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An Index for Quantitative Evaluation of the Mixing in Ethanol Precipitation of Traditional Chinese Medicine. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ethanol precipitation is widely used in the manufacturing traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Insufficient mixing of ethanol solution and concentrate usually results in the coating loss of active ingredients. However, there is no index for quantitative evaluation of the mixing in ethanol precipitation. Therefore, this study aimed to define an index for quantitative evaluation of the mixing effect in ethanol precipitation of TCMs. (2) Methods: The concept and requirements of a mixing indicator were proposed. The mass percentage of concentrate fully mixed with ethanol solution (well-mixing ratio, WMR) was used as an index to evaluate the mixing effect. The formula for calculation of WMR was derived. The utility of the WMR was evaluated on stirring devices and a micromesh mixer. (3) Results: Increasing stirring speed, decreasing total solid content of the concentrate, and decreasing the diameter of the ethanol solution droplets all resulted in higher retention rates for lobetyolin and higher WMR. The WMR increased with the increasing flow rate of the concentrate and ethanol solution in the micromesh mixer. The mixing of ethanol solution and concentrate was better when using a micromesh mixer with a smaller internal mixing zone. The results revealed that WMR could be used to quantitatively characterize the mixing of concentrate and ethanol solution, although it has some limitations. (4) Conclusions: The proposed index WMR could guide quality control of the TCM ethanol precipitation process. This study represents a new contribution to improving ethanol precipitation equipment, optimizing process parameters, and enhanced properties of concentrate for TCM enterprises.
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Zhao F, Li W, Pan J, Qu H. Process characterization for ethanol precipitation of Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (Danshen) using 1H NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gong X, Guo J, Pan J, Wu Z. The development of Fructus corni quality standard considering the effects of processing. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pan J, Tai Y, Qu H, Gong X. Optimization of membrane dispersion ethanol precipitation process with a set of temperature control improved equipment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19010. [PMID: 33149228 PMCID: PMC7643161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol precipitation is an important separation and purification process in the traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) industry. In the present study, a membrane dispersion micromixer was applied to achieve good mixing for the ethanol precipitation process of Astragali radix concentrate. New experimental apparatus was set up to rapidly lower the temperature of ethanol solution before mixing with the concentrate. Ethanol precipitation process was optimized according to Quality by design concept. To identify critical material attributes (CMAs), ten batches of Astragali radix were used to prepare concentrates. Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside content, the sucrose content, and the electrical conductivity were found to be CMAs after the correlation analysis and stepwise regression modelling. Definitive screening design was used to investigate the relationships among critical process parameters, CMAs, and process critical quality attributes (CQAs). Quadratic models were developed and design space was calculated according to the probability of attaining process CQA standards. A material quality control strategy was proposed. High quality and low quality Astragali radix concentrates can be discriminated by the inequalities. Low quality Astragali radix concentrates should not be released for ethanol precipitation process directly. Verification experiment results indicated accurate models and reliable design space. The temperature control method and control strategy are promising for ethanol precipitation process of other TCMs or foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Tai
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Tai Y, Shen J, Luo Y, Qu H, Gong X. Research progress on the ethanol precipitation process of traditional Chinese medicine. Chin Med 2020; 15:84. [PMID: 32793299 PMCID: PMC7418433 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol precipitation is a purification process widely used in the purification of Chinese medicine concentrates. This article reviews the research progress on the process mechanism of ethanol precipitation, ethanol precipitation process application for bioactive component purification, ethanol precipitation and traditional Chinese medicine quality, ethanol precipitation equipment, critical parameters, parameter research methods, process modeling and calculation methods, and process monitoring technology. This review proposes that ethanol precipitation technology should be further developed in terms of five aspects, namely, an in-depth study of the mechanism, further study of the effects on traditional Chinese medicine quality, improvement of the quality control of concentrates, development of new process detection methods, and development of a complete intelligent set of equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Tai
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Jichen Shen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Yu Luo
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
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Pan JJ, He SY, Shao JY, Li N, Gong YQ, Gong XC. Critical pharmaceutical process identification considering chemical composition, biological activity, and batch-to-batch consistency: A case study of notoginseng total saponins. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2020; 12:29-35. [PMID: 36117565 PMCID: PMC9476763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Critical pharmaceutical process identification (CPPI) is an important step in the implementation of quality by design concept to traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Risk assessment methods are usually used in CPPI. However, risk evaluation is usually subjective. The purpose of this work is to present a more objective CPPI method. Methods A CPPI method considering chemical composition, biological activity, and batch-to-batch consistency was presented in this work. The manufacturing process of notoginseng total saponins (NTS) was investigated as an example. The changes of chemical composition, biological activity, and chemical composition consistency after main processes were measured and compared. A significant change of them indicated a critical process. Results After extraction process and chromatography process, saponin purity and chemical composition similarity remarkably increased, and saponin content variations decreased. Thrombin inhibitory activity was remarkably decreased after chromatography process. Because of the large influences on NTS quality, extraction process and chromatography process were identified to be critical processes of NTS. Conclusion Based on a comprehensive and objective examination of the role of each process, critical pharmaceutical processes can be identified. A similar method can also be applied to other TCM processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Pan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Si-yuan He
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing-yuan Shao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ning Li
- Kunming Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650100, China
| | - Yun-qi Gong
- Kunming Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650100, China
| | - Xing-chu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author.
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Du C, Dai S, Zhao A, Qiao Y, Wu Z. Optimization of PLS modeling parameters via quality by design concept for Gardenia jasminoides Ellis using online NIR sensor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 222:117267. [PMID: 31247389 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper discussed the process parameters optimization of partial least-square (PLS) modeling according to quality by design (QbD) concept. D-optimal design and online near-infrared (NIR) sensor were proposed to analysis the Geniposide in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis using above process parameters to achieve robustness PLS model. Four critical model parameters (CMPs) were identified to construct a D-optimal design, which included the selection of sample set, spectra pre-processing, latent variables and variable selection methods. NIR sensor dataset was obtained under a pilot scale system. The D-optimal design optimization strategy resulted in a robust PLS model with the optimal parameters, 1/2 samples for calibration sets through Baseline spectra pre-processing with SiPLS-selecting variables under 8 factors. The critical evaluation attributes (CEAs) of PLS model were recommended as follows: the RMSEC and Rcal2 of the calibration set were 0.005901 and 0.9983. The RMSEP and Rpre2 of the validation set were 0.02002 and 0.9845. The multivariate detection limit (MDL) was 1.143 × 10-3. Therefore, design space of CMPs which affected CEAs of PLS model was established. The result demonstrated that the proposed method was beneficial for the robustness of PLS model, which also showed a significant guideline for the design and development of PLS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhao Du
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100102 Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) of Ministry of Education, 100102 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineering of State Administration of TCM, 100102 Beijing, China
| | - Shengyun Dai
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100102 Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) of Ministry of Education, 100102 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineering of State Administration of TCM, 100102 Beijing, China
| | - Anbang Zhao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100102 Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) of Ministry of Education, 100102 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineering of State Administration of TCM, 100102 Beijing, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine College of Xinjiang Medical University, 830011 Urumqi, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100102 Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) of Ministry of Education, 100102 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineering of State Administration of TCM, 100102 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhisheng Wu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100102 Beijing, China; Pharmaceutical Engineering and New Drug Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) of Ministry of Education, 100102 Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineering of State Administration of TCM, 100102 Beijing, China.
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Tulcidas A, Santos B, Pawlowski S, Rocha F. Quality by Statistical Control in Crystallization—Assessment of Mixing Conditions and Probability of Obtaining the Desired Particle Size. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameessa Tulcidas
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Hovione Farmaciência SA, 2674-506 Loures, Portugal
| | - Bruno Santos
- Hovione Farmaciência SA, 2674-506 Loures, Portugal
| | - Sylwin Pawlowski
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, DQ, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Pan J, He S, Zheng J, Shao J, Li N, Gong Y, Gong X. The development of an herbal material quality control strategy considering the effects of manufacturing processes. Chin Med 2019; 14:38. [PMID: 31572490 PMCID: PMC6760055 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quality by design (QbD) is an advanced drug quality control concept that has been gradually implemented in the optimization of manufacturing processes of Chinese medicines. However, the variation of Chinese medicinal material quality has rarely been considered in published works. Because manufacturing processes may lower the variation introduced through different batches of materials, a material quality control strategy should be developed considering the influences of manufacturing processes. Methods In this work, the processes of extraction, concentration, water precipitation, and chromatography for notoginseng total saponin (NTS) production were investigated while considering Panax notoginseng quality variation as a sample. Ten process parameters were studied simultaneously using a definitive screening design. After the process critical quality attributes (CQAs) were determined, critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical material attributes (CMAs) were identified simultaneously. Then, models utilizing the CMAs, CPPs, and process CQAs were developed. The design space was then calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation method with an acceptable probability of 0.90. A material quality control strategy considering the influences of manufacturing processes was proposed. Results The ginsenoside Rd purity and total saponin purity in the eluate were identified as process CQAs. The ethanol solution concentration used for extraction, the ethanol solution concentration used for elution, and elution time were identified as CPPs. The extractable dry matter content of Panax notoginseng was one of the CMAs. The extractable contents of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, and ginsenoside Rd were the other CMAs. The inequalities implemented to discriminate the high quality and low quality of Panax notoginseng were developed according to the NTS standard of the Xuesaitong injection. Low quality Panax notoginseng should not be released for NTS production. High quality Panax notoginseng can be treated with feasible manufacturing processing parameters. Verification experiments were carried out successfully for 2 batches of high quality Panax notoginseng. Conclusions In this work, a quality control strategy for herbal materials was developed considering the matching of process characteristics and material quality attributes. This strategy is promising for application to other Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pan
- 1Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Siyuan He
- 1Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Jiayao Zheng
- 1Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Jingyuan Shao
- 1Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Ning Li
- Kunming Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650100 Yunnan China
| | - Yunqi Gong
- Kunming Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650100 Yunnan China
| | - Xingchu Gong
- 1Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Sun F, Xu B, Dai S, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Qiao Y. A Novel Framework to Aid the Development of Design Space across Multi-Unit Operation Pharmaceutical Processes-A Case Study of Panax Notoginseng Saponins Immediate Release Tablet. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090474. [PMID: 31540243 PMCID: PMC6781312 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental principle of Quality by Design (QbD) is that the product quality should be designed into the process through an upstream approach, rather than be tested in the downstream. The keystone of QbD is process modeling, and thus, to develop a process control strategy based on the development of design space. Multivariate statistical analysis is a very useful tool to support the implementation of QbD in pharmaceutical process development and manufacturing. Nowadays, pharmaceutical process modeling is mainly focused on one-unit operations and system modeling for the development of design space across multi-unit operations is still limited. In this study, a general procedure that gives a holistic view for understanding and controlling the process settings for the entire manufacturing process was investigated. The proposed framework was tested on the Panax Notoginseng Saponins immediate release tablet (PNS IRT) production process. The critical variables and the critical units acting on the process were identified according to the importance of explaining the variability in the multi-block partial least squares path model. This improved understanding of the process by illustrating how the properties of the raw materials, the process parameters in the wet granulation and the compaction and the intermediate properties affect the tablet properties. Furthermore, the design space was developed to compensate for the variability source from the upstream. The results demonstrated that the proposed framework was an important tool to gain understanding and control the multi-unit operation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shengyun Dai
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhaozhou Lin
- Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100035, China.
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, Beijing 100029, China.
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Development and optimization of SPE-HPLC-UV/ELSD for simultaneous determination of nine bioactive components in Shenqi Fuzheng Injection based on Quality by Design principles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2133-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chen T, Gong X, Zhang Y, Chen H, Qu H. Optimization of a chromatographic process for the purification of saponins in Panax notoginseng extract using a design space approach. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gong X, Li Y, Chen H, Qu H. Design space development for the extraction process of Danhong injection using a Monte Carlo simulation method. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128236. [PMID: 26020778 PMCID: PMC4447344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A design space approach was applied to optimize the extraction process of Danhong injection. Dry matter yield and the yields of five active ingredients were selected as process critical quality attributes (CQAs). Extraction number, extraction time, and the mass ratio of water and material (W/M ratio) were selected as critical process parameters (CPPs). Quadratic models between CPPs and CQAs were developed with determination coefficients higher than 0.94. Active ingredient yields and dry matter yield increased as the extraction number increased. Monte-Carlo simulation with models established using a stepwise regression method was applied to calculate the probability-based design space. Step length showed little effect on the calculation results. Higher simulation number led to results with lower dispersion. Data generated in a Monte Carlo simulation following a normal distribution led to a design space with a smaller size. An optimized calculation condition was obtained with 10000 simulation times, 0.01 calculation step length, a significance level value of 0.35 for adding or removing terms in a stepwise regression, and a normal distribution for data generation. The design space with a probability higher than 0.95 to attain the CQA criteria was calculated and verified successfully. Normal operating ranges of 8.2-10 g/g of W/M ratio, 1.25-1.63 h of extraction time, and two extractions were recommended. The optimized calculation conditions can conveniently be used in design space development for other pharmaceutical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huali Chen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- * E-mail:
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Gong X, Chen H, Pan J, Qu H. Optimization of Panax notoginseng extraction process using a design space approach. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Gong X, Zhang Y, Pan J, Qu H. Optimization of the ethanol recycling reflux extraction process for saponins using a design space approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114300. [PMID: 25470598 PMCID: PMC4255001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A solvent recycling reflux extraction process for Panax notoginseng was optimized using a design space approach to improve the batch-to-batch consistency of the extract. Saponin yields, total saponin purity, and pigment yield were defined as the process critical quality attributes (CQAs). Ethanol content, extraction time, and the ratio of the recycling ethanol flow rate and initial solvent volume in the extraction tank (RES) were identified as the critical process parameters (CPPs) via quantitative risk assessment. Box-Behnken design experiments were performed. Quadratic models between CPPs and process CQAs were developed, with determination coefficients higher than 0.88. As the ethanol concentration decreases, saponin yields first increase and then decrease. A longer extraction time leads to higher yields of the ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd. The total saponin purity increases as the ethanol concentration increases. The pigment yield increases as the ethanol concentration decreases or extraction time increases. The design space was calculated using a Monte-Carlo simulation method with an acceptable probability of 0.90. Normal operation ranges to attain process CQA criteria with a probability of more than 0.914 are recommended as follows: ethanol content of 79-82%, extraction time of 6.1-7.1 h, and RES of 0.039-0.040 min-1. Most of the results of the verification experiments agreed well with the predictions. The verification experiment results showed that the selection of proper operating ethanol content, extraction time, and RES within the design space can ensure that the CQA criteria are met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianyang Pan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- * E-mail:
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Gong X, Li Y, Qu H. Removing tannins from medicinal plant extracts using an alkaline ethanol precipitation process: a case study of Danshen injection. Molecules 2014; 19:18705-20. [PMID: 25405288 PMCID: PMC6271565 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaline ethanol precipitation process is investigated as an example of a technique for the removal of tannins extracted from Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma for the manufacture of Danshen injection. More than 90% of the tannins can be removed. However, the recoveries of danshensu, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid B were less than 60%. Total tannin removal increased as the refrigeration temperature decreased or the amount of NaOH solution added increased. Phenolic compound recoveries increased as refrigeration temperature increased or the amount of NaOH solution added decreased. When operated at a low refrigeration temperature, a relative high separation selectivity can be realized. Phenolic compound losses and tannin removal were mainly caused by precipitation. The formation of phenol salts, whose solubility is small in the mixture of ethanol and water used, is probably the reason for the precipitation. A model considering dissociation equilibrium and dissolution equilibrium was established. Satisfactory correlation results were obtained for phenolic compound recoveries and total tannin removal. Two important parameters in the model, which are the water content and pH value of alkaline supernatant, are suggested to be monitored and controlled to obtain high batch-to-batch consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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