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Yogesh Kumar K, Prashanth MK, Shanavaz H, Parashuram L, Alharethy F, Jeon BH, Raghu MS. Novel pyrochlore type europium stannate - tungsten disulfide heterostructure for light driven carbon dioxide reduction and nitrogen fixation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119372. [PMID: 38852832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) to value-added products is a substantial area of research in the fields of sustainable chemistry and renewable energy that aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the production of alternative fuels and chemicals. The current work deals with the synthesis of pyrochlore-type europium stannate (Eu2Sn2O7: EuSnO), tungsten disulfide (WS2:WS), and novel EuSnO/WS heterostructure by a simple and facile co-precipitation-aided hydrothermal method. Using different methods, the morphological and structural analyses of the prepared samples were characterized. It was confirmed that a heterostructure was formed between the cubic EuSnO and the layered WS. Synthesized materials were used for photocatalytic CO2 and N2 reduction under UV and visible light. The amount of CO and CH4 evolved due to CO2 reduction is high in EuSnO/WS (CO = 104, CH4 = 64 μmol h-1 g-1) compared to pure EuSnO (CO = 36, CH4 = 70 μmol h-1 g-1) and WS (CO = 22, CH4 = 1.8 μmol h-1 g-1) under visible light. The same trend was observed even in the N2 fixation reaction under visible light, and the amount of NH4+ produced was found to be 13, 26, and 41 μmol h-1 g-1 in the presence of WS, EuSnO and EuSnO/WS, respectively. Enhanced light-driven activity towards CO2 and N2 reduction reactions in EuSnO/WS is due to the efficient charge separation through the formation of type-II heterostructure, which is in part associated with photocurrent response, photoluminescence, and electrochemical impedence spectroscopic (EIS) results. The EuSnO/WS heterostructure's exceptional stability and reusability may pique the attention of pyrochlore-based composite materials in photocatalytic energy and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jain University, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - M K Prashanth
- Department of Chemistry, BNM Institute of Technology, Banashankari, Bangalore, 560070, India
| | - H Shanavaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jain University, Bangalore, 562112, India
| | - L Parashuram
- Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Fahd Alharethy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - M S Raghu
- Department of Chemistry, New Horizon College of Engineering, Outer Ring Road, Bangalore, 560103, India.
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Martín-Espejo JL, Merkouri LP, Gándara-Loe J, Odriozola JA, Reina TR, Pastor-Pérez L. Nickel-based cerium zirconate inorganic complex structures for CO 2 valorisation via dry reforming of methane. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 140:12-23. [PMID: 38331494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The increasing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) is encouraging extensive research in CO2 utilisation. Dry reforming of methane (DRM) depicts a viable strategy to convert both CO2 and CH4 into syngas, a worthwhile chemical intermediate. Among the different active phases for DRM, the use of nickel as catalyst is economically favourable, but typically deactivates due to sintering and carbon deposition. The stabilisation of Ni at different loadings in cerium zirconate inorganic complex structures is investigated in this work as strategy to develop robust Ni-based DRM catalysts. XRD and TPR-H2 analyses confirmed the existence of different phases according to the Ni loading in these materials. Besides, superficial Ni is observed as well as the existence of a CeNiO3 perovskite structure. The catalytic activity was tested, proving that 10 wt.% Ni loading is the optimum which maximises conversion. This catalyst was also tested in long-term stability experiments at 600 and 800°C in order to study the potential deactivation issues at two different temperatures. At 600°C, carbon formation is the main cause of catalytic deactivation, whereas a robust stability is shown at 800°C, observing no sintering of the active phase evidencing the success of this strategy rendering a new family of economically appealing CO2 and biogas mixtures upgrading catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luis Martín-Espejo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Material Sciences Institute of Seville, University of Seville-CSIC, Seville 41092, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Gándara-Loe
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Material Sciences Institute of Seville, University of Seville-CSIC, Seville 41092, Spain
| | - José Antonio Odriozola
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Material Sciences Institute of Seville, University of Seville-CSIC, Seville 41092, Spain; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Ramirez Reina
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Material Sciences Institute of Seville, University of Seville-CSIC, Seville 41092, Spain.
| | - Laura Pastor-Pérez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Material Sciences Institute of Seville, University of Seville-CSIC, Seville 41092, Spain; Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Zhang Z, Xue X, Chen X. A novel g-C 3N 4 nanosheet/Ag 3PO 4/α-Bi 2O 3 ternary dual Z-scheme heterojunction with increased light absorption and expanded specific surface area for efficient photocatalytic removal of TC. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8015-8027. [PMID: 35551571 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel ternary dual Z-scheme 2D g-C3N4 nanosheet/Ag3PO4/α-Bi2O3 (CNN/AP/BO) photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by an in situ deposition and hydrothermal-calcination method. The coupling of AP and BO remarkably enhanced the photocatalytic tetracycline (TC) degradation under visible light illumination, with an optimal removal efficiency of 91.6% (60 min), which can be attributed to the extended visible-light absorption and increased specific surface area owing to the interfacial intimate coupling with well-matched energy band positions between semiconductors. The improved photocatalytic activity resulted from the abundant free radicals by the order of ˙O2- > h+ > ˙OH based on the electron spin resonance (ESR) and quenching experiment results. In addition, the possible mechanism of TC degradation over the ternary dual Z-scheme heterojunction CNN/AP/BO was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiuling Xue
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Raaja Rajeshwari M, Kokilavani S, Sudheer Khan S. Recent developments in architecturing the g-C 3N 4 based nanostructured photocatalysts: Synthesis, modifications and applications in water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132735. [PMID: 34756947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution is becoming an inevitable problem in today's world. Tons and tons of wastewater with hazardous pollutants are getting discharged into the clean water bodies every day. In this regard, photocatalytic environmental remediation using nanotechnology such as the use of organic, metal and non-metal based semiconductor photocatalysts for photodegradation of pollutants has gained enormous attention in the past few decades. This review is focused particularly on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) which is a cheap, metal-free, polymeric photoactive compound and it is used as a potential photocatalyst in wastewater treatment. Though, pristine g-C3N4 is a good photocatalyst, it has certain drawbacks such as poor visible light absorption capacity, quicker recombination of photoelectrons and holes, delayed mass and charge transfer, etc. As a result, the pristine g-C3N4 catalyst is modified into novel 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D morphologies such as nano-quantum dots, nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires, nanosheets, nanoflakes, nanospheres, nanoshells, etc. It was also tailored into novel composites along with various compounds through doping, metal deposition, heterojunction formation, etc., to enhance the photocatalytic property of pure g-C3N4. The modified catalysts showed promising photocatalytic performance such as degradation of majority of pollutants in the environment. It also showed excellent results in the removal or reduction of heavy metals. This review provides a detailed record of g-C3N4 and its diverse photocatalytic applications in the past years and it provides knowledge for the development of such similar novel compounds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raaja Rajeshwari
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kokilavani
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sudheer Khan
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Jayaraman V, Ayappan C, Mani A. Facile preparation of bismuth vanadate-sheet/carbon nitride rod-like interface photocatalyst for efficient degradation of model organic pollutant under direct sunlight irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132055. [PMID: 34496336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic performance of a semiconducting catalytic system is strongly influenced by charge-carrier separation rate, charge transport properties, surface area, utilization of light energy, and interface bonding. Herein, a series of bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) samples were prepared via hydrothermal method by changing the volume ratios of ethelene glycol and ethanol as a solvent mixture for bismuth precursors. Further, the optimized BiVO4 sheets with hierarchical morphology were used to construct an interface with rod-like g-C3N4 materials, which was confirmed by HRSEM and HRTEM. Due to the formation of an effective interface bonding between BiVO4/g-C3N4, the photoinduced charge carrier's recombination rate was suppressed as confirmed by the PL analysis. The prepared BiVO4/g-C3N4 sample were used to assess the photodegradation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB) under direct sunlight irradiation and the photocatalysts degraded ~92.8% of RhB within 2 h. The TOC measurements revealed a 66.4% mineralization efficiency for RhB. In addition, the radical trapping experiments demonstrated that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are the main reactive species for the degradation. Based on the experimental evidences, a plausible charge transfer mechanism has been proposed. The enhanced photocatalytic activity has been mainly attributed to the inhibition of the recombination rate, enhanced charge carrier transfer efficiency, and high rate of production of reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Jayaraman
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chinnadurai Ayappan
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alagiri Mani
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Chennai, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Chen XX, Liu JH, Kurniawan A, Li KJ, Zhou CH. Inclusion of organic species in exfoliated montmorillonite nanolayers towards hierarchical functional inorganic-organic nanostructures. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9819-9841. [PMID: 34698330 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00975c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Montmorillonite (Mt) can readily undergo spontaneous delamination or exfoliation into nanolayers by various physical and chemical processes, which allow various strategies to engineer hierarchical functional inorganic-organic nanostructures. This review aims to discuss the recent progress in the liquid-phase exfoliation of Mt into individual nanolayers and the inclusion chemistry of functional organic species, ions, or molecules into the exfoliated Mt nanolayers to produce hierarchical functional inorganic-organic nanostructures. The exfoliation methods include mechanical force, ultrasonication, and intercalation-assisted exfoliation. Techniques for quickly assessing the quality of the exfoliated Mt nanolayers are still needed. Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, template, and evaporation-induced inclusions are examined to fabricate hierarchical Mt-organic species nanocomposites with unique functionalities and properties. The nanocomposites can be produced as multilayered porous films, brick-and-mortar coatings, hydrogels with a house-of-cards structure, core-shell materials, and hollow and mesoporous spherical nanocomposites, which exhibit significant potential for adsorption, catalysis, targeted delivery and controlled drug release, highly sensitive sensors, flame retardant coatings, and thermal energy storage and release (i.e. phase change materials). Finally, the challenges and prospects for the future development of hierarchical nanocomposites of exfoliated Mt nanolayers and organic species, particularly in hierarchical supramolecular nanostructured composites, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xi Chen
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
- Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou 242804, China
| | - Jia Hui Liu
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
- Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou 242804, China
| | - Alfin Kurniawan
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Ke Jin Li
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Chun Hui Zhou
- Research Group for Advanced Materials & Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
- Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou 242804, China
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Yu C, Tan L, Shen S, Fang M, Yang L, Fu X, Dong S, Sun J. In situ preparation of g-C 3N 4/polyaniline hybrid composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 104:317-325. [PMID: 33985735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The graphic carbon nitride/polyaniline (g-C3N4/PANI) hybrid composites were successfully synthesized by a facile in situ polymerization process under ice water bath. The photocatalytic activities of the g-C3N4/PANI composites were evaluated by using oxytetracycline (OTC) as model pollutants. The optimal g-C3N4/PANI composite (5%PANI: the g-C3N4/PANI hybrid with 5 wt.% of PANI) showed an enhancement degradation rate of 5-fold compared to that of conventional g-C3N4 under simulated-sunlight irradiation. In addition, the 5%PANI demonstrate significantly photocatalytic evolution H2 rate (163.2 μmol/(g⋅hr)) under the visible light irradiation. Furthermore, based on the results of optical performance and electrochemical testing, a possible mechanism was proposed, indicating that the incorporation of PANI into the traditional g-C3N4 can effectively tune the electronic structures, improve the photo-generated electrons-holes separation and enhance extensive absorption of visible light. Such a g-C3N4/PANI hybrid nanocomposites could be envisaged to possess great potentials in practical wastewater treatment and water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongfei Yu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Lu Tan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shujie Shen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Menghao Fang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xinfan Fu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shuying Dong
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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Photocatalytic degradation of levofloxacin by a novel Sm6WO12/g-C3N4 heterojunction: Performance, mechanism and degradation pathways. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Belousov AS, Suleimanov EV, Fukina DG. Pyrochlore oxides as visible light-responsive photocatalysts. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04439g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This perspective describes the use of pyrochlore oxides in photocatalysis with focus on the strategies to enhance their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem S. Belousov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Research Institute for Chemistry, Gagarin Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V. Suleimanov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Research Institute for Chemistry, Gagarin Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Diana G. Fukina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Research Institute for Chemistry, Gagarin Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation
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Fouda A, Salem SS, Wassel AR, Hamza MF, Shaheen T. Optimization of green biosynthesized visible light active CuO/ZnO nano-photocatalysts for the degradation of organic methylene blue dye. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04896. [PMID: 32995606 PMCID: PMC7511830 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, CuO/ZnO nanocomposites at different ratios were successfully synthesized through a green biosynthesis approach. This was performed by harnessing the fungal-secreted enzymes and proteins during the sol-gel process for nanocomposites seed growth. All fabricated nanoparticles/nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The photocatalytic degradation efficacy of the synthesized nanocomposites was evaluated using a cationic methylene blue (MB) dye as a model of reaction. Results obtained from the FT-IR and EDX analyses revealed that CuO-NPs, ZnO-NPs, CuO/ZnO50/50, CuO/ZnO80/20, and CuO/ZnO20/80 were successfully prepared by harnessing the biomass filtrate of Penicillium corylophilum As-1. Furthermore, XRD and TEM revealed the variation in the particle size of the nanocomposites (10-55 nm) with the ratio of the nanoparticles. Notably, the size of the nanocomposites was proportionally increased with an increasing ratio of ZnO-NPs. XPS analysis affirmed the presence of both Cu and Zn in the nanocomposites with varying binding energies compared with individual nanoparticles. Furthermore, a high photo-degradation efficacy was achieved by increasing the ratio of ZnO-NPs in the nanocomposite formulation, and 97% of organic MB dye was removed after 85 min of irradiation using the CuO/ZnO20/80 nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Fouda
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, AL-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Salem S. Salem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, AL-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R. Wassel
- Electron Microscope and Thin Films Department, Physics Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F. Hamza
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Nuclear Materials Authority, POB 530, El-Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Th.I. Shaheen
- National Research Centre (Scopus affiliation ID 60014618), Textile Research Division, (former El-Tahrir str.), Dokki, P.O. 1C2622, Giza, Egypt
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