1
|
Qian H, Xu G, Yang S, Ang EH, Chen Q, Lin C, Liao J, Shen J. Advancing Lithium-Magnesium Separation: Pioneering Swelling-Embedded Cation Exchange Membranes Based on Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:18019-18029. [PMID: 38546167 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
With the continuous advancement of electrodialysis (ED) technology, there arises a demand for improved monovalent cation exchange membranes (CEMs). However, limitations in membrane materials and structures have resulted in the low selectivity of monovalent CEMs, posing challenges in the separation of Li+ and Mg2+. In this investigation, a designed CEM with a swelling-embedded structure was created by integrating a polyelectrolyte containing N-oxide Zwitterion into a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane, leveraging the notable solubility characteristic of SPEEK. The membranes were prepared by using N-oxide zwitterionic polyethylenimine (ZPEI) and 1,3,5-benzenetrlcarbonyl trichloride (TMC). The as-prepared membranes underwent systematic characterization and testing, evaluating their structural, physicochemical, electrochemical, and selective ED properties. During ED, the modified membranes demonstrated notable permeability selectivity for Li+ ions in binary (Li+/Mg2+) systems. Notably, at a constant current density of 2.5 mA cm-2, the modified membrane PEI-TMC/SPEEK exhibited significant permeability selectivity ( P Mg 2 + Li + = 5.63 ) in the Li+/Mg2+ system, while ZPEI-TMC/SPEEK outperformed, displaying remarkable permeability selectivity ( P Mg 2 + Li + = 12.43 ) in the Li+/Mg2+ system, surpassing commercial monovalent cation-selective membrane commercial monovalent cation-selective membrane (CIMS). Furthermore, in the Li+/Mg2+ binary system, Li+ flux reached 9.78 × 10-9 mol cm-2 s-1 for ZPEI-TMC/SPEEK, while its Mg2+ flux only reached 2.7 × 10-9 mol cm-2 s-1, showing potential for lithium-magnesium separation. In addition, ZPEI-TMC/SPEEK was tested for performance and stability at high current densities. This work offers a straightforward preparation process and an innovative structural approach, presenting methodological insights for the advancement of lithium and magnesium separation techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Geting Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Shijiazhuang Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Edison Huixiang Ang
- Nature Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chenfei Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junbin Liao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manin A, Golubenko D, Novikova S, Yaroslavtsev A. Composite Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Polystyrene and Cerium(IV) Phosphate with Improved Monovalent-Ion Selectivity and Antifouling Properties. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:624. [PMID: 37504990 PMCID: PMC10386577 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of targeted change of the properties of ion exchange membranes by incorporation of various nanoparticles into the membranes is attracting the attention of many research groups. Here we studied for the first time the influence of cerium phosphate nanoparticles on the physicochemical and transport properties of commercial anion exchange membranes based on quaternary ammonium-functionalized polystyrenes, such as heterogeneous Ralex® AM and pseudo-homogeneous Neosepta® AMX. The incorporation of cerium phosphate on one side of the membrane was performed by precipitation from absorbed cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) anionic complex with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate or phosphoric acid. The structures of the obtained hybrid membranes and separately synthesized cerium phosphate were investigated using FTIR, P31 MAS NMR, EDX mapping, and scanning electron microscopy. The modification increased the membrane selectivity to monovalent ions in the ED desalination of an equimolar mixture of NaCl and Na2SO4. The highest selectivities of Ralex® AM and Neosepta® AMX-based hybrid membranes were 4.9 and 7.7, respectively. In addition, the modification of Neosepta® membranes also increased the resistance to a typical anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Manin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prospekt 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Vavilova str., 7, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Daniel Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prospekt 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Svetlana Novikova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prospekt 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Vavilova str., 7, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Andrey Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry RAS, Leninskii Prospekt 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren Y, Zhang A, Li L, Ma L, Jin Q, Yuan M, He G, Zhang F. Hydrogen bonding promoted electrodialysis performance of a novel blend anion exchange membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
4
|
Enhanced monovalent anion selectivity of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)-based amphoteric ion exchange membranes having rough surface. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Wang Y, Ren L, Wang J, Zhao J, Chen QB. In-situ growth of anionic covalent organic frameworks efficaciously enhanced the monovalent selectivity of anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Wang W, Zhang Y, Tan M, Xue C, Zhou W, Bao H, Hon Lau C, Yang X, Ma J, Shao L. Recent advances in monovalent ion selective membranes towards environmental remediation and energy harvesting. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Ruan H, Yu L, Yao Y, Li J, Yan J, Liao J, Shen J. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes with Improved Antifouling Potentials and Reduced Swelling Ratios for Electrodialysis Application. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ruan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuyang Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junhua Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianlang Yan
- Shaoxing Zhongchang Chemical Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Junbin Liao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao Z, Li X, Zhang H, Sheng F, Xu T, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Ge L, Xu T. Polyamide-Based Electronanofiltration Membranes for Efficient Anion Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhao
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingya Li
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Fangmeng Sheng
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanran Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huacheng Zhang
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Liang Ge
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Applied Engineering Technology Research Center for Functional Membranes, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Functional Membrane Materials and Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Y, Lin Y, Ying J, Zhang W, Jin Y, Matsuyama H, Yu J. Highly Efficient Monovalent Ion Transport Enabled by Ionic
Crosslinking‐Induced
Nanochannels. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai China
| | - Jiadi Ying
- National Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Yan Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | - Jianguo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen Q, Yao Y, Liao J, Li J, Xu J, Wang T, Tang Y, Xu Y, Ruan H, Shen J. Subnanometer Ion Channel Anion Exchange Membranes Having a Rigid Benzimidazole Structure for Selective Anion Separation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4629-4641. [PMID: 35226457 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ion-conductive polymers having a well-defined phase-separated structure show the potential application of separating mono- and bivalent ion separation. In this work, three side-chain-type poly(arylene ether sulfone)-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) have been fabricated to investigate the effect of the stiffness of the polymer backbone within AEMs on the Cl-/NO3- and Cl-/SO42- separation performance. Our investigations via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), positron annihilation, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrate that the as-prepared AEM with a rigid benzimidazole structure in the backbone bears subnanometer ion channels resulting from the arrangement of the rigid polymer backbone. In particular, SAXS results demonstrate that the rigid benzimidazole-containing AEM in the wet state has an ion cluster size of 0.548 nm, which is smaller than that of an AEM with alkyl segments in the backbone (0.760 nm). Thus, in the electrodialysis (ED) process, the former exhibits a superior capacity of separating Cl-/SO42- ions relative to latter. Nevertheless, the benzimidazole-containing AEM shows an inability to separate the Cl-/NO3- ions, which is possibly due to the similar ion size of the two. The higher rotational energy barrier (4.3 × 10-3 Hartree) of benzimidazole units and the smaller polymer matrix free-volume (0.636%) in the AEM significantly contribute to the construction of smaller ion channels. As a result, it is believed that the rigid benzimidazole structure of this kind is a benefit to the construction of stable subnanometer ion channels in the AEM that can selectively separate ions with different sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuyang Yao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junbin Liao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junhua Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Huimin Ruan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tuning the length of aliphatic chain segments in aromatic poly(arylene ether sulfone) to tailor the micro-structure of anion-exchange membrane for improved proton blocking performance. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
12
|
Merino-Garcia I, Velizarov S. New insights into the definition of membrane cleaning strategies to diminish the fouling impact in ion exchange membrane separation processes. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
13
|
Zou Z, Wu L, Luo T, Yan Z, Wang X. Assessment of anion exchange membrane selectivity with ionic membrane conductivity, revised with Manning's theory or the Kohlrausch's law. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Multilayered surface modification of anion exchange membrane by MoS2 flakes for improved antifouling performance. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
15
|
Shen P, Liao J, Chen Q, Ruan H, Shen J. Organic solvent resistant Kevlar nanofiber-based cation exchange membranes for electrodialysis applications. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
16
|
Low-waste fermentation-derived organic acid production by bipolar membrane electrodialysis—an overview. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganic acids, e.g, citric acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, pyruvic acid and succinic acid, have important role in the food industry and are potential raw materials for the sustainable chemical industry. Their fermentative production based on renewable raw materials requires innovatively designed downstream processing to maintain low environmental impact and resource efficiency throughout the production process. The application of bipolar membranes offers clean and effective way to generate hydrogen ions required for free acid production from its salt. The water dissociation reaction inside the bipolar membrane triggered by electric field plays key role in providing hydrogen ion for the replacement of the cations in organic acid salts. Combined with monopolar ion-exchange membranes in a bipolar membrane electrodialysis process, material flow can be separated beside the product stream into additional reusable streams, thus minimizing the waste generation. This paper focuses on bipolar membrane electrodialysis applied for organic acid recovery from fermentation broth.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ruan H, Pan N, Wang C, Yu L, Liao J, Shen J. Functional UiO-66 Series Membranes with High Perm Selectivity of Monovalent and Bivalent Anions for Electrodialysis Applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ruan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Nengxiu Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Junbin Liao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A two-step strategy for the preparation of anion-exchange membranes based on poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) for electrodialysis desalination. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
19
|
Exploring the acid enrichment application of piperidinium-functionalized cross-linked poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) anion exchange membranes in electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
20
|
Bazinet L, Geoffroy TR. Electrodialytic Processes: Market Overview, Membrane Phenomena, Recent Developments and Sustainable Strategies. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E221. [PMID: 32887428 PMCID: PMC7557436 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the context of preserving and improving human health, electrodialytic processes are very promising perspectives. Indeed, they allow the treatment of water, preservation of food products, production of bioactive compounds, extraction of organic acids, and recovery of energy from natural and wastewaters without major environmental impact. Hence, the aim of the present review is to give a global portrait of the most recent developments in electrodialytic membrane phenomena and their uses in sustainable strategies. It has appeared that new knowledge on pulsed electric fields, electroconvective vortices, overlimiting conditions and reversal modes as well as recent demonstrations of their applications are currently boosting the interest for electrodialytic processes. However, the hurdles are still high when dealing with scale-ups and real-life conditions. Furthermore, looking at the recent research trends, potable water and wastewater treatment as well as the production of value-added bioactive products in a circular economy will probably be the main applications to be developed and improved. All these processes, taking into account their principles and specificities, can be used for specific eco-efficient applications. However, to prove the sustainability of such process strategies, more life cycle assessments will be necessary to convince people of the merits of coupling these technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bazinet
- Department of Food Sciences, Laboratoire de Transformation Alimentaire et Procédés ÉlectroMembranaires (LTAPEM, Laboratory of Food Processing and Electromembrane Processes), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Dairy Research Center (STELA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V0A6, Canada;
| | | |
Collapse
|