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G B, Palanisamy S, T S, A K, Rajakarthihan S, Banat F. Advancing nanoarchitectures of 2D WO 3/MXene photoanode for enhanced photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of phenol and arsenic in synthetic wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119676. [PMID: 39053761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The photoelectrocatalytic advanced oxidation process (PEAOP) necessitates high-performing and stable photoanodes for the effective oxidation of complex pollutants in industrial wastewater. This study presents the construction of 2D WO3/MXene heteronanostructures for the development of efficient and stable photoanode. The WO3/MXene heterostructure features well-ordered WO3 photoactive sites anchored on micron-sized MXene sheets, providing an increased visible light active catalytic surface area and enhanced electrocatalytic activities for pollutant oxidation. Phenol, a highly toxic compound, was completely oxidized at an applied potential of 0.8 V vs. RHE under visible light irradiation. Systematic optimization of operational conditions for the photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of phenol was conducted. The phenol oxidation mechanism was elucidated via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and the identification of intermediate compounds. Additionally, a mixed model of phenol and arsenic (III) in polluted water demonstrated the capability of WO3/MXene photoanode for the simultaneous oxidation of both organic and inorganic pollutants, achieving complete conversion of phenol and As(III) to non-toxic As(V). The WO3/MXene photoanode facilitated water oxidation, generating a substantial amount of O2•- and •OH oxidative species, which are crucial for the concurrent oxidation of phenol and arsenic. Recyclability tests demonstrated a 99% retention of performance, confirming the WO3/MXene photoanode's suitability for long-term operation in PEAOPs. The findings suggest that integrating WO3/MXene photoanodes into water purification systems can enhance economic feasibility, reduce energy consumption, and improve efficiency. This PEAOP offers a viable solution to the critical issue of heavy metal and organic chemical pollution in various water bodies, given its scalability and ability to preserve ecosystems while conserving clean water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath G
- Department of Physics & Nanotechnology, SRM University of Science and Technology, Tankular, Chennai, 603203, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Selvakumar Palanisamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sivaranjani T
- Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625009, India
| | - Karthigeyan A
- Department of Physics & Nanotechnology, SRM University of Science and Technology, Tankular, Chennai, 603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Rajakarthihan
- Department of Physics, Thiagarajar College, Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625009, India
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Huang J, Wang W, Wu T, Ren X, Zhao X. Photo-electrochemical activation of persulfate for the simultaneous degradation of microplastics and personal care products. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16150-16169. [PMID: 38769957 PMCID: PMC11103671 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent widespread use of microplastics (MPs), especially in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), has caused significant water pollution. This study presents a UV/electrically co-facilitated activated persulfate (PS) system to co-degrade a typical microplastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and an organic sunscreen p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). We investigated the effect of various reaction conditions on the degradation. PVC and PABA degradation was 37% and 99.22%, respectively. Furthermore, we observed alterations in the surface topography and chemical characteristics of PVC throughout degradation. The possible degradation pathways of PVC and PABA were proposed by analyzing the intermediate products and the free radicals generated. This study reveals the co-promoting effect of multiple mechanisms in the activation by ultraviolet light and electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province Siping 136000 China
| | - Wanyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province Siping 136000 China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province Siping 136000 China
| | - Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province Siping 136000 China
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University Haifeng Street, Tiexi Dist Siping 136000 China
| | - Xuesong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province Siping 136000 China
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University Haifeng Street, Tiexi Dist Siping 136000 China
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Wang J, Duan X, Ren Y. Efficient electrochemical degradation of ceftazidime by Ti 3+ self-doping TiO 2 nanotube-based Sb-SnO 2 nanoflowers as an intermediate layer on a modified PbO 2 electrode. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141853. [PMID: 38582161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Ceftazidime (CAZ) is an emerging organic pollutant with a long-lasting presence in the environment. Although some PbO2 materials exhibit degradation capabilities, inefficient electron transport in the substrate layer and the problem of electrode stability still limit their use. Here, an interfacial design in which TiO2 nanotube arrays generate Ti3+ self-doping oxide substrate layers and highly active 3D Sb-SnO2 nanoflowers-like interlayers was used to prepare PbO2 anodes for efficient degradation of CAZ. Interestingly, after implementing Ti3+ self-doping in the PbO2 anode base layer and introducing 3D nanoflowers-like structures, the capacity for •OH generation increased significantly. The modified electrode exhibited 5-fold greater •OH generation capacity compared to the unmodified electrode, and a 2.7-fold longer accelerated electrode lifetime. The results indicate that interfacial engineering of the base and intermediate layers of the electrodes can improve the electron transfer efficiency, promote the formation of •OH, and extend the anode lifetime of the activated CAZ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Frontier Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Duan
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Frontier Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, PR China.
| | - Yongsheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Frontier Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, PR China.
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Yang Y, Wang R, Zhou J, Qiao S. Removal of ofloxacin using a porous carbon microfiltration membrane based on in-situ generated •OH. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117837. [PMID: 38065381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal performance of ofloxacin (OFL) by a novel electro-Fenton enhanced microfiltration membrane. The membranes used in this study consisted of metal-organic framework derived porous carbon, carbon nanotubes and Fe2+, which were able to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in-situ via reducing O2 to hydrogen peroxide. Herein, membrane filtration with bias not only concentrated the pollutants to the level that could be efficiently treated by electro-Fenton but also confined/retained the toxic intermediates within the membrane to ensure a prolonged contact time with the oxidants. After validated by experiments, the applied bias of -1.0 V, pH of 3 and electrolyte concentration of 0.1 M were the relatively optimum conditions for OFL degradation. Under these conditions, the average OFL removal rate could be reach 75% with merely 5% membrane flux loss after 4 cycles operation by filtrating 1 mg/L OFL. Via decarboxylation reaction, piperazinyl ring opening, dealkylation and ipso substitution reaction, etc., OFL could be gradually and efficiently degraded to intermediate products and even to CO2 by •OH. Moreover, the oxidation reaction was preferred to following first-order reaction kinetics. This research verified a possibility for antibiotic removal by electro-enhanced microfiltration membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ruiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiti Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Sen Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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Duan X, Ning Z, Wang W, Li Y, Zhao X, Liu L, Li W, Chang L. Y-mediated optimization of 3DG-PbO 2 anode for electrochemical degradation of PFOS. BMC Chem 2023; 17:146. [PMID: 37891592 PMCID: PMC10612263 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, the three-dimensional graphene-modified PbO2 (3DG-PbO2) anode was prepared for the effective degradation of perfluorooctanesulfonat (PFOS) by the electrochemical oxidation process. However, the mineralization efficiency of PFOS at the 3DG-PbO2 anode still needs to be further improved due to the recalcitrance of PFOS. Thus, in this study, the yttrium (Y) was doped into the 3DG-PbO2 film to further improve the electrochemical activity of the PbO2 anode. To optimize the doping amount of Y, three Y and 3DG codoped PbO2 anodes were fabricated with different Y3+ concentrations of 5, 15, and 30 mM in the electroplating solution, which were named Y/3DG-PbO2-5, Y/3DG-PbO2-15 and Y/3DG-PbO2-30, respectively. The results of morphological, structural, and electrochemical characterization revealed that doping Y into the 3DG-PbO2 anode further refined the β-PbO2 crystals, increased the oxygen evolution overpotential and active sites, and reduced the electron transfer resistance, resulting in a superior electrocatalytic activity. Among all the prepared anodes, the Y/3DG-PbO2-15 anode exhibited the best activity for electrochemical oxidation of PFOS. After 120 min of electrolysis, the TOC removal efficiency was 80.89% with Y/3DG-PbO2-15 anode, greatly higher than 69.13% with 3DG-PbO2 anode. In addition, the effect of operating parameters on PFOS removal was analyzed by response surface, and the obtained optimum values of current density, initial PFOS concentration, pH, and Na2SO4 concentration were 50 mA/cm2, 12.21 mg/L, 5.39, and 0.01 M, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the PFOS removal efficiency reached up to 97.16% after 40 min of electrolysis. The results of the present study confirmed that the Y/3DG-PbO2 was a promising anode for electrocatalytic oxidation of persistent organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Duan
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, Jilin, China
| | - Ziqi Ning
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, Jilin, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Yitong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, Jilin, China
| | - Xuesong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, Jilin, China
| | - Liyue Liu
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, Jilin, China
| | - Wenqian Li
- College of Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping, Jilin, China
| | - Limin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China.
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Dolatabadi M, Ehrampoush MH, Pournamdari M, Ebrahimi AA, Fallahzadeh H, Ahmadzadeh S. Catalytic electrodes' characterization study serving polluted water treatment: environmental healthcare and ecological risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:594-602. [PMID: 37605342 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2247943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in the environment have irreparable effects on human health and other organisms. Hence, it is necessary to treat and degrade them from polluted water. In the current work, the electrochemical removal of the fenitrothion (FT), trifluralin (TF), and chlorothalonil (CT) pesticides were performed by catalytic electrode. The characteristics of SnO2-Sb2O3, PbO2, and Bi-PbO2 electrodes were described by FE-SEM and XRD. Dynamic electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, accelerated life, and linear polarization were employed to investigate the electrochemical performance of fabricated electrodes. Moreover, evaluate the risk of toxic metals release from the catalytic electrode during treatment process was investigated. The maximum degradation efficiency of 99.8, 100, and 100% for FT, TF, and CT was found under the optimal condition of FT, TF, and CT concentration 15.0 mg L-1, pH 7.0, current density 7.0 mA cm-2, and electrolysis time of 120 min. The Bi-PbO2, PbO2, and SnO2-Sb2O3 electrodes revealed the oxygen evolution potential of 2.089, 1.983, 1.914 V, and the service lifetime of 82, 144, and 323 h, respectively. The results showed that after 5.0 h of electrolysis, none of the heavy metals such as Bi, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Ti were detected in the treated solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dolatabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mostafa Pournamdari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Ebrahimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saeid Ahmadzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Zhang C, Gao C, Yang S, He X, Chen Y, Qin X, Tang Y. Electrochemical oxidation of chloramphenicol by modified Sm-PEG-PbO 2 anodes: Performance and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138518. [PMID: 37001761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol (CAP) is used extensively in industry and daily life, but its abuse has seriously affected the environment and public health. In this paper, a new composite PbO2 electrode was obtained through the modification Sm and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and an electrocatalytic oxidation technology of CAP degradation was investigated. The results showed that the catalytic degradation ability and industrial service life of the PEG-Sm-PbO2 composite electrode were significantly enhanced. Co-doping inhibited the growth of grains, resulting in the formation of refined pyramidal grains on the surface of the electrode, which increased the number of active spots. The industrial service life of the modified electrode was improved by 87.0%. In addition, the degradation effect under different conditions and mechanism of CAP were also explored. The optimal conditions for CAP degradation were explored, at which time the CAP degradation rate reached 99.1%. The degradation process was in accordance with the primary reaction kinetics, and the apparent rate constant of CAP at the PEG-Sm-PbO2 electrode was raised by 57.1% in comparison with the unmodified electrode, indicating that the modification facilitated the degradation of CAP in the electrode. Finally, two possible CAP degradation pathways were deduced. The results will provide technical support and a theoretical basis for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Treatment for Towns in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Conghao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Treatment for Towns in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Treatment for Towns in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Hebei Haikuo Environmental Protection Technology Co., LTD, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yulin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Treatment for Towns in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Dolatabadi M, Ehrampoush MH, Pournamdari M, Ebrahimi AA, Fallahzadeh H, Ahmadzadeh S. Enhanced electrocatalytic elimination of fenitrothion, trifluralin, and chlorothalonil from groundwater and industrial wastewater using modified Cu-PbO2 electrode. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Komal N, Mansoor MA, Mazhar M, Sohail M, Malik Z, Anis-ur-Rehman M. Effect of (Sm, In) Doping on the Electrical and Thermal Properties of Sb 2Te 3 Microstructures. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9797-9806. [PMID: 36969434 PMCID: PMC10034840 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Doped Sb2Te3 narrow-band-gap semiconductors have been attracting considerable attention for different electronic and thermoelectric applications. Trivalent samarium (Sm)- and indium (In)-doped Sb2Te3 microstructures have been synthesized by the economical solvothermal method. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to verify the synthesis of single-phase doped and undoped Sb2Te3 and doping of Sm and In within the crystal lattice of Sb2Te3. Further, the morphology, structure elucidation, and stability have been investigated systematically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These analyses verified the successful synthesis of hexagonal undoped Sb2Te3 (AT) and (Sm, In)-doped Sb2Te3 (SAT, IAT) microstructures. Moreover, the comparison of dielectric parameters, including dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and tan loss of AT, SAT, and IAT, was done in detail. An increment in the electrical conductivities, both AC and DC, from 1.92 × 10-4 to 4.9 × 10-3 Ω-1 m-1 and a decrease in thermal conductivity (0.68-0.60 W m-1 K-1) were observed due to the doping by trivalent (Sm, In) dopants. According to our best knowledge, the synthesis and dielectric properties of (Sm, In)-doped and undoped Sb2Te3 in comparison with their electrical properties and thermal conductivity have not been reported earlier. This implies that appropriate doping with (Sm, In) in Sb2Te3 is promising to enhance the electronic and thermoelectric behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha Komal
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adil Mansoor
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mazhar
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad44000, Pakistan
| | - Manzar Sohail
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad44000, Pakistan
| | - Zahida Malik
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman
- Applied
Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad44000, Pakistan
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Sharifidarabad H, Zakeri A, Adeli M. Parametric study on the electrochemical performance and stability of PbO2-coated titanium electrodes for electrowinning applications. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-023-01867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Yan Y, Ma X, Xia Y, Feng H, Liu S, He C, Ding Y. Mechanism of highly efficient electrochemical degradation of antibiotic sulfadiazine using a layer-by-layer GNPs/PbO 2 electrode. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114778. [PMID: 36368374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A PbO2 electrode integrating electrocatalytic and adsorptive functions was successfully fabricated by embedding layer-by-layer graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) into β-PbO2 active layer (GNPs/PbO2) and employed as anode for high-efficient removal of sulfadiazine (SDZ). In electrochemical degradation experiments, SDZ was quickly enriched on the surface of GNPs/PbO2 film via adsorption and then oxidized by ⋅OH in-site. In terms of the electrocatalytic performance and adsorption of electrode, the optimal electrodeposition time for each β-PbO2 outer layer was 4 min (GNPs/PbO2-4). Compared with conventional PbO2 electrode, the layer-by-layer GNPs resulted in the smaller crystal size and denser surface of PbO2 electrode, thus facilitating the generation of active oxygen species. At the same time, the specific surface area, oxygen evolution potential (OEP) of the anode were enhanced and the charge-transfer resistance was reduced. For GNPs/PbO2-4 anode, the optimal conditions of electrochemical oxidation of SDZ were identified as initial pH 9, 50 mg/L of SDZ and 20 mA/cm2 of current density using response surface methodology (RSM), 98.15% of SDZ could be removed in this case. The contribution of radical oxidation and non-radical oxidation to SDZ removal was about 79% and 21%, respectively. Moreover, the reaction pathways of SDZ on the GNPs/PbO2-4 electrode involving hydroxylation, radical reaction and ring cleavage were speculated. Finally, the continuous SDZ degradation and accelerated service lifetime test suggested that the GNPs/PbO2-4 electrode was shown to be stable and repeatable, and the Pb2+ concentration was measured to ensure the safety of the treated solution. Consequently, the above findings provide an innovative way to design and prepare an effective and stable PbO2 electrode for electrochemical degradation of antibiotic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiangjuan Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yijing Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Huajun Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shengjue Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Cong He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yangcheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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Sun Z, Ni Y, Wu Y, Yue W, Zhang G, Bai J. Electrocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol on a Ti/TiO 2-NTA/La-PbO 2 electrode: electrode characterization and operating parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:6262-6274. [PMID: 35994150 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The anode material plays a crucial role in the process of electrochemical oxidation. Herein, a TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2-NTA) intermediate layer and La-PbO2 catalytic layer were synthesized on a Ti surface by the electrochemical anodic oxidation and electrochemical deposition technology, respectively. The prepared Ti/TiO2-NTA/La-PbO2 electrode was used as an electrocatalytic oxidation anode for pollutant degradation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the TiO2-NTA layer possessed a highly ordered and well-aligned nanotube array morphology, and the La-PbO2 layer with angular cone cluster was uniform and tightly bonded. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that the intermediate layer primarily consisted of the anatase crystal structure of TiO2 and the catalyst layer was made of La-PbO2. Electrochemical analysis revealed that Ti/TiO2-NTA/La-PbO2 electrode exhibited higher oxidation peak current, electrochemical active surface area, and oxygen evolution potential (OEP, 1.64 V). Using methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol as model pollutants, electrocatalytic properties of the prepared Ti/TiO2-NTA/La-PbO2 electrode were systematically investigated under different conditions, and the electrochemical degradation fitted well with the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Efficient anodic oxidation of model pollutants was mainly attributed to the indirect oxidation mediated by hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency of methyl orange and 4-nitrophenol was 70.2 and 72.8%, and low energy consumption (2.50 and 1.89 kWh g-1) was achieved after 240 min of electrolysis under the conditions of initial concentration of model pollutant, electrode spacing, and electrolyte concentration were 50 mg L-1, 2 cm, and 0.1 mol L-1, respectively. This work provided a new strategy to develop the high-efficiency electrode for refractory pollutants degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Sun
- College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yue Ni
- College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
| | - Yuandong Wu
- Shenzhen Institute, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wenqing Yue
- College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Jianmei Bai
- College of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
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13
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Fu R, Zhang PS, Jiang YX, Sun L, Sun XH. Wastewater treatment by anodic oxidation in electrochemical advanced oxidation process: Advance in mechanism, direct and indirect oxidation detection methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136993. [PMID: 36309052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process (EAOP) has been applied to the degradation of refractory pollutants in wastewater due to its strong oxidation capacity, high degradation efficiency, simple operation, and mild reaction. Among electrochemical processes, anodic oxidation (AO) is the most widely used and its mechanism is mainly divided into direct oxidation and indirect oxidation. Direct oxidation means that pollutants are oxidized at the anode by direct electron transfer. Indirect oxidation refers to the generation of active species during the electrolytic reaction, which acts on pollutants. The mechanism of AO process is controlled by many factors, including electrode type, electrocatalyst material, wastewater composition, pH, applied current and voltage levels. It is very important to explore the reaction mechanism of electrochemical treatment, which determines the efficiency of the reaction, the products of the reaction, and the extent of reaction. This paper firstly reviews the current research progress on the mechanism of AO process, and summarizes in detail the different mechanisms caused by influencing factors under common AO process. Then, strategies and methods to distinguish direct oxidation and indirect oxidation mechanisms are reviewed, such as intermediate product analysis, electrochemical test analysis, active species detection, theoretical calculation, and the limitations of these methods are analyzed. Finally some suggestions are put forward for the study of the mechanism of electrochemical advanced oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, 132012, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Peng-Shuang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, 132012, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Xing Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, 132012, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Lin Sun
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, ChangChun, 130012, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Xu-Hui Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, 132012, Jilin, PR China.
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14
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Xia Y, Dai J, Yan Y, Ma X, Feng H, Ding Y. Energy-efficient electrochemical treatment of paracetamol using a PbO 2 anode based on pulse electrodeposition strategy: Kinetics, energy consumption and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114673. [PMID: 36332673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study the pulse electrochemical oxidation of paracetamol (PCT) using a novel PbO2 anode based on pulse electrodeposition strategy (PbO2-PE). The pulse electrodeposition strategy used to prepare a PbO2 anode resulted in rougher surface, higher directional specificity of β(101) and more redox couples of Pb4+/Pb2+. Additionally, the oxygen evolution potential (OEP) and charge transfer resistance were also improved. When compared to direct current electrochemical oxidation process, pulse electrolysis in had a slightly higher PCT removal efficiency and active species (·OH and active chlorine) production, while 72.04% of energy consumption was saved. The effects of operating parameters on PCT degradation efficiency and specific energy consumption were studied. The findings suggested that the pulse electrochemical oxidation of PCT followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, with PCT removal reaching 98.63% after 60 min of electrolysis under optimal conditions. Possible mechanisms describing reaction pathways for PCT were also proposed. Finally, combinating with the economic feasibility and safety evaluation, we could conclude that pulse electrolysis with a PbO2-PE electrode was a promising option for improving the practicability of electrochemical treatment for refractory organic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jingsong Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiangjuan Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Huajun Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yangcheng Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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15
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Elaboration of Highly Modified Stainless Steel/Lead Dioxide Anodes for Enhanced Electrochemical Degradation of Ampicillin in Water. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead dioxide-based electrodes have shown a great performance in the electrochemical treatment of organic wastewater. In the present study, modified PbO2 anodes supported on stainless steel (SS) with a titanium oxide interlayer such as SS/TiO2/PbO2 and SS/TiO2/PbO2-10% Boron (B) were prepared by the sol–gel spin-coating technique. The morphological and structural properties of the prepared electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the SS/TiO2/PbO2-10% B anode led to a rougher active surface, larger specific surface area, and therefore stronger ability to generate powerful oxidizing agents. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements showed that the modified PbO2 anodes displayed a lower charge transfer resistance Rct. The influence of the introduction of a TiO2 intermediate layer and the boron doping of a PbO2 active surface layer on the electrochemical degradation of ampicillin (AMP) antibiotic have been investigated by chemical oxygen demand measurements and HPLC analysis. Although HPLC analysis showed that the degradation process of AMP with SS/PbO2 was slightly faster than the modified PbO2 anodes, the results revealed that SS/TiO2/PbO2-10%B was the most efficient and economical anode toward the pollutant degradation due to its physico-chemical properties. At the end of the electrolysis, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), the average current efficiency (ACE) and the energy consumption (EC) reached, respectively, 69.23%, 60.30% and 0.056 kWh (g COD)−1, making SS/TiO2/PbO2-10%B a promising anode for the degradation of ampicillin antibiotic in aqueous solutions.
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16
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Dai J, Feng H, Shi K, Ma X, Yan Y, Ye L, Xia Y. Electrochemical degradation of antibiotic enoxacin using a novel PbO 2 electrode with a graphene nanoplatelets inter-layer: Characteristics, efficiency and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135833. [PMID: 35948101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel PbO2 electrode was fabricated by adding graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) inter-layer into β-PbO2 active layer (called GNP-PbO2) and utilized to degradation of antibiotic enoxacin (ENO). The GNP-PbO2 electrode had a much rougher surface than the typical PbO2 electrode, with smaller crystal size and lower charge-transfer resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Notably, the GNP inter-layer increased the oxygen evolution potential of PbO2 electrode (2.05 V vs. SCE), which was very beneficial to inhibit oxygen evolution and promote ·OH production. The relatively best operating parameters for ENO removal and energy efficiency were current density of 20 mA cm-2, initial pH of 7, initial ENO concentration of 100 mg L-1 and electrode distance of 4 cm. Furthermore, indirect radical oxidation was found to be the main way during electrolysis process. Based on the observed analysis of intermediate products, the main reaction pathways of ENO included hydroxylation, defluorination and piperazine ring-opening. Finally, combinating with the electro-oxidation capability, stability and safety evaluation, we can conclude that GNP-PbO2 is a promising anode for treatment of various organic pollutants in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Dai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Huajun Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Kefan Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiangjuan Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yan Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ling Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yijing Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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17
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Zheng T, Wei C, Chen H, Xu J, Wu Y, Xing X. Fabrication of PbO 2 Electrodes with Different Doses of Er Doping for Sulfonamides Degradation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013503. [PMID: 36294088 PMCID: PMC9602837 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, PbO2 electrodes, doped with different doses of Er (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%), were fabricated and characterized. Surface morphology characterization by SEM-EDS and XRD showed that Er was successfully doped into the PbO2 catalyst layer and the particle size of Er-PbO2 was reduced significantly. Electrochemical oxidation of sulfamerazine (SMR) in the Er-PbO2 anode system obeyed te pseudo first-order kinetic model with the order of 2% Er-PbO2 > 4% Er-PbO2 > 1% Er-PbO2 > 0.5% Er-PbO2 > 0% PbO2. For 2% Er-PbO2, kSMR was 1.39 h-1, which was only 0.93 h-1 for 0% PbO2. Effects of different operational parameters on SMR degradation in 2% Er-PbO2 anode system were investigated, including the initial pH of the electrolyte and current density. Under the situation of an initial pH of 3, a current density of 30 mA·cm-2, a concentration of SMR 30 mg L-1, and 0.2 M Na2SO4 used as supporting electrolyte, SMR was totally removed in 3 h, and COD mineralization efficiency was achieved 71.3% after 6 h electrolysis. Furthermore, the degradation pathway of SMR was proposed as combining the active sites identification by density functional calculation (DFT) and intermediates detection by LC-MS. Results showed that Er-PbO2 has great potential for antibiotic wastewater treatment in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yanhong Wu
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-10-68933621 (X.X.)
| | - Xuan Xing
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-10-68933621 (X.X.)
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18
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Xu J, Liu Y, Li D, Li L, Zhang Y, Chen S, Wu Q, Wang P, Zhang C, Sun J. Insights into the electrooxidation of florfenicol by a highly active La-doped Ti4O7 anode. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Man S, Luo D, Sun Q, Yang H, Bao H, Xu K, Zeng X, He M, Yin Z, Wang L, Mo Z, Yang W, Li X. When MXene (Ti 3C 2T x) meet Ti/PbO 2: An improved electrocatalytic activity and stability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128440. [PMID: 35158250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stable electrode materials with high catalytic activity are urgently required for electrochemical degradation of refractory organic pollutants in wastewater treatment. Herein, high conductive MXene (Ti3C2Tx) was firstly fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as an interlayer for preparing a novel PbO2 electrode. The well-conducted Ti3C2Tx interlayer significantly improved the electrochemical performance of the EPD-2.0/PbO2 (EPD time was 2.0 min) electrode with the charge transfer resistance decreased by 9.51 times, the inner active sites increased by 5.21 times and the ∙OH radicals generation ability enhanced by 4.07 times than the control EPD-0/PbO2 anode. Consequently, the EPD-2.0/PbO2 electrode achieved nearly 100% basic fuchsin (BF) and 86.78% COD removal efficiency after 3.0 h electrolysis. Therefore, this new PbO2 electrode presented a promising potential for electrochemical degradation of BF and the new Ti3C2Tx middle layer could also be used to fabricate other efficient and stable anodes, such as SnO2, MnO2, TiO2, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Man
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Dehui Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Qing Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Hebin Bao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China; Fundamental Studies department, Army logistics University of PLA, Chongqing 401311, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- Multiscale Crystal Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xuzhong Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Miao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Zehao Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Power Engineering, Chongqing Electric Power College, Chongqing 400053, PR China
| | - Zhihong Mo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
| | - Xueming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, PR China.
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20
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Norouzi R, Zarei M, Khataee A, Ebratkhahan M, Rostamzadeh P. Electrochemical removal of fluoxetine via three mixed metal oxide anodes and carbonaceous cathodes from contaminated water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112641. [PMID: 34979125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the fluoxetine (FLX) removal has been studied via the anodic oxidation (AO) process. Anode electrodes were Ti/RuO2, Ti/RuO2-IrO2, and Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2, and cathode electrodes were graphite and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The performances of electrodes were compared in terms of FLX removal efficiency. As a result, Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2 and CNTs were the optimal anode and cathode, respectively. The properties of the optimal electrodes were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry analysis was performed to study the electrochemical behavior of electrodes. The effect of current intensity (mA), initial pH, initial FLX concentration (mg/L) and process time (min) on the FLX removal efficiency was investigated and the response surface methodology was applied for the optimization of the AO process. The results showed that at current intensity, pH, initial FLX concentration and process time of 500 mA, 6, 25 mg/L and 160 min, maximum FLX removal efficiency was observed, which was 96.25%. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis was determined to evaluate the intermediates, and mineralization efficiency. The TOC removal efficiency was reached 81.51% after 6 h under optimal experimental conditions, indicating the successful removal of the FLX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Norouzi
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Zarei
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Turkey; Department of Material Science and Physical Chemistry of Materials, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Masoud Ebratkhahan
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Paria Rostamzadeh
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Remediation, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran.
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21
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Rai D, Sinha S. Research trends in the development of anodes for electrochemical oxidation of wastewater. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The review focuses on the recent development in anode materials and their synthesis approach, focusing on their compatibility for treating actual industrial wastewater, improving selectivity, electrocatalytic activity, stability at higher concentration, and thereby reducing the mineralization cost for organic pollutant degradation. The advancement in sol–gel technique, including the Pechini method, is discussed in the first section. A separate discussion related to the selection of the electrodeposition method and its deciding parameters is also included. Furthermore, the effect of using advanced heating approaches, including microwave and laser deposition synthesis, is also discussed. Next, a separate discussion is provided on using different types of anode materials and their effect on active •OH radical generation, activity, and electrode stability in direct and indirect oxidation and future aspects. The effect of using different synthesis approaches, additives, and doping is discussed separately for each anode. Graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and metal doping enhance the number of active sites, electrochemical activity, and mineralization current efficiency (MCE) of the anode. While, microwave or laser heating approaches were proved to be an effective, cheaper, and fast alternative to conventional heating. The electrodeposition and nonaqueous solvent synthesis were convenient and environment-friendly techniques for conductive metallic and polymeric film deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Rai
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Shishir Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
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22
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Chen Y, Liao D, Lin Y, Deng T, Yin F, Su P, Feng D. Electrochemical degradation performance and mechanism of dibutyl phthalate with hydrophobic PbO 2 electrode. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132638. [PMID: 34687678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) doped PbO2 anode with a highly hydrophobicity was fabricated by electrodeposition method. In this process, vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2NTs) are formed by the anodic oxidation of Ti plates as an intermediate layer for PbO2 electrodeposition. The characterization of the electrodes indicated that PTFE was successfully introduced to the electrode surface, the TiO2NTs were completely covered with β-PbO2 particles and gave it a large surface area, which also limited the growth of its crystal particles. Compared with the conventional Ti/PbO2 and Ti/TiO2NTs/PbO2 electrode, the Ti/TiO2NTs/PbO2-PTFE electrode has enhanced surface hydrophobicity, higher oxygen evolution potential, lower electrochemical impedance, with more active sites, and generate more hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which were enhanced by the addition of PTFE nanoparticles. The electrocatalytic performance of the three electrodes were investigated using dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as the model pollutant. The efficiency of the DBP removal of the three electrodes was in the order: Ti/TiO2NTs/PbO2-PTFE > Ti/TiO2NTs/PbO2 > Ti/PbO2. The degradation process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model well, with rate constants of 0.1326, 0.1266, and 0.1041 h-1 for the three electrodes, respectively. The lowest energy consumption (6.1 kWh g-1) was obtained after 8 h of DBP treatment using Ti/TiO2NTs/PbO2-PTFE compared to Ti/TiO2NTs/PbO2 (6.7 kWh g-1) and Ti/PbO2 (7.4 kWh g-1) electrodes. Moreover, the effects of current density, initial pH and electrolyte concentration were investigated. Finally, the products of the DBP degradation process were verified based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, and possible degradation pathways were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Dexiang Liao
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Yue Lin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tianyu Deng
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Fang Yin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Penghao Su
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Daolun Feng
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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23
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Zhou Q, Zhou X, Zheng R, Liu Z, Wang J. Application of lead oxide electrodes in wastewater treatment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150088. [PMID: 34563906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation (EO) based on hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated on lead dioxide has become a typical advanced oxidation process (AOP). Titanium-based lead dioxide electrodes (PbO2/Ti) play an increasingly important role in EO. To further improve the efficiency, the structure and properties of the lead dioxide active surface layer can be modified by doping transition metals, rare earth metals, nonmetals, etc. Here, we compare the common preparation methods of lead dioxide. The EO performance of lead dioxide in wastewater containing dyes, pesticides, drugs, landfill leachate, coal, petrochemicals, etc., is discussed along with their suitable operating conditions. Finally, the factors influencing the contaminant removal kinetics on lead dioxide are systematically analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xule Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Ruihao Zheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zifeng Liu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jiade Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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24
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Fazlinezhad S, Jafarzadeh K, Shooshtari Gugtapeh H, Mirali S. Characterization and electrochemical properties of stable Ni2+ and F- co-doped PbO2 coating on titanium substrate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Feng D, Shang Z, Xu P, Yue H, Li X. Electrochemical degradation of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide by a novel La-In co-doped PbO2 electrode: Electrode characterization, influencing factors and degradation pathway. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhou Q, Liu D, Yuan G, Tang Y, Cui K, Jiang S, Xia Y, Xiong W. Efficient degradation of phenolic wastewaters by a novel Ti/PbO2-Cr-PEDOT electrode with enhanced electrocatalytic activity and chemical stability. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Guo H, Xu Z, Wang D, Chen S, Qiao D, Wan D, Xu H, Yan W, Jin X. Evaluation of diclofenac degradation effect in "active" and "non-active" anodes: A new consideration about mineralization inclination. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131580. [PMID: 34280831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the electrochemical oxidation (EO) of diclofenac (DCF) in water with Ti/Ti4O7, Ti/Ru-Ir, Ti/Sb-SnO2 and Ti/PbO2 electrodes. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction results suggest that Ti/Ti4O7 has porous stacked surface morphology and Ti/Sb-SnO2 possesses the smallest grain size. Linear sweep voltammetry test results indicate that PbO2 has the highest oxygen evolution potential, while Ti/Ti4O7 and Ti/Ru-Ir show better oxygen evolution activity. DCF degradation results reveal that PbO2 possessed the highest DCF removal (RDCF = 99.2%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (RCOD = 97.0%), the fastest COD degradation rate (k = 0.0275 min-1, R2 = 0.964), the lowest specific energy consumption (ECDCF = 1.81 kWh.g DCF-1, ECTOC = 6.90 kWh.g TOC-1). The toxicity variation of DCF during EO process on PbO2 is rise first and then to fall. Considering the differences of the four electrodes in residual, conversion and mineralization aspects, mineralization selectivity (MS) was proposed to estimate the mineralization inclination of electrodes during EO process, and PbO2 displays the strongest mineralization inclination (MS = 0.594). In addition, the possible degradation pathway of DCF on PbO2 electrode indicates a composite behavior of conversion and mineralization. All of them above indicate the promising application potential of PbO2 in lower concentration pharmaceuticals and personal care products wastewater treatment. Moreover, MS could be employed as a supplementary index to assess the different inclinations of this composite behavior on various electrodes used for electrochemical treatment of organics in later studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311200, PR China
| | - Zhicheng Xu
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311200, PR China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311200, PR China
| | - Dan Wan
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Shaanxi Zhengwei Environmental Testing CO., LTD, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311200, PR China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 311200, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Jin
- Shaanxi Zhengwei Environmental Testing CO., LTD, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
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Energy-efficient pulse electrochemical oxidation of Acid Blue 9 using a Ti/SnO2-Sb/α,β-Polytetrafluoroethylene-Fe-PbO2 electrode: Kinetics, mass transfer and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Chen B, Yu Q, Chen Z, Zhu W, Li S, You H, Lv Z, Liu Y, Hu Q, Zheng Z, Farhana Y. Polystyrene microsphere assisted synthesis of a Co/PEG comodified PbO2 anode and its electrocatalytic oxidation performance. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Improved NH3-N conversion efficiency to N2 activated by BDD substrate on NiCu electrocatalysis process. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Enhancing the stability and electrocatalytic activity of Ti-based PbO2 anodes by introduction of an arc-sprayed TiN interlayer. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Wang Q, Tu S, Wang W, Chen W, Duan X, Chang L. Optimized Indium modified Ti/PbO2 anode for electrochemical degradation of antibiotic cefalexin in aqueous solutions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Zhang J, Zhou Y, Yao B, Yang J, Zhi D. Current progress in electrochemical anodic-oxidation of pharmaceuticals: Mechanisms, influencing factors, and new technique. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126313. [PMID: 34329033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Various pharmaceuticals have been detected in natural water and wastewater bodies, causing threats to water ecosystem and human health. Although electrochemical anodic-oxidation (EAO) has been shown to be efficient for pharmaceuticals degradation from aqueous solution, it still has a distinct need to apply EAO technology for pharmaceuticals removal rationally. This review provides the most recent progress on the mechanisms, influencing factors, and new technique of EAO for pharmaceuticals degradation. The mechanism and superiority of EAO were analyzed. Major influencing factors (e.g., electrode materials, electrochemical reactor, applied current density, anode-cathode distance, electrolyte type and concentration, initial solution pH value, and initial pharmaceuticals concentration) were discussed on the removal of pharmaceuticals. The latest development of reactive electrochemical membranes (REM) was regarded as an emerging EAO technique, and it was also highlighted. This work revealed that the EAO of pharmaceuticals has extraordinary application prospects in the field of water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Bin Yao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dan Zhi
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Zhang F, Wang W, Xu L, Zhou C, Sun Y, Niu J. Treatment of Ni-EDTA containing wastewater by electrochemical degradation using Ti 3+ self-doped TiO 2 nanotube arrays anode. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130465. [PMID: 34126689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) could form stable complexes with nickel due to its strong chelation. Ni-EDTA has significant impacts on human health because of its acute toxicity and low biodegradability, thus some appropriate approaches are required for its removal. In this research, a Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays electrode (ECR-TiO2 NTA) was prepared and employed in electrochemical degradation of Ni-EDTA. The oxygen evolution potential of ECR-TiO2 NTA was 2.6 V vs. SCE. More than 96% Ni-EDTA and 88% TOC was removed after reaction for 120 min at current density 2 mA cm-2 at pH 4.34. The degradation of Ni-EDTA was mainly through the cleavage of amine group within Ni-EDTA and furthermore decomposed it into small molecular acids and inorganic ions including NH4+and NO3-. The electro-deposition of nickel ions at cathode was confirmed by XPS and was greatly affected by the pH of solution. The effects of current density, initial Ni-EDTA concentration, initial pH of solution and HCO3- concentration on Ni-EDTA degradation were investigated. The results exhibited that the ECR-TiO2 NTA had excellent efficiencies in electrochemical degradation of Ni-EDTA. The LSV analysis suggested that Ni-EDTA oxidation on ECR-TiO2 NTA anode and the production of hydroxyl radical (·OH) on the anode played an important role in the removal of Ni-EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Weilai Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yanglong Sun
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, China.
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Lv Z, Chen Z, Yu Q, Zhu W, You H, Chen B, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Hu Q. Micro-area investigation on electrochemical performance improvement with Co and Mn doping in PbO 2 electrode materials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28949-28960. [PMID: 35478565 PMCID: PMC9038181 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PbO2-Co3O4-MnO2 electrodes, used in the electrowinning industry and in the degradation of organic pollutants, have demonstrated an elevated performance through macroscopic electrochemical measurements. However, few reports have investigated localized electrochemical performance, which plays an indispensable role in determining the essential reasons for the improvement of the modified material. In this study, the causes of the increase in electrochemical reactivity are unveiled from a micro perspective through scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman microscopy (Raman), and X-ray photoelectronic energy spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the increase of electrochemical reactivity of the modified electrodes results from two factors: transformation of the microstructure and change in the intrinsic physicochemical properties. Constant-height scanning maps indicate that the electrochemical reactivity of the modified electrodes is higher than that of the PbO2 electrode on the whole and high-reactivity areas are orderly distributed, coinciding with the observations from SEM and XRD. Thus, one of the reasons for the improvement of the modified electrode performance is the refinement of the microscopic morphology. The other reason is the surge of the oxygen vacancy concentration on the surface of the coating, which is supported by XRD, Raman and XPS. This finding is detected by the probe approach curve (PAC), which can quantitatively characterize the electrochemical reactivity of a substrate. Heterogeneous charge transfer rate constants of the modified electrode are 4-5 times higher than that of the traditional PbO2 electrode. This research offers some insight into the electrochemical reactivity of modified PbO2 electrodes from a micro perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Lv
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Hongjun You
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Bangyao Chen
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Zhaoyi Zheng
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qi Hu
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
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36
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Recent Trends in Pharmaceuticals Removal from Water Using Electrochemical Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8080085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the research on the environmental applications of electrochemistry to remove recalcitrant and priority pollutants and, in particular, drugs from the aqueous phase has increased dramatically. This literature review summarizes the applications of electrochemical oxidation in recent years to decompose pharmaceuticals that are often detected in environmental samples such as carbamazapine, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, etc. Similar to most physicochemical processes, efficiency depends on many operating parameters, while the combination with either biological or other physicochemical methods seems particularly attractive. In addition, various strategies such as using three-dimensional electrodes or the electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide have been proposed to overcome the disadvantages of electrochemical oxidation. Finally, some guidelines are proposed for future research into the applications of environmental electrochemistry for the degradation of xenobiotic compounds and micropollutants from environmental matrices. The main goal of the present review paper is to facilitate future researchers to design their experiments concerning the electrochemical oxidation processes for the degradation of micropollutants/emerging contaminants, especially, some specific drugs considering, also, the existing limitations of each process.
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37
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Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using a bifacial electrode of nickel-polyethylene glycol-PbO2//Ti//TiO2-Ag2O. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Ahmad A, Priyadarshini M, Das S, Ghangrekar MM. Proclaiming Electrochemical Oxidation as a Potent Technology for the Treatment of Wastewater Containing Xenobiotic Compounds: A Mini Review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS TOXIC AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)hz.2153-5515.0000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azhan Ahmad
- Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India. ORCID:
| | - Monali Priyadarshini
- Research Scholar, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sovik Das
- Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India. ORCID:
| | - M. M. Ghangrekar
- Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India (corresponding author). ORCID:
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39
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Development of a novel 2D Ni-MOF derived NiO@C nanosheet arrays modified Ti/TiO2NTs/PbO2 electrode for efficient electrochemical degradation of salicylic acid wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Chen S, He P, Wang X, Xiao F, Zhou P, He Q, Jia L, Dong F, Zhang H, Jia B, Liu H, Tang B. Co/Sm-modified Ti/PbO 2 anode for atrazine degradation: Effective electrocatalytic performance and degradation mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128799. [PMID: 33187658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Ti/PbO2-Co-Sm electrode has been successfully prepared using electrodeposition and further applied for the electrocatalysis of atrazine (ATZ) herbicide wastewater. As expected, Ti/PbO2-Co-Sm electrode displays highest oxygen evolution potential, lowest charge transfer resistance, longest service lifetime and most effective electrocatalytic activity compared with Ti/PbO2, Ti/PbO2-Sm and Ti/PbO2-Co electrodes. Orthogonal and single factor experiments are designed to optimize the condition of ATZ degradation. The maximum degradation efficiency of 92.6% and COD removal efficiency of 84.5% are achieved in electrolysis time 3 h under the optimum condition (current density 20 mA cm-2, Na2SO4 concentration 8.0 g L-1, pH 5 and temperature 35 °C). In addition, Ti/PbO2-Co-Sm electrode exhibits admirable recyclability in degradation progress. The degradation of ATZ is accomplished by indirect electrochemical oxidation and ∙OH is tested as the main active substance in ATZ oxidation. The possible degradation mechanism of ATZ has been proposed according to the degradation intermediates detected by LC-MS. This research suggests that Ti/PbO2-Co-Sm is a promising electrode for ATZ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China; International Science and Technology Cooperation Laboratory of Micro-nanoparticle Application Research, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China.
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Qihang He
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Lingpu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Faqin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle of Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Laboratory of Micro-nanoparticle Application Research, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Bin Jia
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Laboratory of Micro-nanoparticle Application Research, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China; Key Laboratory of Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, PR China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
| | - Bin Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China.
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Kaleeswarran P, Sriram B, Wang SF, Baby JN, Arumugam A, Bilgrami AL, Hashsham SA, Abdullah Sayegh F, Liu CJ. Electrochemical detection of antipsychotic drug in water samples based on nano/sub-microrod-like CuBi2−xInxO4 electrocatalysts. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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42
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Wei F, Liao D, Lin Y, Hu C, Ju J, Chen Y, Feng D. Electrochemical degradation of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) using the electrodeposited Ti/TiO2-NTs/PbO2 electrode. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Guo H, Xu Z, Qiao D, Wang L, Xu H, Yan W. Fabrication and characterization of titanium-based lead dioxide electrode by electrochemical deposition with Ti 4 O 7 particles. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:42-50. [PMID: 32304604 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novelly modified Ti/PbO2 electrode was synthesized with Ti4 O7 particles through electrochemical deposition method (marked as PbO2 -Ti4 O7 ). The properties of the as-prepared electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), hydroxyl radical concentration, accelerated life test, etc. Azophloxine was chosen as the model pollutant for electro-catalytic oxidation to evaluate electrochemical activity of the electrode. The experimental results indicated that Ti4 O7 modification could prominently improve the properties of the electrodes, especially, improve the surface morphology, enhance the current response, and reduce the impedance. However, the predominant phases of PbO2 electrodes were unchanged, which were completely pure β-PbO2 . During the electrochemical oxidation process, the PbO2 -Ti4 O7 (1.0) electrode showed the best performance on degradation of AR1 (i.e., the highest removal efficiency and the lowest energy consumption), which could be attributed to its high oxygen evolution potential (OEP) and strong capability of HO· generation. Moreover, the accelerated service lifetime of PbO2 -Ti4 O7 (1.0) electrode was 175 hr, 1.65 times longer than that of PbO2 electrode (105.5 hr). PRACTITIONER POINTS: PbO2 /Ti4 O7 composite anode was fabricated through electrochemical co-deposition. Four concentration gradients of Ti4 O7 particle were tested. PbO2 -Ti4 O7 (1.0) showed optimal electrocatalytic ability due to its high OEP and HO· productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhicheng Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liangtian Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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44
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Hua G, Zhicheng X, Dan Q, Dan W, Hao X, Wei Y, Xiaoliang J. Fabrication and characterization of porous titanium-based PbO 2 electrode through the pulse electrodeposition method: Deposition condition optimization by orthogonal experiment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:128157. [PMID: 33113652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Porous titanium-based PbO2 electrodes were successfully fabricated by pulse electrodeposition method. The primary pulse electrodeposition parameters, including pulse frequency (f), duty ratio (γ), average current density (Ja) and electrodeposition time (t) were considered in this study. An orthogonal experiment was designed based on those four factors and in three levels. SEM images and XRD results suggest that the surface morphology and structure of PbO2 electrodes could be easily changed by varying pulse electrodeposition parameters. Orthogonal analysis reveals that the increase of f and Ja could decrease the average grain size of PbO2 electrodes, which is conducive to create more active sites and promote the generation of hydroxide radicals. The electrochemical degradation of Azophloxine was carried out to evaluate the electrochemical oxidation performance of pulse electrodeposited electrodes. The results indicate that the influences of four factors can be ranked as follow: Ja >γ≈ t > f. The higher f, larger Ja and longer t could facilitate the optimization of the integrated electrochemical degradation performance of prepared PbO2 electrode. The accelerated life time is dominated by Ja and t, coincident with the average weight increase of β-PbO2 layer. The optimal parameters of pulse electrodeposition turn out to be: f = 50 Hz, γ = 30%, Ja = 25 mA cm-2, t = 60 min. Together, the consequences of the experiments give assistance to uncover and roughly conclude the mechanism of pulse electrodeposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Hua
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Xu Zhicheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Qiao Dan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Wan Dan
- Shaanxi Zhengwei Environmental Testing CO,. LTD, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Xu Hao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Jin Xiaoliang
- Shaanxi Zhengwei Environmental Testing CO,. LTD, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
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Duan X, Sui X, Wang Q, Wang W, Li N, Chang L. Electrocatalytic oxidation of PCP-Na by a novel nano-PbO 2 anode: degradation mechanism and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:43656-43669. [PMID: 32737782 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the electrocatalytic oxidation of sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na) using a novel nano-PbO2 powder anode. The nano-PbO2 powder (marked as HL-PbO2) was prepared by a simple hydrolysis process, and hydrothermal treatment was followed to improve the activity of HL-PbO2. The HL-PbO2 treated for 24 h by hydrothermal process (HL/HT-PbO2-24) was confirmed to possess higher crystallinity, higher oxygen evolution potential, and more active sites, resulting in stronger OH radical generation capacity and higher electrochemical activity. Compared with conventional electrodeposited PbO2 (ED-PbO2) anode, the HL/HT-PbO2-24 anode showed higher PCP-Na degradation rate. Under the same operating conditions, the mineralization current efficiency at HL/HT-PbO2-24 was 2.7 times than that at ED-PbO2. Five intermediates were detected in PCP-Na degradation solution and possible degradation mechanism of PCP-Na was discussed. In addition, the acute toxicity of PCP-Na degradation solution to zebrafish embryos and the oxidative stress induced in zebrafish embryos/larvae were studied to evaluate the ecological security of electrocatalytic oxidation of PCP-Na.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Duan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control (Jilin Normal University), Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China.
| | - Xinyu Sui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control (Jilin Normal University), Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control (Jilin Normal University), Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control (Jilin Normal University), Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Limin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China.
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Duan X, Wang W, Wang Q, Sui X, Li N, Chang L. Electrocatalytic degradation of perfluoroocatane sulfonate (PFOS) on a 3D graphene-lead dioxide (3DG-PbO 2) composite anode: Electrode characterization, degradation mechanism and toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127587. [PMID: 32663673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a three-dimension grapnene-PbO2 (3DG-PbO2) composite anode was prepared using coelectrodeposition technology for electrocatalytic oxidation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The effect of 3DG on the surface morphology, structure and electrocatalytic activity of PbO2 electrode was investigated. The results indicated that the 3DG-PbO2-0.08 anode (3DG concentration in electrodeposition solution was 0.08 g L-1) possessed the best electrocatalytic activity due to its stronger ·OH radicals generation capacity, more active sites and smaller charge-transfer resistance. The degradation rate constant of PFOS on 3DG-PbO2-0.08 anode was 2.33 times than that of pure PbO2 anode. Additionally, the by-products formed in electrocatalytic degradation of PFOS were identified and a PFOS degradation pathway was proposed accordingly, which was dominated by the dissociation of -CF2- groups via the attack of ·OH radicals. Finally, the toxicity evolution of degradation solution was examined to evaluate the ecological risk of electrocatalytic oxidation of PFOS by acute toxicity assays to zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Duan
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control (Jilin Normal University), Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China.
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control (Jilin Normal University), Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Xinyu Sui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control (Jilin Normal University), Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control (Jilin Normal University), Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Limin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Applications of Environmental Friendly Materials (Jilin Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130103, China.
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He Y, Zhang P, Huang H, Wang X, Chen B, Guo Z, Lin H. Electrochemical degradation of herbicide diuron on flow-through electrochemical reactor and CFD hydrodynamics simulation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hu J, Bian X, Xia Y, Weng M, Zhou W, Dai Q. Application of response surface methodology in electrochemical degradation of amoxicillin with Cu-PbO2 electrode: Optimization and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pei S, Teng J, Ren N, You S. Low-Temperature Removal of Refractory Organic Pollutants by Electrochemical Oxidation: Role of Interfacial Joule Heating Effect. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4573-4582. [PMID: 32159350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature presents a challenge to wastewater treatment in the winters of cold regions. In the electrochemical oxidation (EO) process, the interfacial Joule heating (IJH) effect results in interfacial temperature higher than that of bulk electrolytes, which would alleviate the negative impact of low water temperature on organic oxidation occurring within the boundary layer of the anode. This study investigated the electrochemical oxidation of the representative recalcitrant organic pollutant, i.e., phenol, p-chlorophenol (p-CP), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on titanium suboxide (TiSO) anode at a low water temperature (8.5 ± 1 °C). At a low current density of 2 mA cm-2, the IJH effect was insignificant and thus had a slight impact on interfacial temperature, leading to a low-efficiency and incomplete organic removal via direct electron transfer (DET) oxidation. Increasing the current density to 20 mA cm-2 promoted the working up of the IJH effect and thus resulted in a dramatic increase in the interfacial temperature from 8.1 to 38.7 °C. This almost eliminated the negative impact of low temperature on the abatement of organic pollutants as though the low temperature of the bulk solution did not interact with interfacial reactions at all. This was indicated by the oxidation rates of 0.158 min-1 (phenol), 0.084 min-1 (p-CP), and 0.070 min-1 (2.4-D) at a temperature of 8.5 ± 1 °C, the values being almost comparable to that obtained at room temperature (23.5 ± 1 °C). Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that the extent to which the low- and room-temperature cases deviated from each other was positively correlated with the activation energy of organic pollutants when reacting with •OH. The improvement of organic oxidation at low temperature should result from the compensation of the IJH effect, giving rise to higher •OH reactivity, more activated organic molecules, and enhanced mass transfer. This study may prompt new possibilities to develop an IJH effect-based electrochemical manner for decentralized water decontamination in cold regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhao Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2603#, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Jie Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2603#, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2603#, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2603#, No. 73, Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, P. R. China
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