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Thor S. Indirect neurogenesis in space and time. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:519-534. [PMID: 38951687 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) generate neurons and glia in two different ways. In direct neurogenesis, daughter cells differentiate directly into neurons or glia, whereas in indirect neurogenesis, neurons or glia are generated after one or more daughter cell divisions. Intriguingly, indirect neurogenesis is not stochastically deployed and plays instructive roles during CNS development: increased generation of cells from specific lineages; increased generation of early or late-born cell types within a lineage; and increased cell diversification. Increased indirect neurogenesis might contribute to the anterior CNS expansion evident throughout the Bilateria and help to modify brain-region size without requiring increased NPC numbers or extended neurogenesis. Increased indirect neurogenesis could be an evolutionary driver of the gyrencephalic (that is, folded) cortex that emerged during mammalian evolution and might even have increased during hominid evolution. Thus, selection of indirect versus direct neurogenesis provides a powerful developmental and evolutionary instrument that drives not only the evolution of CNS complexity but also brain expansion and modulation of brain-region size, and thereby the evolution of increasingly advanced cognitive abilities. This Review describes indirect neurogenesis in several model species and humans, and highlights some of the molecular genetic mechanisms that control this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Thor
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Cheung G, Pauler FM, Koppensteiner P, Krausgruber T, Streicher C, Schrammel M, Gutmann-Özgen N, Ivec AE, Bock C, Shigemoto R, Hippenmeyer S. Multipotent progenitors instruct ontogeny of the superior colliculus. Neuron 2024; 112:230-246.e11. [PMID: 38096816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC) in the mammalian midbrain is essential for multisensory integration and is composed of a rich diversity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons and glia. However, the developmental principles directing the generation of SC cell-type diversity are not understood. Here, we pursued systematic cell lineage tracing in silico and in vivo, preserving full spatial information, using genetic mosaic analysis with double markers (MADM)-based clonal analysis with single-cell sequencing (MADM-CloneSeq). The analysis of clonally related cell lineages revealed that radial glial progenitors (RGPs) in SC are exceptionally multipotent. Individual resident RGPs have the capacity to produce all excitatory and inhibitory SC neuron types, even at the stage of terminal division. While individual clonal units show no pre-defined cellular composition, the establishment of appropriate relative proportions of distinct neuronal types occurs in a PTEN-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings provide an inaugural framework at the single-RGP/-cell level of the mammalian SC ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Cheung
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Florian M Pauler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Koppensteiner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences; 1090 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Martin Schrammel
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Natalie Gutmann-Özgen
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexis E Ivec
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences; 1090 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Center for Medical Data Science, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ryuichi Shigemoto
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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Qu Z, Batz Z, Singh N, Marchal C, Swaroop A. Stage-specific dynamic reorganization of genome topology shapes transcriptional neighborhoods in developing human retinal organoids. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113543. [PMID: 38048222 PMCID: PMC10790351 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have generated a high-resolution Hi-C map of developing human retinal organoids to elucidate spatiotemporal dynamics of genomic architecture and its relationship with gene expression patterns. We demonstrate progressive stage-specific alterations in DNA topology and correlate these changes with transcription of cell-type-restricted gene markers during retinal differentiation. Temporal Hi-C reveals a shift toward A compartment for protein-coding genes and B compartment for non-coding RNAs, displaying high and low expression, respectively. Notably, retina-enriched genes are clustered near lost boundaries of topologically associated domains (TADs), and higher-order assemblages (i.e., TAD cliques) localize in active chromatin regions with binding sites for eye-field transcription factors. These genes gain chromatin contacts at their transcription start site as organoid differentiation proceeds. Our study provides a global view of chromatin architecture dynamics associated with diversification of cell types during retinal development and serves as a foundational resource for in-depth functional investigations of retinal developmental traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Qu
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zachary Batz
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nivedita Singh
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Claire Marchal
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; In silichrom Ltd, 15 Digby Road, Newbury RG14 1TS, UK
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration, and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Li X, Syed MH. Time, space, and diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:1-3. [PMID: 36100475 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Olmos-Carreño CL, Figueres-Oñate M, Scicolone GE, López-Mascaraque L. Cell Fate of Retinal Progenitor Cells: In Ovo UbC-StarTrack Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012388. [PMID: 36293245 PMCID: PMC9604099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal cell analysis outlines the ontogenic potential of single progenitor cells, allowing the elucidation of the neural heterogeneity among different cell types and their lineages. In this work, we analyze the potency of retinal stem/progenitor cells through development using the chick embryo as a model. We implemented in ovo the clonal genetic tracing strategy UbC-StarTrack for tracking retinal cell lineages derived from individual progenitors of the ciliary margin at E3.5 (HH21-22). The clonal assignment of the derived-cell progeny was performed in the neural retina at E11.5-12 (HH38) through the identification of sibling cells as cells expressing the same combination of fluorophores. Moreover, cell types were assessed based on their cellular morphology and laminar location. Ciliary margin derived-cell progenies are organized in columnar associations distributed along the peripheral retina with a limited tangential dispersion. The analysis revealed that, at the early stages of development, this region harbors multipotent and committed progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Olmos-Carreño
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), CONICET and Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Department, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Figueres-Oñate
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Department, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.F.-O.); (L.L.-M.)
| | - Gabriel E. Scicolone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), CONICET and Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - Laura López-Mascaraque
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Department, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.F.-O.); (L.L.-M.)
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