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Ganguly A, Nag S, Gayen K. Synthesis of cellulosic and nano-cellulosic aerogel from lignocellulosic materials for diverse sustainable applications: a review. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 54:419-434. [PMID: 37603307 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2245875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic aerogels are sustainable, biodegradable, and ultra-light porous materials with three-dimensional networks having high specific surface area. Depending on the source of precursor materials, they are categorized into plant-based aerogel, bacterial cellulosic aerogel. Different types of aerogels are also produced from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), cellulose microfibril (CMF) and cellulose nanofibril (CNF). Furthermore, inorganic and organic substances are embedded to produce hybrid aerogel or composite aerogel for the enhancement of its performance in various fields. Mixing, gelation, solvent exchange, and drying (e.g., super critical carbon dioxide or freeze drying) are the basic steps involved in cellulosic aerogel synthesis. Based on the composition of precursors during aerogel synthesis, cellulosic aerogels have broad applications in various fields such as adsorbents, electrodes, sensors, captive deionization materials, catalysts, drug delivery, thermal and sound insulating materials. This review provided consolidated information on: (i) classification of cellulosic aerogels based on the sources of raw materials, (ii) processes involved to produce the cellulosic aerogel, (iii) cellulosic aerogel synthesized from MCC, NCC, CMF and CNF, (iv) nano particle doped cellulosic aerogel, and (v) its application in various field with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Ganguly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, India
| | - Soma Nag
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, India
| | - Kalyan Gayen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, India
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2
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Fan B, Wu L, Ming A, Liu Y, Yu Y, Cui L, Zhou M, Wang Q, Wang P. Highly compressible and hydrophobic nanofibrillated cellulose aerogels for cyclic oil/water separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125066. [PMID: 37268071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)-based aerogels are ideal oil-sorbent materials, but the poor structural stability and hydrophilicity restrain their practical applications in the fields of oil/water separation. In the present work, we report a facile strategy for constructing a hydrophobic nanofibrillated cellulose aerogel for cyclic oil/water separation. Briefly, an aerogel matrix of C-g-PEI with multiple cross-linked network structures was constructed via the combined use of oxidized-NFC (ONC), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE), followed by rapid in situ deposition of poly(methyl trichlorosilane) (PMTS) through a low-temperature gas-solid reaction. The resulting ONC-based aerogel (C-g-PEI-PMTS) exhibits the advantages of ultralight (53.80 mg/cm3), high porosity (95.73 %), hydrophobicity (contact angle of 130.0°) and remarkable elasticity (95.86 %). Meanwhile, the composite aerogel of C-g-PEI-PMTS is extremely suitable for oil sorption-desorption by a simple mechanical squeezing method. After 10 cycles of sorption-desorption, the sorption capacity of the aerogel towards various oils reached almost the same level as in the first cycle. The filtration separation efficiency for the trichloromethane-water mixtures remained at 99 % after 50 cycles, demonstrating encouraging reusability. In summary, an efficient strategy to prepare NFC-based aerogel with highly compressible and hydrophobic properties is developed, which expands the applications of NFC in the fields of oil/water separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoxue Ming
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Palani G, Trilaksana H, Sujatha RM, Kannan K, Rajendran S, Korniejenko K, Nykiel M, Uthayakumar M. Silver Nanoparticles for Waste Water Management. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083520. [PMID: 37110755 PMCID: PMC10145794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly increasing industrialisation has human needs, but the consequences have added to the environmental harm. The pollution caused by several industries, including the dye industries, generates a large volume of wastewater containing dyes and hazardous chemicals that drains industrial effluents. The growing demand for readily available water, as well as the problem of polluted organic waste in reservoirs and streams, is a critical challenge for proper and sustainable development. Remediation has resulted in the need for an appropriate alternative to clear up the implications. Nanotechnology is an efficient and effective path to improve wastewater treatment/remediation. The effective surface properties and chemical activity of nanoparticles give them a better chance to remove or degrade the dye material from wastewater treatment. AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) are an efficient nanoparticle for the treatment of dye effluent that have been explored in many studies. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs against several pathogens is well-recognised in the health and agriculture sectors. This review article summarises the applications of nanosilver-based particles in the dye removal/degradation process, effective water management strategies, and the field of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Palani
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Herri Trilaksana
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - R Merlyn Sujatha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, JNN Institute of Engineering, Kannigaipair 601102, India
| | - Karthik Kannan
- Chemical Sciences Department and the Radical Research Centre, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Sundarakannan Rajendran
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Kinga Korniejenko
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Nykiel
- Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marimuthu Uthayakumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil 626126, India
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4
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Younes K, Kharboutly Y, Antar M, Chaouk H, Obeid E, Mouhtady O, Abu-Samha M, Halwani J, Murshid N. Application of Unsupervised Learning for the Evaluation of Aerogels' Efficiency towards Dye Removal-A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Approach. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040327. [PMID: 37102939 PMCID: PMC10137516 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity is a growing global issue, particularly in areas with limited freshwater sources, urging for sustainable water management practices to insure equitable access for all people. One way to address this problem is to implement advanced methods for treating existing contaminated water to offer more clean water. Adsorption through membranes technology is an important water treatment technique, and nanocellulose (NC)-, chitosan (CS)-, and graphene (G)- based aerogels are considered good adsorbents. To estimate the efficiency of dye removal for the mentioned aerogels, we intend to use an unsupervised machine learning approach known as "Principal Component Analysis". PCA showed that the chitosan-based ones have the lowest regeneration efficiencies, along with a moderate number of regenerations. NC2, NC9, and G5 are preferred where there is high adsorption energy to the membrane, and high porosities could be tolerated, but this allows lower removal efficiencies of dye contaminants. NC3, NC5, NC6, and NC11 have high removal efficiencies even with low porosities and surface area. In brief, PCA presents a powerful tool to unravel the efficiency of aerogels towards dye removal. Hence, several conditions need to be considered when employing or even manufacturing the investigated aerogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Younes
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Yahya Kharboutly
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Mayssara Antar
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Hamdi Chaouk
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Emil Obeid
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Omar Mouhtady
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Mahmoud Abu-Samha
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
| | - Jalal Halwani
- Water and Environment Sciences Lab, Lebanese University, Tripoli 22100, Lebanon
| | - Nimer Murshid
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait
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5
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Mohammed AM, Hassan KT, Hassan OM. Assessment of antimicrobial activity of chitosan/silver nanoparticles hydrogel and cryogel microspheres. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123580. [PMID: 36764343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the synthesis and characterization of hydrogel and cryogel microspheres that are doped with green synthesised silver nanoparticles (CS-AgNPs). Also, the study assesses the antibacterial activity of hydrogel and cryogel microspheres by comparing them with commercial antibiotics. The porous structure of CS and the adequate dispersion of AgNPs were confirmed by SEM and EDX techniques, respectively. The disk diffusion method and the optical density measurement (OD600) confirm the outstanding antimicrobial activity of CS-AgNPs hydrogel and cryogel microspheres in comparison to antibiotics for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The CS-AgNPs microspheres demonstrate promising antimicrobial and biocompatible agents for medical field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Ramadi 30001, Iraq
| | - Khalil T Hassan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Anbar, Ramadi 30001, Iraq.
| | - Omar M Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Ramadi 30001, Iraq
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6
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Review on Hybrid Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites with Nanocellulose, Nanomaterials, and Other Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040984. [PMID: 36850267 PMCID: PMC9959991 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of composite materials has seen many new innovations for a large variety of applications. The area of reinforcement in composites is also rapidly evolving with many new discoveries, including the use of hybrid fibers, sustainable materials, and nanocellulose. In this review, studies on hybrid fiber reinforcement, the use of nanocellulose, the use of nanocellulose in hybrid forms, the use of nanocellulose with other nanomaterials, the applications of these materials, and finally, the challenges and opportunities (including safety issues) of their use are thoroughly discussed. This review will point out new prospects for the composite materials world, enabling the use of nano- and micron-sized materials together and creating value-added products at the industrial scale. Furthermore, the use of hybrid structures consisting of two different nano-materials creates many novel solutions for applications in electronics and sensors.
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7
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The interaction between nanocellulose and microorganisms for new degradable packaging: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Advanced superhydrophobic and multifunctional nanocellulose aerogels for oil/water separation: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 300:120242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Fan B, Qi B, Wang P, Liu Y, Yu Y, Wang Q, Ren X. Mechanically Tough and Regenerable Antibacterial Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Based Aerogels for Oil/Water Separation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10716-10727. [PMID: 35980368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)-based aerogels have been widely used for various applications. However, the disadvantages of poor structural stability, low mechanical toughness, and easy contamination by bacteria hinder their large-scale application. In this work, 3-(3'-acrylicacidpropylester)-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin (APDMH) was grafted on oxidized NFC (ONC) to prepare antibacterial poly(APDMH)-g-ONC (PAC). PAC and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) were chemically cross-linked using 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethox (GPTMS), aiming at constructing a PAC-g-PEI aerogel with multiple network structures. The mechanical behaviors of composite aerogel and oil/water separation performances under different conditions were investigated. PAC-g-PEI aerogel exhibits outstanding fatigue resistance (>50 cycles of compression) and superior elasticity (96.76% height recovery after five compression-release cycles at 50% strain). The obtained superhydrophilic and underwater-oleophobic properties endow the aerogel with excellent oil/water separation performances, achieving a satisfactory separation efficiency of over 99% and flux of over 9500 L·m-2·h-1. Furthermore, the chlorinated aerogel of PAC-g-PEI-Cl shows highly efficient and rechargeable antibacterial properties, can inactivate 6.72-log Escherichia coli and 6.60-log Staphylococcus aureus within 10 min, and can still kill all inoculated bacteria after 50 cycles. In addition, PAC-g-PEI-Cl aerogel can inhibit biofilm formation, making it a promising candidate for highly efficient oil/water separation applications in diverse harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Qi
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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10
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Investigation of catalytic potential of sodium dodecyl sulfate stabilized silver nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl orange dye. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Nanocellulose bio-based composites for the removal of methylene blue from water: An experimental and theoretical exploration. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Glutathione-functionalized highly crystalline fluorescent covalent organic framework as a fluorescence-sensing and adsorption double platform for cationic dyes. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Huo Y, Liu Y, Yang J, Du H, Qin C, Liu H. Polydopamine-Modified Cellulose Nanofibril Composite Aerogel: An Effective Dye Adsorbent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4164-4174. [PMID: 35344350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new cellulose nanofibril (CNF) composite aerogel was fabricated using a green and facile mussel-inspired coating strategy. First, the CNF hydrogel was crosslinked by calcium ion followed by immersion in dopamine solution. Second, the surface of CNF was modified using polydopamine (PDA) to obtain PDA@CNF (PCNF) composite aerogel. The PCNF composite aerogels had large surface areas (368.15 m2/g) and low bulk density (27.2 mg/cm3). The composite aerogel exhibited improved mechanical properties, which were almost three times compared with those of CNF aerogel. Moreover, PCNF composite aerogel had good resilience under a wet state. The PDA functional layer remarkably enhanced the adsorption capacities of the composite aerogel for methylene blue (MB). The maximum adsorption of MB was 208 mg/g at an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic behaviors of the composite aerogel were consistent with Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models. In addition, the PCNF composite aerogels had a high adsorption capacity over a wide pH range. The reuse experiment showed that the removal efficiency of the composite aerogel remained higher than 85% after five cycles. Therefore, PCNF composite aerogels may have potential application in wastewater treatment due to its environmental sustainability and low energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hong Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chengrong Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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14
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Das R, Lindström T, Sharma PR, Chi K, Hsiao BS. Nanocellulose for Sustainable Water Purification. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8936-9031. [PMID: 35330990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (NC) are nature-based sustainable biomaterials, which not only possess cellulosic properties but also have the important hallmarks of nanomaterials, such as large surface area, versatile reactive sites or functionalities, and scaffolding stability to host inorganic nanoparticles. This class of nanomaterials offers new opportunities for a broad spectrum of applications for clean water production that were once thought impractical. This Review covers substantial discussions based on evaluative judgments of the recent literature and technical advancements in the fields of coagulation/flocculation, adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration for water decontamination through proper understanding of fundamental knowledge of NC, such as purity, crystallinity, surface chemistry and charge, suspension rheology, morphology, mechanical properties, and film stability. To supplement these, discussions on low-cost and scalable NC extraction, new characterizations including solution small-angle X-ray scattering evaluation, and structure-property relationships of NC are also reviewed. Identifying knowledge gaps and drawing perspectives could generate guidance to overcome uncertainties associated with the adaptation of NC-enabled water purification technologies. Furthermore, the topics of simultaneous removal of multipollutants disposal and proper handling of post/spent NC are discussed. We believe NC-enabled remediation nanomaterials can be integrated into a broad range of water treatments, greatly improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasel Das
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Priyanka R Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Benjamin S Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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15
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Jaffar SS, Saallah S, Misson M, Siddiquee S, Roslan J, Saalah S, Lenggoro W. Recent Development and Environmental Applications of Nanocellulose-Based Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:287. [PMID: 35323762 PMCID: PMC8950644 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research and development in the production of nanocellulose production, a green, bio-based, and renewable biomaterial has paved the way for the development of advanced functional materials for a multitude of applications. From a membrane technology perspective, the exceptional mechanical strength, high crystallinity, tunable surface chemistry, and anti-fouling behavior of nanocellulose, manifested from its structural and nanodimensional properties are particularly attractive. Thus, an opportunity has emerged to exploit these features to develop nanocellulose-based membranes for environmental applications. This review provides insights into the prospect of nanocellulose as a matrix or as an additive to enhance membrane performance in water filtration, environmental remediation, and the development of pollutant sensors and energy devices, focusing on the most recent progress from 2017 to 2022. A brief overview of the strategies to tailor the nanocellulose surface chemistry for the effective removal of specific pollutants and nanocellulose-based membrane fabrication approaches are also presented. The major challenges and future directions associated with the environmental applications of nanocellulose-based membranes are put into perspective, with primary emphasis on advanced multifunctional membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiqah Syazwani Jaffar
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (S.S.J.); (M.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (S.S.J.); (M.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Mailin Misson
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (S.S.J.); (M.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (S.S.J.); (M.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Jumardi Roslan
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
| | - Sariah Saalah
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
| | - Wuled Lenggoro
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan;
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16
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Hitam CNC, Jalil AA. Recent advances on nanocellulose biomaterials for environmental health photoremediation: An overview. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111964. [PMID: 34461122 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the potential bionanomaterials, nanocellulose has appeared as a favorable candidate for photoremediation of the environment because of its abundance in nature, inexpensive, eco-friendly, decomposable, high surface area, and outstanding mechanical properties. The current review carefully summarized the diverse type of nanocellulose, their preparation approaches, and several previous works on the use of nanocellulose for photoremediation. These include the role of nanocellulose for the increased surface active site of the hybrid photocatalysts by providing a large surface area for enhanced adsorption of photons and pollutant molecules, as a dispersing agent to increase distribution of metal/non-metal dopants photocatalysts, as well as for controlled size and morphology of the dopants photocatalysts. Furthermore, the recommendations for upcoming research provided in this review are anticipated to ignite an idea for the development of other nanocellulose-based photocatalysts. Other than delivering beneficial information on the present growth of the nanocellulose biomaterials photocatalysts, this review is expected will attract more interest to the utilization of nanocellulose photocatalyst and distribute additional knowledge in this exciting area of environmental photoremediation. This could be attained by considering that a review on nanocellulose biomaterials for environmental health photoremediation has not been described elsewhere, notwithstanding intensive research works have been dedicated to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N C Hitam
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Jalil
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
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Khraisheh M, Elhenawy S, AlMomani F, Al-Ghouti M, Hassan MK, Hameed BH. Recent Progress on Nanomaterial-Based Membranes for Water Treatment. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:995. [PMID: 34940495 PMCID: PMC8709222 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have emerged as the new future generation materials for high-performance water treatment membranes with potential for solving the worldwide water pollution issue. The incorporation of nanomaterials in membranes increases water permeability, mechanical strength, separation efficiency, and reduces fouling of the membrane. Thus, the nanomaterials pave a new pathway for ultra-fast and extremely selective water purification membranes. Membrane enhancements after the inclusion of many nanomaterials, including nanoparticles (NPs), two-dimensional (2-D) layer materials, nanofibers, nanosheets, and other nanocomposite structural materials, are discussed in this review. Furthermore, the applications of these membranes with nanomaterials in water treatment applications, that are vast in number, are highlighted. The goal is to demonstrate the significance of nanomaterials in the membrane industry for water treatment applications. It was found that nanomaterials and nanotechnology offer great potential for the advancement of sustainable water and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majeda Khraisheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.E.); (F.A.); (B.H.H.)
| | - Salma Elhenawy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.E.); (F.A.); (B.H.H.)
| | - Fares AlMomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.E.); (F.A.); (B.H.H.)
| | - Mohammad Al-Ghouti
- Environmental Sciences Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | | | - Bassim H. Hameed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (S.E.); (F.A.); (B.H.H.)
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18
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Yao C, Zhang W, Xu L, Cheng M, Su Y, Xue J, Liu J, Hou S. A facile synthesis of porous MXene-based freestanding film and its spectacular electrosorption performance for organic dyes. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Muhammad A, Lee D, Shin Y, Park J. Recent Progress in Polysaccharide Aerogels: Their Synthesis, Application, and Future Outlook. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1347. [PMID: 33924110 PMCID: PMC8074296 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous polysaccharides have recently attracted attention due to their porosity, abundance, and excellent properties such as sustainability and biocompatibility, thereby resulting in their numerous applications. Recent years have seen a rise in the number of studies on the utilization of polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitosan, chitin, and starch as aerogels due to their unique performance for the fabrication of porous structures. The present review explores recent progress in porous polysaccharides, particularly cellulose and chitosan, including their synthesis, application, and future outlook. Since the synthetic process is an important aspect of aerogel formation, particularly during the drying step, the process is reviewed in some detail, and a comparison is drawn between the supercritical CO2 and freeze drying processes in order to understand the aerogel formation of porous polysaccharides. Finally, the current applications of polysaccharide aerogels in drug delivery, wastewater, wound dressing, and air filtration are explored, and the limitations and outlook of the porous aerogels are discussed with respect to their future commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (A.M.); (D.L.); (Y.S.)
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20
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Shape recoverable, Au nanoparticles loaded nanocellulose foams as a recyclable catalyst for the dynamic and batch discoloration of dyes. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117693. [PMID: 33593566 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An environmental benign in-situ formation and growth of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNF) is reported here. With the active functional groups (aldehyde and carboxyl), TOCNF served as a synchronized reducing and supporting agent for the formation of AuNPs. The entire synthesis process was completed within 30 s under microwave irradiation and regarded as ultra-fast. As obtained AuNPs@TOCNF nanohybrid suspension was freeze-dried to form strong water-activated shape recovery 3D foam. Internal morphology and porosity of the foam were studied by SEM and BET. AuNPs@TOCNF foams exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the discoloration of cationic and anionic dyes in batch and dynamic column processes. The spent foams can be easily recovered and reused up to five cycles with more than 98 % efficiency. During the catalytic processes, no obvious deterioration of the foam structure was observed. Practical applicability of the nanocatalyst was evaluated by treating spiked sea water sample.
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21
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Riva L, Fiorati A, Punta C. Synthesis and Application of Cellulose-Polyethyleneimine Composites and Nanocomposites: A Concise Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:473. [PMID: 33498164 PMCID: PMC7863743 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose/polyethyleneimine composites have increasingly attracted the attention of scientific community, devoted to the design and development of new synthetic strategies and materials for different application fields. In this review, after introducing the main characteristics of the two polymeric components, we provide in the second section a critical overview on the main protocols for the synthesis of these composites, considering both the several cellulose sources and forms, and the different cross-linkers and cross-linking procedures developed for this purpose, outlining advantages and limits for the reported approaches. The last section analyses the principal results obtained in different application fields. A wide discussion is dedicated to the principal use of cellulose/polyethyleneimine composites as sorbents for water remediation from heavy metal ions and organic contaminants. Subsequently, we introduce the literature describing the use of these composites, functionalized appropriately, where necessary, as drug delivery systems, sensors, and heterogeneous catalysts for organic reactions. Finally, after a brief description of other random applications, we furnish a personal analysis of actual limits and potentialities for these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlo Punta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta” and INSTM Local Unit, Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milano, Italy; (L.R.); (A.F.)
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22
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Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) is a biomaterial with growing interest in the field of nanocomposites and sustainable materials. NC has various applications including biodegradable materials, reinforcing agents, packaging films, transpiring membranes and medical devices. Among the many applications, the use of NC functionalized with organic and inorganic groups has found wide use as a catalyst in chemical transformations. The goal of this review is to collect the current knowledge on its catalytic applications for chemical groups conversion. We have chosen to organize the manuscript according to subdivision of NC into Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC), Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs), and Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs) and their role as inorganic- and organic-functionalized NC-catalysts in organic synthesis. However, in consideration of the fact that the literature on this field is very extensive, we have decided to focus our attention on the scientific productions of the last five years.
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Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Iravani S, Varma RS. Starch, cellulose, pectin, gum, alginate, chitin and chitosan derived (nano)materials for sustainable water treatment: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:116986. [PMID: 33142558 PMCID: PMC8648070 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural biopolymers, polymeric organic molecules produced by living organisms and/or renewable resources, are considered greener, sustainable, and eco-friendly materials. Natural polysaccharides comprising cellulose, chitin/chitosan, starch, gum, alginate, and pectin are sustainable materials owing to their outstanding structural features, abundant availability, and nontoxicity, ease of modification, biocompatibility, and promissing potentials. Plentiful polysaccharides have been utilized for making assorted (nano)catalysts in recent years; fabrication of polysaccharides-supported metal/metal oxide (nano)materials is one of the effective strategies in nanotechnology. Water is one of the world's foremost environmental stress concerns. Nanomaterial-adorned polysaccharides-based entities have functioned as novel and more efficient (nano)catalysts or sorbents in eliminating an array of aqueous pollutants and contaminants, including ionic metals and organic/inorganic pollutants from wastewater. This review encompasses recent advancements, trends and challenges for natural biopolymers assembled from renewable resources for exploitation in the production of starch, cellulose, pectin, gum, alginate, chitin and chitosan-derived (nano)materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohaddeseh Sajjadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom, 37185-359, Iran
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Chemical Methods and Treatment Branch, Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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24
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Budtova T, Aguilera DA, Beluns S, Berglund L, Chartier C, Espinosa E, Gaidukovs S, Klimek-Kopyra A, Kmita A, Lachowicz D, Liebner F, Platnieks O, Rodríguez A, Tinoco Navarro LK, Zou F, Buwalda SJ. Biorefinery Approach for Aerogels. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2779. [PMID: 33255498 PMCID: PMC7760295 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the International Energy Agency, biorefinery is "the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable bio-based products (chemicals, materials) and bioenergy (fuels, power, heat)". In this review, we survey how the biorefinery approach can be applied to highly porous and nanostructured materials, namely aerogels. Historically, aerogels were first developed using inorganic matter. Subsequently, synthetic polymers were also employed. At the beginning of the 21st century, new aerogels were created based on biomass. Which sources of biomass can be used to make aerogels and how? This review answers these questions, paying special attention to bio-aerogels' environmental and biomedical applications. The article is a result of fruitful exchanges in the frame of the European project COST Action "CA 18125 AERoGELS: Advanced Engineering and Research of aeroGels for Environment and Life Sciences".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Budtova
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Daniel Antonio Aguilera
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Sergejs Beluns
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, LV, 1048 Riga, Latvia; (S.B.); (S.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Linn Berglund
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden;
| | - Coraline Chartier
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Eduardo Espinosa
- Bioagres Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (E.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, LV, 1048 Riga, Latvia; (S.B.); (S.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Klimek-Kopyra
- Department of Agroecology and Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture, Aleja Mickieiwcza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Angelika Kmita
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.L.)
| | - Dorota Lachowicz
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (D.L.)
| | - Falk Liebner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University, P.Valdena 3/7, LV, 1048 Riga, Latvia; (S.B.); (S.G.); (O.P.)
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez
- Bioagres Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (E.E.); (A.R.)
| | - Lizeth Katherine Tinoco Navarro
- CEITEC-VUT Central European Institute of Technology—Brno university of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno-Královo Pole, Czech Republic;
| | - Fangxin Zou
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Sytze J. Buwalda
- MINES ParisTech, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), PSL Research University, UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (D.A.A.); (C.C.); (F.Z.)
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25
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Wang H, Wang N, Wang F, Xiao F, Pan D. Spherical montmorillonite-supported molybdenum disulfide nanosheets as a self-sedimentary catalyst for organic pollutants removal. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Bandi R, Alle M, Park CW, Han SY, Kwon GJ, Kim JC, Lee SH. Rapid synchronous synthesis of Ag nanoparticles and Ag nanoparticles/holocellulose nanofibrils: Hg(II) detection and dye discoloration. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 240:116356. [PMID: 32475600 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel microwave-assisted green method that synchronously synthesizes silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and AgNPs decorated holocellulose nanofibrils (AgNPs/HCNF) within a minute and without using a reducing agent is reported. As obtained nanomaterials were well characterized using various analytical techniques. AgNPs applied as a colorimetric probe for the selective recognition of Hg(II) (linear range 10-200 μg L-1, detection limit 1.16 μg L-1). The probe was able to quantify Hg(II) in spiked tap, bore, and lake water samples and paper strips were developed to facilitate the onsite detection. Furthermore, freeze-drying of the AgNPs/HCNF nanocomposite produced aerogel that served as an excellent catalyst for the reduction of Congo red and methylene blue. The aerogel was easily recovered and reused without a decrease in activity or deterioration of its structure for five cycles. These results indicate the great potential of the AgNPs/HCNF aerogel for waste water treatment and catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Bandi
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhusudhan Alle
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Woo Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Han
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu-Joong Kwon
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Kangwon Institute of Inclusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering, College of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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