from immune system control and tumor progression. By positively or negatively modulating immune cell properties, Exo provoke immune suppression and, in turn, defective dendritic cell (DC) functions. Together, these effects limit the cytotoxicity of T-cells and expand both T-regulatory and myeloid-derived suppressor populations. They also hinder perforin and granzyme production by natural killer cells. Finally, Exo also control the organotropism of melanoma cells. The distinct phenotypic properties of Exo can be exploited both for diagnostic purposes and in the early identification of melanoma patients likely to respond to immunotherapy. The potential therapeutic application of Exo derived from DCs has been demonstrated in vaccination trials, which showed an increase in anti-melanoma activity with respect to circulating tumor cells. However, additional studies are required before Exo can be effectively used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Passarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigia Stefania Stucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Cives
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Bardi GT, Smith MA, Hood JL. Melanoma exosomes promote mixed M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. Cytokine 2018; 105:63-72. [PMID: 29459345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key participants in melanoma growth and survival. In general, macrophages can be classified as M1 or M2 activation phenotypes. Increasing evidence demonstrates that melanoma exosomes also facilitate tumor survival and metastasis. However, the role of melanoma exosomes in directly influencing macrophage function is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that natural melanoma exosomes might directly influence macrophage polarization. To explore this hypothesis, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and macrophage functional studies were performed in vitro using an established source of melanoma exosomes (B16-F10). ELISA results for melanoma exosome induction of common M1 and M2 cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages, revealed that melanoma exosomes do not polarize macrophages exclusively in the M1 or M2 direction. Melanoma exosomes induced the M1 and M2 representative cytokines TNF-α and IL-10 respectively. Further assessment, using an RT-qPCR array with RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages, confirmed and extended the ELISA findings. Upregulation of markers common to both M1 and M2 polarization phenotypes included CCL22, IL-12B, IL-1β, IL-6, i-NOS, and TNF-α. The M2 cytokine TGF-β was upregulated in primary but not RAW 264.7 macrophages. Pro-tumor functions have been attributed to each of these markers. Macrophage functional assays demonstrated a trend toward increased i-NOS (M1) to arginase (M2) activity. Collectively, the results provide the first evidence that melanoma exosomes can induce a mixed M1 and M2 pro-tumor macrophage activation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina T Bardi
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Mary Ann Smith
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Joshua L Hood
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, & James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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Yu G, Jung H, Kang YY, Mok H. Comparative evaluation of cell- and serum-derived exosomes to deliver immune stimulators to lymph nodes. Biomaterials 2018; 162:71-81. [PMID: 29438882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether exosomes are efficient carriers for immune stimulating molecules into lymph nodes, comparative studies of exosomes (EXOs) derived from different origins (cells and serums) in terms of physicochemical properties and delivery efficiency were performed. Serum-derived EXOs were of a preferable size and generated higher yields than RAW264.7 cell-derived exosomes (RAW-EXO). In particular, fetal bovine serum-derived exosomes (bo-EXO), with a size below 50 nm, were delivered not only to surface zones (subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophage zone) but also to inner paracortex zones (T cell zone) of lymph nodes, which allowed an efficient delivery of immune stimulating molecules to antigen presenting cells and T cells. The encapsulation of immune stimulating biomolecules (monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN)) within EXOs greatly increased intracellular delivery to macrophages via phagocytic pathways, which induced higher TNF-α and IL-6 secretion than free MPLA and free CpG ODN. MPLA-incorporated exosomes activated and differentiated T cells after subcutaneous injection, which elevated cytokine IFN-γ and TNF-α induction for CD3+ T cells. Taken together, bo-EXOs might serve as efficient carrier systems of immune stimulators to lymph nodes for desired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeonghui Yu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Young Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Mok
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Armstrong D, Wildman DE. Extracellular Vesicles and the Promise of Continuous Liquid Biopsies. J Pathol Transl Med 2018; 52:1-8. [PMID: 29370511 PMCID: PMC5784223 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2017.05.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid and accurate diagnosis of patients with minimally invasive procedures was once only found in science fiction. However, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their near ubiquity in body fluids, coupled with the advent of inexpensive next generation sequencing techniques and EV purification protocols, promises to make science fiction a reality. Purifying and sequencing the RNA content of EV from routine blood draws and urine samples are likely to enable pathologists and physicians to diagnose and track the progress of diseases in many inaccessible tissues in the near future. Here we present the evolutionary background of EV, summarize the biology of EV formation and cargo selection, and discuss the current barriers to making continuous liquid biopsies through the use of EV a science reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Armstrong
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Derek E Wildman
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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