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Sui J, Wang N, Wang J, Huang X, Wang T, Zhou L, Hao H. Strategies for chiral separation: from racemate to enantiomer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11955-12003. [PMID: 37969602 PMCID: PMC10631238 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation has become a crucial topic for effectively utilizing superfluous racemates synthesized by chemical means and satisfying the growing requirements for producing enantiopure chiral compounds. However, the remarkably close physical and chemical properties of enantiomers present significant obstacles, making it necessary to develop novel enantioseparation methods. This review comprehensively summaries the latest developments in the main enantioseparation methods, including preparative-scale chromatography, enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization-based methods for chiral separation, deracemization process coupling racemization and crystallization, porous material method and membrane resolution method, focusing on significant cases involving crystallization, deracemization and membranes. Notably, potential trends and future directions are suggested based on the state-of-art "coupling" strategy, which may greatly reinvigorate the existing individual methods and facilitate the emergence of cross-cutting ideas among researchers from different enantioseparation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Sui
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
| | - Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Hongxun Hao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China +86-22-2740-5754
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
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Wang H, Yang Y, Qin S, Hu K, Zhong C, Ouyang J, Liu X. Enantioseparation of amino acid and mandelic acid enantiomers using Josiphos-metal complexes as chiral extractants. Chirality 2023; 35:256-265. [PMID: 36659867 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of new and efficient chiral extractants has always been the research hotspot and difficulty in the field of chiral extraction. Josiphos, a famous ferrocene derivative catalyst, is employed as a chiral extractant in enantioseparation of amino acid and mandelic acid enantiomers. The influences of metal ions, organic solvents, pH of the aqueous solution, extractant concentrations, and extraction temperature on enantioselectivities are systematically studied. The result reveals that Josiphos-Pd has good capabilities to enantioseparate 4-nitro-phenylalanine (Nphe), 3-chloro-phenylglycine (Cpheg), and mandelic acid (MA) with separation factors (α) of 3.30, 2.65, and 2.18, respectively. The pH of the aqueous phase and Josiphos-Pd concentration affect the extraction significantly, whereas extraction temperature shows little influence. After optimizing by response surface method, the mathematical models for extractions are established. And the highest experimental performance factors (pf) for Nphe, Cpheg, and MA are 0.1843, 0.1335, and 0.08884, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Yanning Yang
- Hunan veterinary medicine and feed Supervision Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuping Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Kangyu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Changyuan Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Junying Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
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3
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Alatawi RAS. Construction of Amino‐Functionalized Molecularly Imprinted Silica Particles for (±)‐Ofloxacin Chiral Separation. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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One-stage chiral enrichment process by continuous flow electrodialysis with molecularly imprinted membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Green and efficient enantioseparation of amlodipine using a novel pairwise crystallization-circulating extraction coupling method aimed at in situ reuse of mother liquor. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Wang H, Yang Y, Chen S, Xiao W, Hu K, Zhong C, Ouyang J, Liu X. Enantioseparation of amino acid and mandelic acid enantiomers using Garphos derivatives as chiral extractants. Chirality 2022; 34:1239-1246. [PMID: 35689412 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, Garphos with different substituents were employed as chiral extractants to enantioseparate racemic amino acid and mandelic acid. The influences of metal precursors, pH of aqueous solution, Garphos-metal concentration, extraction temperature, and substituent effect on extraction were investigated. The results indicated that the substituent groups significantly affected the π-π interaction between extractant and substrate. And the separation factors (α) for Garphos could be remarkably improved by regulating substituent groups. Garphos-II-Pd, Garphos-VI-Pd, Garphos-III-Pd, Garphos-I-Cu, Garphos-VI-Cu, and Garphos-V-Pd were the most efficient extractants for phenylalanine (Phe), homophenylalanine (Hphe), 4-nitrophenylalanine (Nphe), 3-chlorophenylglycine (Cpheg), mandelic acid (MA), and 2-chlormandelic acid (CMA) with α values of 2.40, 2.37, 5.37, 1.59, 5.98, and 3.69, respectively. This work provided an important reference for the design of efficient chiral extractants in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Yanning Yang
- Hunan veterinary medicine and feed Supervision Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuhuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjie Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Kangyu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Changyuan Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Junying Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
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7
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Mabrouk M, Hammad SF, Abdella AA, Mansour FR. Enantioselective chitosan-based racemic ketoprofen imprinted polymer: Chiral recognition and resolution study. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:327-334. [PMID: 34998877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presented a novel racemic imprinting process employing the chiral properties of chitosan monomer. The preparation of racemic ketoprofen (RS-KTP) imprinted polymer (RS-MIP) was conducted using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. The nature of elution solvent affected the % desorption ratio suggesting a heterogenous nature of the formed binding sites. Good imprinting was indicated by an imprinting factor of 3.50 for S-KTP. The enantioselectivity of the RS-MIP was indicated by enantioselectivity coefficient of 2.31 and % enantiomeric excess (%ee) of 28.55%. A SPE cartridge packed with RS-MIP enabled resolution of RS-KTP using gradient elution solvent system. Scatchard plot revealed two binding sites types of different affinity towards S-KTP and density observed for the RS-MIP. The binding capacity of RS-MIP showed observed dependence on the % ee of S-KTP indicating its enantioselectivity. The success of using racemic template for the preparation of enantioselective MIP brings a new possibility to achieve enantioseparation of racemic mixtures having very expensive or unavailable pure enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Mabrouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Aya A Abdella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
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8
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Li C, Zhu Y, Ge L, Yang K. Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based on Dehydroabietylamine as Chiral Monomers for the Enantioseparation of RS-Mandelic Acid. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14977-14984. [PMID: 34151079 PMCID: PMC8209806 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stereoselective adsorption of the enantiomers shows potential in the resolution of a racemate. In this work, we synthesized novel magnetic surface molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on the surface of the γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS)-modified Fe3O4@SiO2 particles to utilize chiral dehydroabietylamine (DHA) as a functional monomer and R-mandelic acid as a template molecule (DHA-MIPs). We performed the resolution of mandelic acid racemate (RS-MA) via adsorption on the as-prepared MIPs. The results revealed that the MIPs have good affinity and high adsorption capacity for R-MA and show better enantioselective adsorption ability for R-MA than that for S-MA. One-stage adsorption of RS-MA on the MIPs can achieve up to 53.7% enantiomeric excess (ee) for R-MA. These help us to improve the chiral separation ability of the traditional MIPs using a chiral rather than an achiral monomer in MIP preparation. The MIPs can be employed as an economic and efficient adsorbent for chiral separation of MA racemate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Wang
- School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yande Chen
- School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Congcong Li
- School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Li Ge
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kedi Yang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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9
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Enantioseparation of 3-Chlorophenylglycine enantiomers using Mandyphos-Pd as chiral extractant. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Xiao W, Chen S, Liu X, Ma Y. Investigation of Taniaphos as a chiral selector in chiral extraction of amino acid enantiomers. Chirality 2021; 33:292-302. [PMID: 33763900 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Finding chiral selector with high stereoselectivity to a variety of amino acid enantiomers remains a challenge and warrants further research. In this work, Taniaphos, a chiral ligand with rotatable spatial configuration, was employed as a chiral extractant to enantioseparate various amino acid enantiomers. Phenylalanine (Phe), homophenylalanine (Hphe), 4-nitrophenylalanine (Nphe), and 3-chloro-phenylglycine (Cpheg) were used as substrates to evaluate the extraction efficiency. The results revealed that Taniaphos-Cu exhibited good abilities to enantioseparate Phe, Hphe, Nphe, and Cpheg with the highest separation factors (α) of 3.13, 2.10, 2.32, and 2.14, respectively. Taniaphos-Cu is more conducive to combine with D-amino acid in extraction. The influences of pH, Taniaphos-Cu, and concentration and extraction temperature on extraction were comprehensively evaluated. The highest performance factors (pf) for Phe, Hphe, Nphe, and Cpheg at optimal extraction conditions were 0.08892, 0.1250, 0.09621, and 0.08021, respectively. The recognition mechanism between Taniaphos-Cu and amino acid enantiomers was discussed. The coordination interaction between Taniaphos-Cu and COO- , π-π interaction between Taniaphos-Cu and amino acid enantiomers are important acting forces in chiral extraction. The steric-hindrance between NH2 and OH lead to Taniaphos-Cu-D-Phe is more stable than Taniaphos-Cu-L-Phe. This work provided a chiral extractant that has good abilities to enantioseparate various amino acid enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Shuhuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
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Liu X, Chen S, Ma Y, Xiao W. Enantioseparation of 4-Nitrophenylalanine using (S)-SDP-metal complex as chiral extractant. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Liu X, Ma Y, Cao T, Jiang SP, Yang PY. Chiral extraction of amino acid enantiomers using (S)-SEGPHOS-metal complexes as extractants. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Liu X, Ma Y, Xu L, Liu Q. Enantioselective liquid‐liquid extraction of 3‐chloro‐phenylglycine enantiomers using (
S
,
S
)‐DIOP as extractant. Chirality 2019; 31:750-758. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.23111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan Hunan China
| | - Yu Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan Hunan China
| | - Longqi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan Hunan China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCentral South University Changsha Hunan China
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