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Sohail Ahmad M, Inomata Y, Kida T. Energy Application of Graphene Based Membrane: Hydrogen Separation. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300163. [PMID: 37489627 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen gas (H2 ) is a viable energy carrier that has the potential to replace the traditional fossil fuels and contribute to achieving zero net emissions, making it an attractive option for a hydrogen-based society. However, current H2 purification technologies are often limited by high energy consumption, and as a result, there is a growing demand for alternative techniques that offer higher H2 purity and energy efficiency. Membrane separation has emerged as a promising approach for obtaining high-purity H2 gas with low energy consumption. Nevertheless, despite years of development, commercial polymeric membranes have limited performance, prompting researchers to explore alternative materials. In this context, carbon-based membranes, specifically graphene-based nanomaterials, have gained significant attention as potential membrane materials due to their unique properties. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of carbon-based membranes for H2 gas separation, fabrication of the membrane, and its characterization, including their advantages and limitations. We also explore the current technological challenges and suggest insights into future research directions, highlighting potential ways to improve graphene-based membranes performance for H2 separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Ahmad
- 2D nanomaterials Division, Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINa), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inomata
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kida
- 2D nanomaterials Division, Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINa), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
- Department of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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2
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Smržová D, Slušná MŠ, Peter J, Beneš H, Tolasz J, Georgievski OP, Maříková M, Ecorchard P. The effects of formation and functionalization of graphene-based membranes on their gas and water vapor permeation properties. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21417. [PMID: 37942160 PMCID: PMC10628697 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The gas and water vapor permeabilities of graphene-based membranes can be affected by the presence of different functional groups directly bound to the graphene network. In this work, one type of carboxylated graphene oxide (GO-COOH) and two types of graphene oxide synthesized i) under strong oxidative conditions directly from graphite (GO-1) and ii) under mild oxidative conditions from exfoliated graphene (GO-2) were used as precursors of self-standing membranes prepared with thicknesses in the range of 12-55 μm via slow-vacuum filtration preparation method. It was observed that the permeabilities for all tested gases decreased in order GO-2 > GO-1 > GO-COOH and depended on both the arrangement of graphene sheets and their functionalization. The GO-1 membrane with a high content of oxygen-containing groups showed the best performance for water vapor permeability. The GO-2 membrane with a thickness of 43 μm exhibited a disordered GO sheet morphology and, therefore, unique gas-separation performance towards H2/CO2 gas pair, showing high hydrogen permeability while keeping extremely high H2/CO2 ideal selectivity that exceeds the Robeson 2008 upper bound of polymer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Smržová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec- Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Šrámová Slušná
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec- Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Peter
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Tolasz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec- Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Ognen Pop Georgievski
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Maříková
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec- Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Ecorchard
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec- Řež, Czech Republic
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3
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An YC, Gao XX, Jiang WL, Han JL, Ye Y, Chen TM, Ren RY, Zhang JH, Liang B, Li ZL, Wang AJ, Ren NQ. A critical review on graphene oxide membrane for industrial wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115409. [PMID: 36746203 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An important way to promote the environmental industry's goal of carbon reduction is to promote the recycling of resources. Membrane separation technology has unique advantages in resource recovery and advanced treatment of industrial wastewater. However, the great promise of traditional organic membrane is hampered by challenges associated with organic solvent tolerance, lack of oxidation resistance, and serious membrane fouling control. Moreover, the high concentrations of organic matter and inorganic salts in the membrane filtration concentrate also hinder the wider application of the membrane separation technology. The emerging cost-effective graphene oxide (GO)-based membrane with excellent resistance to organic solvents and oxidants, more hydrophilicity, lower membrane fouling, better separation performance has been expected to contribute more in industrial wastewater treatment. Herein, we provide comprehensive insights into the preparation and characteristic of GO membranes, as well as current research status and problems related to its future application in industrial wastewater treatment. Finally, concluding remarks and future perspectives have been deduced and recommended for the GO membrane separation technology application for industrial wastewater treatment, which leads to realizing sustainable wastewater recycling and a nearly "zero discharge" water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Chen An
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wen-Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jing-Long Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Yuan Ye
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environment Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China
| | - Tian-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environment Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, PR China
| | - Rui-Yun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
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4
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Tuning interlayer spacing of graphene oxide membrane to enhance its separation performance of hydrogen isotopic water in membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Loh CY, Ye W, Fang S, Lin J, Gu A, Zhang X, Burrows AD, Xie M. Advances in two-dimensional materials for energy-efficient and molecular precise membranes for biohydrogen production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128065. [PMID: 36202283 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Waste management has become an ever-increasing global issue due to population growth and rapid globalisation. For similar reasons, the greenhouse effect caused by fossil fuel combustion, is leading to chronic climate change issues. A novel approach, the waste-to-hydrogen process, is introduced to address the concern of waste generation and climate change with an additional merit of production of a renewable, higher energy density than fossil fuels and sustainable transportation fuel, hydrogen (H2) gas. In the downstream H2 purifying process, membrane separation is one of the appealing options for the waste-to-hydrogen process given its low energy consumption and low operational cost. However, commercial polymeric membranes have hindered membrane separation process due to their low separation performance. By introducing novel two-dimensional materials as substitutes, the limitation of purifying using conventional membranes can potentially be solved. Herein, this article provides a comprehensive review of two-dimensional materials as alternatives to membrane technology for the gas separation of H2 in waste-to-hydrogen downstream process. Moreover, this review article elaborates and provides some perspectives on the challenges and future potential of the waste-to-hydrogen process and the use of two-dimensional materials in membrane technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Yoong Loh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Wenyuan Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shengqiong Fang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jiuyang Lin
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Ailiang Gu
- Jiangsu DDBS Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd., 210012 Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 250101, China
| | - Andrew D Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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6
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Wang B, Chen X, Yu G. A new biphasic system of TEPA/DGME/Water for capturing CO2. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Hu CC, Yeh HH, Hu CP, Lecaros RLG, Cheng CC, Hung WS, Tsai HA, Lee KR, Lai JY. The influence of intermediate layer and graphene oxide modification on the CO2 capture efficiency of Pebax-GO/PDMS/PSf mixed matrix composite membranes. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cheng L, Yang H, Chen X, Liu G, Guo Y, Liu G, Jin W. MIL-101(Cr) Microporous Nanocrystals Intercalating Graphene Oxide Membrane for Efficient Hydrogen Purification. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3162-3169. [PMID: 34384002 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising two-dimensional building block for fabricating high-performance gas separation membranes. Whereas the tortuous transport pathway may increase the transport distance and lead to a low gas permeation rate, introducing spacers into GO laminates is an effective strategy to enlarge the interlayer channel for enhanced gas permeance. Herein, we propose to intercalate CO2 -philic MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework nanocrystals into the GO laminates to construct a 2D/3D hybrid structure for gas separation. The interlayer channels were partially opened up to accelerate gas permeation. Meanwhile, the intrinsic pores of MIL-101 provided additional transport pathways, and the affinity of MIL-101 to CO2 molecules resulted in higher H2 /CO2 diffusion selectivity, leading to a simultaneous enhancement in gas permeance and separation selectivity. The MIL-101(Cr)/GO membrane with optimal structures exhibited outstanding and stable mixed-gas separation performance with H2 permeance of 67.5 GPU and H2 /CO2 selectivity of 30.3 during the 120-h continuous test, demonstrating its potential in H2 purification application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Gongping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wanqin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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Li B, Wang CG, Surat'man NE, Loh XJ, Li Z. Microscopically tuning the graphene oxide framework for membrane separations: a review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5265-5276. [PMID: 36132639 PMCID: PMC9417198 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-based separations have been widely applied in gas, water and organic solvent purifications to reduce energy consumption and minimize environmental pollution. In recent years, graphene oxide (GO) membranes have attracted increasing attention due to their self-assembly ability and excellent stability. In this review, publications within the last 3 years on microscopically tuning the GO framework are summarized and reviewed. Various materials, including organic molecules, polymers, inorganic particles, ions and 2D materials, have been deployed to intercalate with GO nanosheets. Due to the varied interlayer spacing and packing structure, the developed GO composites exhibit enhanced stabilities and separation performances. In addition, designing horizontal GO membranes and functionalizing GO nanosheets have also been reported to improve the performance. This review sheds light on the techniques to microscopically tune the GO framework and the resulting macroscopic changes in membrane properties and performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofan Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
| | - Chen-Gang Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
| | - Nayli Erdeanna Surat'man
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore Singapore 117574 Singapore
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10
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Chuah CY, Lee J, Bae TH. Graphene-based Membranes for H 2 Separation: Recent Progress and Future Perspective. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E336. [PMID: 33198281 PMCID: PMC7697601 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is an industrial gas that has showcased its importance in several well-known processes such as ammonia, methanol and steel productions, as well as in petrochemical industries. Besides, there is a growing interest in H2 production and purification owing to the global efforts to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases. Nevertheless, H2 which is produced synthetically is expected to contain other impurities and unreacted substituents (e.g., carbon dioxide, CO2; nitrogen, N2 and methane, CH4), such that subsequent purification steps are typically required for practical applications. In this context, membrane-based separation has attracted a vast amount of interest due to its desirable advantages over conventional separation processes, such as the ease of operation, low energy consumption and small plant footprint. Efforts have also been made for the development of high-performance membranes that can overcome the limitations of conventional polymer membranes. In particular, the studies on graphene-based membranes have been actively conducted most recently, showcasing outstanding H2-separation performances. This review focuses on the recent progress and potential challenges in graphene-based membranes for H2 purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yang Chuah
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637141, Singapore;
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Tae-Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
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Roslan RA, Lau WJ, Lai GS, Zulhairun AK, Yeong YF, Ismail AF, Matsuura T. Impacts of Multilayer Hybrid Coating on PSF Hollow Fiber Membrane for Enhanced Gas Separation. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10110335. [PMID: 33187312 PMCID: PMC7696999 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most critical issues encountered by polymeric membranes for the gas separation process is the trade-off effect between gas permeability and selectivity. The aim of this work is to develop a simple yet effective coating technique to modify the surface properties of commonly used polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber membranes to address the trade-off effect for CO2/CH4 and O2/N2 separation. In this study, multilayer coated PSF hollow fibers were fabricated by incorporating a graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet into the selective coating layer made of polyether block amide (Pebax). In order to prevent the penetration of Pebax coating solution into the membrane substrate, a gutter layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was formed between the substrate and Pebax layer. The impacts of GO loadings (0.0–1.0 wt%) on the Pebax layer properties and the membrane performances were then investigated. XPS data clearly showed the existence of GO in the membrane selective layer, and the higher the amount of GO incorporated the greater the sp2 hybridization state of carbon detected. In terms of coating layer morphology, increasing the GO amount only affected the membrane surface roughness without altering the entire coating layer thickness. Our findings indicated that the addition of 0.8 wt% GO into the Pebax coating layer could produce the best performing multilayer coated membrane, showing 56.1% and 20.9% enhancements in the CO2/CH4 and O2/N2 gas pair selectivities, respectively, in comparison to the membrane without GO incorporation. The improvement is due to the increased tortuous path in the selective layer, which created a higher resistance to the larger gas molecules (CH4 and N2) compared to the smaller gas molecules (CO2 and O2). The best performing membrane also demonstrated a lower degree of plasticization and a very stable performance over the entire 50-h operation, recording CO2/CH4 and O2/N2 gas pair selectivities of 52.57 (CO2 permeance: 28.08 GPU) and 8.05 (O2 permeance: 5.32 GPU), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosyiela Azwa Roslan
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (G.S.L.); (A.K.Z.); (A.F.I.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (G.S.L.); (A.K.Z.); (A.F.I.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (W.J.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Gwo Sung Lai
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (G.S.L.); (A.K.Z.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Abdul Karim Zulhairun
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (G.S.L.); (A.K.Z.); (A.F.I.)
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia
| | - Yin Fong Yeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia; (R.A.R.); (G.S.L.); (A.K.Z.); (A.F.I.)
| | - Takeshi Matsuura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Industrial Membrane Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Street, P.O. Box 450, Station A, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Correspondence: (W.J.L.); (T.M.)
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