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An SA, Park CG, Lee JS, Cho SM, Woo YC, Kim HS. Exposure dose and temperature of chlorine on deterioration of thin-film composite membranes for reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138929. [PMID: 37207901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of chlorine, which is used as a chemical cleaning agent or disinfection agent on membrane deterioration, was analyzed under various conditions during the membrane process. Reverse osmosis (RO: ESPA2-LD and RE4040-BE) and nanofiltration (NF: NE4040-70) membranes made of polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) were used for evaluation. Chlorine exposure was performed at doses ranging from 1000 ppm h to 10,000 ppm h using 10 ppm and 100 ppm, and temperatures from 10 °C to 30 °C. Raw water containing NaCl, MgSO4, and dextrose was used to compare the filtration performance after exposure to each of the conditions studied. Reduction in removal performance and enhancement in permeability were observed as chlorine exposure increased. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to determine the surface characteristics of the decomposed membranes. ATR-FTIR was used to compare the intensity of the peaks related to the TFC membrane. Based on the analysis, the state of membrane degradation was elucidated. SEM was used to confirm visual degradation of the membrane surface. Permeability and correlation analyses were performed on CnT as an index for determining membrane lifetime in order to investigate the power coefficient. The relative influence of the exposure concentration and time on membrane degradation was explored by comparing the power efficiency according to the exposure dose and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A An
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Gyu Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-San Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Min Cho
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chul Woo
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, 449-728, Republic of Korea.
| | - Han-Seung Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, 449-728, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao H, Yang L, Chen X, Wang J, Bai L, Cao G, Cai L, Tang CY. Reactivity of various brominating agents toward polyamide nanofiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Verbeke R, Bergmaier A, Eschbaumer S, Gómez V, Dollinger G, Vankelecom I. Elemental Depth Profiling of Chlorinated Polyamide-Based Thin-Film Composite Membranes with Elastic Recoil Detection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8640-8648. [PMID: 31286771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chlorine resistance of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes is of high importance in the water treatment industry. Elastic recoil detection (ERD) is now presented as a powerful tool to uniquely provide elemental depth profiles, including hydrogen, of NaOCl-treated polyamide-based thin-film composite (TFC) membranes. The influence of pressure, pH, and chlorine feed concentration on the volume-averaged Cl uptake, the location of chlorine throughout the membrane, and the z-gradient in the Cl/N ratio is demonstrated. The results suggest that (i) higher volume-averaged Cl uptakes are achieved at higher chlorine doses and at acidic pH; (ii) chlorination is mostly restricted to the top layer; (iii) a gradient in the Cl/N ratio exists along the membrane depth; and (iv) the shape of this gradient is influenced by the chlorination pH and the applied pressure. Conclusions on the chlorination mechanisms could also be deduced. Conversely, no conclusive relationships between H fractions and Cl uptake could be drawn, even though changes in the H content after chlorination were observed. To corroborate these results and fully exploit the potential of ERD, the exact microstructure of the (chlorinated) TFC membranes should be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Verbeke
- Membrane Technology Group (division cMACS), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , P.O. Box 2454, 3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Andreas Bergmaier
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik , Universität der Bundeswehr München , 85577 Neubiberg , Germany
| | - Stephan Eschbaumer
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik , Universität der Bundeswehr München , 85577 Neubiberg , Germany
| | - Verónica Gómez
- Dow Water Solutions , Autovía Tarragona-Salou s/n , 43006 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Günther Dollinger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik , Universität der Bundeswehr München , 85577 Neubiberg , Germany
| | - Ivo Vankelecom
- Membrane Technology Group (division cMACS), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , P.O. Box 2454, 3001 Leuven , Belgium
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Valentino L, Renkens T, Maugin T, Croué JP, Mariñas BJ. Changes in physicochemical and transport properties of a reverse osmosis membrane exposed to chloraminated seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2301-2309. [PMID: 25590510 DOI: 10.1021/es504495j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study contributed to improving our understanding of how disinfectants, applied to control biofouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, result in membrane performance degradation. We investigated changes in physicochemical properties and permeation performance of a RO membrane with fully aromatic polyamide (PA) active layer. Membrane samples were exposed to varying concentrations of monochloramine, bromide, and iodide in both synthetic and natural seawater. Elemental analysis of the membrane active layer by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) revealed the incorporation of bromine and iodine into the polyamide. The kinetics of polyamide bromination were first order with respect to the concentration of the secondary oxidizing agent Br2 for the conditions investigated. Halogenated membranes were characterized after treatment with a reducing agent and heavy ion probes to reveal the occurrence of irreversible ring halogenation and an increase in carboxylic groups, the latter produced as a result of amide bond cleavage. Finally, permeation experiments revealed increases in both water permeability and salt passage as a result of oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Valentino
- NSF Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems (WaterCAMPWS), Safe Global Water Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Powell J, Luh J, Coronell O. Bulk chlorine uptake by polyamide active layers of thin-film composite membranes upon exposure to free chlorine-kinetics, mechanisms, and modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2741-2749. [PMID: 24506252 DOI: 10.1021/es4047632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied the volume-averaged chlorine (Cl) uptake into the bulk region of the aromatic polyamide active layer of a reverse osmosis membrane upon exposure to free chlorine. Volume-averaged measurements were obtained using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry with samples prepared at a range of free chlorine concentrations, exposure times, and mixing, rinsing, and pH conditions. Our volume-averaged measurements complement previous studies that have quantified Cl uptake at the active layer surface (top ≈ 7 nm) and advance the mechanistic understanding of Cl uptake by aromatic polyamide active layers. Our results show that surface Cl uptake is representative of and underestimates volume-averaged Cl uptake under acidic conditions and alkaline conditions, respectively. Our results also support that (i) under acidic conditions, N-chlorination followed by Orton rearrangement is the dominant Cl uptake mechanism with N-chlorination as the rate-limiting step; (ii) under alkaline conditions, N-chlorination and dechlorination of N-chlorinated amide links by hydroxyl ion are the two dominant processes; and (iii) under neutral pH conditions, the rates of N-chlorination and Orton rearrangement are comparable. We propose a kinetic model that satisfactorily describes Cl uptake under acidic and alkaline conditions, with the largest discrepancies between model and experiment occurring under alkaline conditions at relatively high chlorine exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Powell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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