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Zhao Y, Liu C, Deng J, Zhang P, Feng S, Chen Y. Green and Sustainable Forward Osmosis Process for the Concentration of Apple Juice Using Sodium Lactate as Draw Solution. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:106. [PMID: 38786940 PMCID: PMC11122952 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
China is the world's largest producer and exporter of concentrated apple juice (CAJ). However, traditional concentration methods such as vacuum evaporation (VE) and freeze concentration cause the loss of essential nutrients and heat-sensitive components with high energy consumption. A green and effective technique is thus desired for juice concentration to improve product quality and sustainability. In this study, a hybrid forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) process was explored for the concentration of apple juice using sodium lactate (L-NaLa) as a renewable draw solute. As a result, commercial apple juice could be concentrated up to 65 °Brix by the FO process with an average flux of 2.5 L·m-2·h-1. Most of the nutritional and volatile compounds were well retained in this process, while a significant deterioration in product quality was observed in products obtained by VE concentration. It was also found that membrane fouling in the FO concentration process was reversible, and a periodical UP water flush could remove most of the contaminants on the membrane surface to achieve a flux restoration of more than 95%. In addition, the L-NaLa draw solution could be regenerated by a vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) process with an average flux of around 7.87 L∙m-2∙h-1 for multiple reuse, which further enhanced the long-term sustainability of the hybrid process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhao
- School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Low Cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Low Cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jianju Deng
- School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Low Cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Low Cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shiyuan Feng
- School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Low Cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Low Cost Wastewater Treatment Technology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Sichuan Province, Mianyang 621010, China
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2
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Diepenbroek E, Mehta S, Borneman Z, Hempenius MA, Kooij ES, Nijmeijer K, de Beer S. Advances in Membrane Separation for Biomaterial Dewatering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4545-4566. [PMID: 38386509 PMCID: PMC10919095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Biomaterials often contain large quantities of water (50-98%), and with the current transition to a more biobased economy, drying these materials will become increasingly important. Contrary to the standard, thermodynamically inefficient chemical and thermal drying methods, dewatering by membrane separation will provide a sustainable and efficient alternative. However, biomaterials can easily foul membrane surfaces, which is detrimental to the performance of current membrane separations. Improving the antifouling properties of such membranes is a key challenge. Other recent research has been dedicated to enhancing the permeate flux and selectivity. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the design requirements for and recent advances in dewatering of biomaterials using membranes. These recent developments offer a viable solution to the challenges of fouling and suboptimal performances. We focus on two emerging development strategies, which are the use of electric-field-assisted dewatering and surface functionalizations, in particular with hydrogels. Our overview concludes with a critical mention of the remaining challenges and possible research directions within these subfields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esli Diepenbroek
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sarthak Mehta
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zandrie Borneman
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - E. Stefan Kooij
- Physics
of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500
AE Enschede, The
Netherlands
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Department
of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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3
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Gonzales RR, Sasaki Y, Istirokhatun T, Li J, Matsuyama H. Ammonium enrichment and recovery from synthetic and real industrial wastewater by amine-modified thin film composite forward osmosis membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Song J, Yan M, Ye J, Zheng S, Ee LY, Wang Z, Li J, Huang M. Research progress in external field intensification of forward osmosis process for water treatment: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118943. [PMID: 35952439 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging permeation-driven membrane technology that manifests advantages of low energy consumption, low operating pressure, and uncomplicated engineering compared to conventional membrane processes. The key issues that need to be addressed in FO are membrane fouling, concentration polarization (CP) and reverse solute diffusion (RSD). They can lead to problems about loss of draw solutes and reduced membrane lifetime, which not only affect the water treatment effectiveness of FO membranes, but also increase the economic cost. Current research has focused on FO membrane preparation and modification strategies, as well as on the selection of draw solutions. Unfortunately, these intrinsic solutions had limited success in unraveling these phenomena. In this paper, we provide a brief review of the current state of research on existing external field-assisted FO systems (including electric-, pressure-, magnetic-, ultrasonic-, light- and flow-assisted FO system), analyze their mitigation mechanisms for the above key problems, and explore potential research directions to aid in the further development of FO systems. This review aims to reveal the feasibility of the development of external field-assisted FO technology to achieve a more economical and efficient FO treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Mengying Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jingling Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shengyang Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Liang Ying Ee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Manhong Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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5
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Tavares HM, Tessaro IC, Cardozo NSM. Concentration of grape juice: Combined forward osmosis/evaporation versus conventional evaporation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Cao DQ, Sun XZ, Zhang WY, Ji YT, Yang XX, Hao XD. News on alginate recovery by forward osmosis: Reverse solute diffusion is useful. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131483. [PMID: 34329149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The water content in the recycled alginate solutions from aerobic granular sludge was nearly 100%. Forward osmosis (FO) has become an innovative dewatering technology. In this study, the FO concentration of sodium alginate (SA) was investigated using calcium chloride as a draw solute. The reverse solute flux (RSF) of calcium ions in FO had a beneficial effect, contrary to the findings of previous literature. The properties of the concentrated substances formed on the FO membrane on the feed side were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, verifying that calcium alginate (Ca-Alg), which can be used as a recycled material, was formed on the FO membrane on the feed side owing to the interaction between SA and permeable calcium ions. Water flux increased significantly with the increase in calcium chloride concentration, while the concentration of SA had little influence on the water flux in FO. Based on this discovery, we propose a novel method for the concentration and recovery of alginate, in which the RSF of calcium ions is utilized for recovering Ca-Alg by FO, with calcium chloride as a draw solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Qi Cao
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Xiu-Zhen Sun
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wen-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yu-Ting Ji
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Yang
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Di Hao
- Sino-Dutch R&D Centre for Future Wastewater Treatment Technologies/Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing, 100044, China.
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7
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Akhtar A, Singh M, Subbiah S, Mohanty K. Sugarcane juice concentration using a novel aquaporin hollow fiber forward osmosis membrane. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Blandin G, Ferrari F, Lesage G, Le-Clech P, Héran M, Martinez-Lladó X. Forward Osmosis as Concentration Process: Review of Opportunities and Challenges. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100284. [PMID: 33066490 PMCID: PMC7602145 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, osmotic membrane systems, such as forward osmosis (FO), have gained popularity as "soft" concentration processes. FO has unique properties by combining high rejection rate and low fouling propensity and can be operated without significant pressure or temperature gradient, and therefore can be considered as a potential candidate for a broad range of concentration applications where current technologies still suffer from critical limitations. This review extensively compiles and critically assesses recent considerations of FO as a concentration process for applications, including food and beverages, organics value added compounds, water reuse and nutrients recovery, treatment of waste streams and brine management. Specific requirements for the concentration process regarding the evaluation of concentration factor, modules and design and process operation, draw selection and fouling aspects are also described. Encouraging potential is demonstrated to concentrate streams more than 20-fold with high rejection rate of most compounds and preservation of added value products. For applications dealing with highly concentrated or complex streams, FO still features lower propensity to fouling compared to other membranes technologies along with good versatility and robustness. However, further assessments on lab and pilot scales are expected to better define the achievable concentration factor, rejection and effective concentration of valuable compounds and to clearly demonstrate process limitations (such as fouling or clogging) when reaching high concentration rate. Another important consideration is the draw solution selection and its recovery that should be in line with application needs (i.e., food compatible draw for food and beverage applications, high osmotic pressure for brine management, etc.) and be economically competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Blandin
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Water, Air and Soil Unit, 08242 Manresa, Spain;
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (G.L.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Ferrari
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Geoffroy Lesage
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (G.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Pierre Le-Clech
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Marc Héran
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (G.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Xavier Martinez-Lladó
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Water, Air and Soil Unit, 08242 Manresa, Spain;
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9
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Nutrient-driven forward osmosis coupled with microalgae cultivation for energy efficient dewatering of microalgae. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Lu J, Wang X. Volume reduction and water reclamation of reverse osmosis concentrate from coal chemical industry by forward osmosis with an osmotic backwash strategy. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 81:2674-2684. [PMID: 32857752 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coal chemical industry (CCI) generally utilizes reverse osmosis (RO) for water reclamation, which generates a highly concentrated stream containing refractory organic substances and high-concentration total dissolved solids (TDS). To address this issue, the present work focuses on volume reduction of RO concentrate (ROC) produced from CCI by forward osmosis (FO). We investigated the effects of membrane orientation and draw solution (DS) concentration on FO performance. Foulant removal was tested by using chemical cleaning, physical cleaning and osmotic backwash (OB). AL-FS (active layer facing feed solution) mode outcompeted AL-DS (active layer facing draw solution) mode, achieving a flux of 26.4 LMH, 92.5% water reclamation and energy consumption of 0.050 kWh·m-3 with 4 M NaCl as DS. The FO process was able to reject >98% SO4 2-, Mg2+and Ca2+, 92-98% Si and 33-55% total organic carbon (TOC). Ten-cycle (10 × 20 h) accelerated fouling test demonstrated approximately 30% flux decline in association with Si-containing foulants, which could be removed almost completely through OB with 97.1% flux recovery. This study provides a proof-of-concept demonstration of FO for volume reduction and water reclamation of ROC produced from CCI, making the treatment of ROC more efficient and more energy effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
| | - Xiuheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China E-mail:
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11
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Dynamical Modeling of Water Flux in Forward Osmosis with Multistage Operation and Sensitivity Analysis of Model Parameters. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To mathematically predict the behavior of a forward osmosis (FO) process for water recovery, a model was constructed using an asymmetric membrane and glucose as a draw solution, allowing an examination of both phenomenological and process aspects. It was found that the proposed model adequately described the significant physicochemical phenomena that occur in the FO system, including forward water flux, internal concentration polarization (ICP), external concentration polarization (ECP), and reverse solute diffusion (RSD). Model parameters, namely the physiochemical properties of the FO membrane and glucose solutions, were estimated on the basis of experimental and existing data. Through batch FO operations with the estimated parameters, the model was verified. In addition, the influences of ECP and ICP on the water flux of the FO system were investigated at different solute concentrations. Water flux simulation results, which exhibited good agreement with the experimental data, confirmed that ICP, ECP, and RSD had a real impact on water flux and thus must be taken into account in the FO process. With the Latin-hypercube—one-factor-at-a-time (LH–OAT) method, the sensitivity index of diffusivity was at its highest, with a value of more than 40%, which means that diffusivity is the most influential parameter for water flux of the FO system, in particular when dealing with a high-salinity solution. Based on the developed model and sensitivity analysis, the simulation results provide insight into how mass transport affects the performance of an FO system.
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13
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Akther N, Lim S, Tran VH, Phuntsho S, Yang Y, Bae TH, Ghaffour N, Shon HK. The effect of Schiff base network on the separation performance of thin film nanocomposite forward osmosis membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Kim DI, Gwak G, Zhan M, Hong S. Sustainable dewatering of grapefruit juice through forward osmosis: Improving membrane performance, fouling control, and product quality. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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A novel thin film composite hollow fiber osmotic membrane with one-step prepared dual-layer substrate for sludge thickening. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Li Y, Yang Y, Li C, Hou LA. Comparison of performance and biofouling resistance of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes with substrate/active layer modified by graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6502-6509. [PMID: 35518494 PMCID: PMC9060938 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the influence mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO) on the membrane substrate/active layer for improving the water flux and anti-biofouling ability of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes in forward osmosis (FO) were systematically investigated. We fabricated a pristine TFC membrane, a TFC membrane in which the substrate or polyamide active layer was modified by GO (TFN-S membrane or TFN-A membrane), and a TFC membrane in which both the substrate and active layer were functionalized by GO (TFN-S + A membrane). Our results showed that the TFN-S membrane possesses a higher water flux (∼27.2%) than the TFN-A because the substrate that contained GO could improve the porous structure and porosity, while the TFN-A membrane exhibited a lower reverse salt flux and higher salt rejection than the TFN-S membrane, indicating that the surface properties played a more important role than the substrate for the salt rejection. Regarding the biofouling experiment, the TFN-A and TFN-S + A membranes facilitated a higher antifouling performance than the TFN-S and TFC membranes after 72 h of operation because of the greater hydrophilicity, lower roughness and facilitated higher bactericidal activity on the GO-modified surface. In addition, the biovolume and biofilm thickness of the TFN-A and TFN-S + A membranes were found to follow the same trend as flux decline performance. In conclusion, the substrate modified by GO could greatly improve the water flux, whereas the GO-functionalized active layer is favorable for salt rejection and biofouling mitigation. The advantage of TFN-A in biofouling mitigation suggests that the antibacterial effect of GO has a stronger influence on biofouling control than the changes of hydrophilicity and roughness. The substrate modified by GO could greatly improve water flux, whereas the GO-functionalized active layer is favorable for biofouling mitigation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Li-an Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing
- China
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17
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Optimisation of Tray Drier Microalgae Dewatering Techniques Using Response Surface Methodology. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11092327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of the application of a tray drier in dewatering microalgae was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to evaluate and optimise the effect of air temperature and air velocity as independent variables on the dewatering efficiency as a response function. The significance of independent variables and their interactions was tested by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence level. Results indicate that the air supply temperature was the main parameter affecting dewatering efficiency, while air velocity had a slight effect on the process. The optimum operating conditions to achieve maximum dewatering were determined: air velocities and temperatures ranged between 4 to 10 m/s and 40 to 56 °C respectively. An optimised dewatering efficiency of 92.83% was achieved at air an velocity of 4 m/s and air temperature of 48 °C. Energy used per 1 kg of dry algae was 0.34 kWh.
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18
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Sivertsen E, Holt T, Thelin WR. Concentration and Temperature Effects on Water and Salt Permeabilities in Osmosis and Implications in Pressure-Retarded Osmosis. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:membranes8030039. [PMID: 29986552 PMCID: PMC6161017 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osmotic power extracted from the mixing of freshwater with seawater is a renewable energy resource that has gained increasing attention during recent years. The estimated energy can significantly contribute to the production of power worldwide. However, this power production will be subject to variation due to both local conditions and seasonal variation. The present paper explores the effect of concentration and temperature on water and salt fluxes in osmosis at zero transmembrane pressure for five different membranes. Further, the measured fluxes have been utilized to model water and salt permeabilities (A and B), and the structure parameter (S). The observed flux variations at different combinations of concentration and temperature have been ascribed to skin properties, i.e., changes in A and B of each membrane, whereas S was assumed constant within the range of concentrations and temperatures that were tested. Simplified equations for the variation in A and B with temperature and concentration have been developed, which enable A and B to be calculated at any concentration and temperature based on permeabilities determined from osmotic experiments at standard test conditions. The equations can be used to predict fluxes and specific power production with respect to geographical and seasonal variations in concentration and temperature for river water/seawater pressure-retarded osmosis. The obtained results are also useful for forward osmosis processes using seawater as draw solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torleif Holt
- SINTEF, Richard Birkelands veg 3, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Willy R Thelin
- SINTEF, Richard Birkelands veg 3, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway.
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