Extraction and concentration of anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia by non-ionic surfactant solution

Pressurized Hot Water Extraction as Green Technology for Natural Products as Key Technology with Regard to Hydrodistillation and Solid-Liquid Extraction

Hydrodistillation and solid-liquid extraction with organic solvents or supercritical CO2 are standard technologies for natural product manufacturing. Within this technology, portfolio pressurized hot water technology is ranked as a green, sustainable, resilient, kosher and halal manufacturing process. Essential for sustainability is energy integration for heating and cooling the auxiliary water as well as product concentration without evaporation but with the aid of low energy consuming ultra- and nanofiltration membrane technology. The incorporation of modern unit operations, such as pressurized hot water extraction, along with inline measurement devices for Process Analytical Technology approaches, showcases a shift in traditional extraction processes. Traditional equipment and processes still dominate the manufacturing of plant extracts, yet leveraging innovative chemical process engineering methods offers promising avenues for the economic and ecological advancement of botanicals. Techniques such as modeling and process intensification with green technology hold potential in this regard. Digitalization and Industry 4.0 methodologies, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, play pivotal roles in sustaining natural product extraction manufacturing and can profoundly impact the future of human health.

Genotoxicity Comparison between Morinda citrifolia Fruit and Seed Substances

This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of the fruit and seed powder, fruit puree, and aqueous extracts of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae, noni). The genotoxic potential of the noni substances was evaluated using in vitro Ames, in vitro chromosomal aberration, and in vivo micronucleus tests. All test procedures were conducted per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines, and good laboratory practice. None of the noni fruit test substances showed genotoxic signs up to 5000 and 2000 μg/plate in the Ames and micronucleus tests, respectively. In the chromosomal aberration test, neither the fruit puree nor aqueous extract showed structural and numerical aberrations up to 5000 and 4650 μg/mL, respectively, irrespective of metabolic activation, in both 6 h and 24 h treatment groups. The safe ranges of noni fruit and seed powders were up to 2500 and 2100 μg/mL, respectively, in the 6 h treatment group and up to 1600–4100 and 370–450 μg/mL, respectively, in both 6 h and 24 h treatment groups in the presence of metabolic activation. Noni fruit and seeds were safe in terms of genotoxicity under our experimental conditions. Our data are the first to provide valuable genotoxic information on Morinda citrifolia.

Nanomicellar Extraction of Polyphenols-Methodology and Applications Review

The selection of the appropriate extraction method is crucial, especially for the receiving of active substances from plant material. The extraction using supercritical liquids and micellar-mediated extraction (MME) is the most advantageous among the alternative methods to classical solid-liquid extraction. However, the latter seems to be the best solution when the desired actives are polar. The following article presents a comprehensive review of the micellar-mediated extraction method in the last decade. The theoretical principle of the process was also refreshed and the current state of knowledge on the applications for analytical and manufacturing purposes was summarized.

Incorporation of bioflavonoids from Bidens tripartite into micelles of non-ionic surfactants - experimental and theoretical studies

Classical extraction methods used for an isolation of active substances from the plant material are expensive, complicated and often environmentally unfriendly. The ultrasonic assistance micelle-mediated extraction method (UAMME) seems to be an interesting alternative. The aim of this work was to compare an efficiency of water solutions of three non-ionic surfactants: C9-11 Pareth-5, PPG-6 Steareth-7 and PPG-4 Laureth-5 in UAMME of Bidens tripartita. Subsequently, the obtained extracts were separated into two immiscible phases, a polyphenols rich surfactants phase and an aqueous phase by its heating above surfactants cloud points (CPC) or by salting out with NaCl. Along with decreasing the Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance (HLB) factor value of surfactants, i.e. increase of the hydrophobicity, a significant decreasing of the flavonoid content was observed. While polyphenols content and antioxidant activity increased. The good surface properties of all surfactants correspond to the high content of phenolic compounds in extracts and both concentration methods resulted in even a 50-fold increase of polyphenols content. Dynamic light scattering measurements (DLS) provided that solubilization of polyphenols, i.e. their incorporation into surfactants' micelles, occurred with significant enlarging of particle size. Based on the molecular dynamic simulations, the mechanism of polyphenols incorporation into micelles was discussed.

Cloud point extraction coupled with back extraction: a green methodology in analytical chemistry

Recently, cloud point extraction (CPE) coupled with back extraction (BE) has been suggested as a promising alternative to liquid-liquid extraction. In CPE, non-ionic surfactants in aqueous solutions form micelles and the solution becomes turbid when heated to the cloud point temperature. Microwave- or ultrasonic-assisted BE can be performed after CPE and before injection of the sample for instrumental analysis by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This article reviews selected published scientific research on the application of CPE-BE to the determination of alkaloids, drugs and organophosphorus compounds from several complex matrices. This method could be scaled-up for use in forensic science.

Properties and Applications of Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A Review

Morinda citrifolia commonly known as noni is a perennial plant originating in Southeast Asia, consumed over 2000 years. Due to its versatility of adaptation and use of the structures of the plant for different therapeutic purposes, noni attracted the attention of researchers from the pharmaceutical and food industry. Chemical and nutritional analyzes already performed in M. citrifolia reveal the existence of more than 200 phytochemical substances with bioactive properties such as acids, alcohols, phenols, saccharides, anthraquinones, carotenoids, esters, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, lactones, iridoids, ketones, lactones, lignans, nucleosides, triterpenides, sterols, and aromatic compounds. The high nutritional value of M. citrifolia may induce therapeutic effects, including antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The main industrial products from this plant are beverages (juice drinks), powders (from dried fruits), oil (from seeds), and leaf powders. Biological and phytotherapeutic applications of M. citrifolia are promising, but more extensive studies are still required. Thus, this review aims to gather updated and comprehensive information on Morinda citrifolia, discussing its traditional use, biochemical, phytotherapics, and toxicological properties, as well as the recent advances in the processing and standardization of products derived from noni fruit.

Polyphenols Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity Assessment of Taraxacum officinale Extracts Prepared through the Micelle-Mediated Extraction Method

This experiment was conducted with extracts prepared from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg) leaves and flowers, using the micelle-mediated extraction method, with the surface active compound Triton X-100 and water–acetone as the extraction solvents. Extracts were, first, examined for the content of total phenols and the antioxidant capacity. All extracts showed good anti-radical properties, especially for leaves, in comparison to the flower samples. Flavonoids (mainly luteolin derivatives) and phenolic acids, predominated among the determined polyphenols. Quantitative analyses indicated acetone extract to be the richest in phenols (up to 0.535 mg/mL), in the case of dandelion leaves, and Triton X-100 extract in the case of flowers (0.385 mg/mL). Extracts were also evaluated for cytotoxicity to the model cell line (epithelial rabbit kidney cells RK13), using the colorimetric 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and the real-time cell analysis method ((RTCA); xCELLigence system). The obtained results indicated that surfactants, especially non-ionic ones, can be effectively used as modifiers in the aqueous extraction of phenolic compounds from plant materials. An advantage over the traditional organic solvents is their non-flammability. Furthermore, surfactants might also be used at low concentrations. Studies on cell lines, however, indicated the cytotoxic effect of this type of compound, even in the trace amounts present in the extracts.

Analysis of Mogroside V in Siraitia grosvenorii with micelle-mediated cloud-point extraction

INTRODUCTION

Mogroside V is the main effective ingredient of Siraitia grosvenorii used as a natural sweet food as well as a traditional Chinese medicine. The sample pre-treatment prior to chromatographic analysis requires large amounts of toxic organic solvents and is time consuming.

OBJECTIVE

To develop an effective and simple method for extracting and determining mogroside V of Siraitia grosvenorii.

METHODS

Mogroside V was extracted and preconcentrated by micelle-mediated cloud-point extraction with nonionic surfactant isotridecyl poly (ethylene glycol) ether (Genapol® X-080). The obtained solutions containing mogroside V were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 -column using gradient elution with acetonitrile and water at 203 nm.

RESULTS

The cloud-point extraction yield was 80.7% while the pre-concentration factor was about 10.8. The limit of detection was 0.75 µg/mL and the limit of quantification was 2 µg/mL. The relative standard deviations for intra- and interday precisions of mogroside V were less than 8.68% and 5.78%, respectively, and the recoveries were between 85.1% and 103.6%.

CONCLUSION

The HPLC-UV method based on micelle-mediated cloud-point extraction for determination mogroside V in Siraitia grosvenorii was environmentally friendly, simple and sensitive.

Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction: A review

Pressurized liquid extraction is a "green" technology for the extraction of nutraceuticals from foods and herbal plants. This review discusses the extraction principles and the optimization of the extraction parameters that improves the extraction efficiency. The use of different solvent mixtures and other extraction additives to enhance the efficiency of the extraction are discussed. Dynamic mode of extraction in Pressurized liquid extraction, and the use of combined and hyphenated sample preparation and analytical techniques are presented. This work discusses how different studies used Pressurized liquid extraction to enrich phenolic compounds, lignans, carotenoids, oils and lipids, essential oils and other nutraceuticals from foods and herbal plants.

Surfactant-assisted pressurized liquid extraction for determination of flavonoids from Costus speciosus by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), a mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE), is considered an efficient analytical technique allowing for the reduction of organic solvent consumption during the experimental procedure. However, during sample preparation of natural products, the usage of large amount of organic solvent is generally unavoidable. In this article, therefore, a fast, simple, efficient, highly automatic and organic solvent-free sample preparation method, namely surfactant-assisted pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), was developed for the extraction of flavonoids in Costus speciosus flowers before MEKC analysis. The various experimental parameters such as the type and concentration of surfactant, and extraction time were evaluated systematically. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction efficiencies of surfactant-assisted PLE methods were comparable with Soxhlet extraction using organic solvent. The combination of surfactant-assisted PLE and MEKC was shown to be a green, rapid and effective approach for extraction and analysis of flavonoids in C. speciosus flowers.

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE)

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) has become a popular green extraction method for different classes of compounds present in numerous kinds of matrices such as environmental, food and botanical samples. PHWE is also used in sample preparation to extract organic contaminants from foodstuff for food safety analysis and soils/sediments for environmental monitoring purposes. The main parameters which influence its extraction efficiency are namely the temperature, extraction time, flow rates and addition of modifiers/additives. Among these different parameters studied, temperature is described as the most important one. It is reported that the extraction of certain compounds is rather dependent on pressurized water with different applied temperature. Thus, the stability and reduced solubilities of certain compounds at elevated temperatures are highlighted in this review. With some modifications, a scaled-up PHWE could extract a higher amount of desirable compounds from solid and powdered samples such as plant and food materials. The PHWE extracts from plants are rich in chemical compounds or metabolites which can be a potential lead for drug discovery or development of disease-resistant food crops.