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Taha M, Kamal W, Essam D, Kotp AA, Salah AM, El-Fatah GA, GadelHak Y, Shehata N, Zaher A, Zayed AM, Mahmoud R. Co/Ni/Cu-NH 2BDC MOF@natural Egyptian zeolite ore nanocomposite for calcium ion removal in water softening applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34069-0. [PMID: 38980482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Water softening is a treatment process required to remove calcium (Ca(II)) and magnesium (Mg(II)) cations from water streams. Nanocomposites can provide solutions for such multiple challenges and have high performance and low application costs. In this work, a multimetallic cobalt, nickel, and copper 2-aminoterephthalic acid metal-organic framework ((Co/Ni/Cu-NH2BDC) MOF) was synthesized by a simple solvothermal technique. This MOF was supported on an Egyptian natural zeolite ore and was used for the adsorption of Ca(II) ions for water-softening applications. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and zeta potential measurements. The adsorption isotherm data for the prepared adsorbent toward Ca(II) were best fit using the Redlich-Peterson model and showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 88.1 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics revealed an equilibrium time of 10 min, which was best fit using the Avrami model. The intermolecular interactions of Ca(II) ions with zeolite and MOF were investigated by Monte Carlo simulations, molecular dynamics simulations, and FTIR and XRD analyses. The adsorption sites in the zeolite structure were oxygen atoms, while those in the MOF structure were amine nitrogen atoms. The Ca(II) ions are coordinated with the solvent molecules in both structures. Finally, the in vitro cytotoxicity of this nanocomposite was assessed, revealing viability levels of 74.57 ± 2.1% and 21 ± 2.79% for Vero and African green monkey kidney and human liver (HepG2) cells, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays help assess the environmental impact of these materials, ensuring that they do not harm aquatic organisms or disrupt ecosystems. Thus, this study demonstrated the valorization of MOF/zeolite as a valuable and industry-ready adsorbent that can appropriate Ca(II) contaminants from aqueous streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Taha
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - W Kamal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Doaa Essam
- Nanomaterials Science Research Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Amna A Kotp
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Salah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Gehad Abd El-Fatah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Yasser GadelHak
- Materials Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Nabila Shehata
- Environmental Science and Industrial Development Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Renewable Energy Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Amal Zaher
- Environmental Science and Industrial Development Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Zayed
- Applied Mineralogy and Water Research Lab (AMWRL), Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62521, Egypt
| | - Rehab Mahmoud
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Zhu Z, He C, Sha J, Xiao K, Zhu L. Cation-exchange fibers and silver nanoparticles-modified carbon electrodes for selective removal of hardness ions and simultaneous deactivation of microorganisms in capacitive deionization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171318. [PMID: 38423341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The hardness and microorganism contamination are common problems of water quality around the world. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a much-discussed solution to help solve the water crisis by providing efficient water softening while killing microorganism. Carboxylic (Na) cation-exchange fiber (CCEF) is an adsorbent material with good affinity for hardness ions. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a broad-spectrum microbicide. In this paper, the CCEF modified activated carbon (CCEF-AC) was used as cathode and showed excellent hardness ion adsorption selectivity at the optimum CCEF doping level (αCa2+/Na of 15.0, αMg2+/Na of 13.5). Its electrosorption capacity of Ca2+ reached 311 μmol/g, much higher than that of the AC cathode (188 μmol/g). It also showed good regenerable performance, retaining over 85 % of Ca2+ electrosorption capacity after 50 cycles stability test. The activated carbon modified with AgNPs (AC-Ag) was used as anode. When enhanced by an electric field, it could kill bacteria and microalgae with over 99 % and 90 % inhibition rates, respectively. This work has opened up a new way to simultaneously remove multiple pollutants (organic or inorganic) from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Can He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jia Sha
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kaijun Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Liang Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Xiong J, Ye W, Mu L, Lu X, Zhu J. Separation of Mono-/Divalent Ions via Controlled Dynamic Adsorption/Desorption at Polythiophene Coated Carbon Surface with Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400288. [PMID: 38593337 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization for selective separation of ions is rarely reported since it relies on the electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged ions with no capability to distinguish ions of different valent states. Using molecular dynamic simulation, a screening process identified a hybrid material known as AC/PTh, which consists of activated carbon with a thin layer of polythiophene (PTh) coating. By utilizing AC/PTh as electrode material implementing the short-circuit cycle (SCC) mode in flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), selective separation of mono-/divalent ions can be realized via precise control of dynamic adsorption and desorption of mono-/divalent ions at a particular surface. Specifically, AC/PTh shows strong interaction with divalent ions but weak interaction with monovalent ions, the distribution of divalent ions can be enriched in the electric double layer after a couple of adsorption-desorption cycles. At Cu2+/Na+ molar ratio of 1:40, selectivity toward divalent ions can reach up to 110.3 in FCDI SCC mode at 1.0 V. This work presents a promising strategy for separating ions of different valence states in a continuously operated FCDI device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wenkai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Liwen Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Selective fluoride removal on LaHAP/3D-rGO composite electrode by capacitive deionization. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shang X, Liu J, Hu B, Nie P, Yang J, Zhang B, Wang Y, Zhan F, Qiu J. CNT-Strung LiMn 2 O 4 for Lithium Extraction with High Selectivity and Stability. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200508. [PMID: 35560872 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
LiMn2 O4 is of great potential for selectively extracting Li+ from brines and seawater, yet its application is hindered by its poor cycle stability and conductivity. Herein a two-step strategy to fabricate highly conductive and stable CNT-strung LiMn2 O4 (CNT-s-LMO) is reported, by first stringing Mn3 O4 particles with multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT), then converting the hybrids into CNT-s-LMO through hydrothermal lithiation. The as-synthesized CNT-s-LMO materials have a net-like structure with CNTs threading through LMO particles. This unique structure has endowed the CNT-s-LMO electrode with excellent conductivity, high specific capacitance, and enhanced rate performance. Because of this, the CNT-s-LMO electrode in the hybrid capacitive deionization cell (HCDI) can deliver a high Li+ extraction percentage (≈84%) in brine and an outstanding lithium selectivity with a separation factor of ≈181 at the Mg2+ /Li+ molar ratio of 60. Significantly, the CNT-s-LMO-based HCDI cell has a high stability, evidenced by 90% capacity retention and negligible Mn loss in 100 cycles. This method has paved a new way to fabricate carbon-enabled LMO-based absorbents with tuned structure and superior capacity for electrochemical lithium extraction with high Li+ selectivity and exceptional cycling stability, which may help to tackle the shortage in supply of Li-ion batteries in industry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Shang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jianyun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Nie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Jianmao Yang
- Research Center for Analysis & Measurement, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Boshuang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Enhanced capacitive removal of hardness ions by hierarchical porous carbon cathode with high mesoporosity and negative surface charges. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 612:277-286. [PMID: 34995864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI), as a promising desalination technology, has been widely applied for water purification, heavy metal removal and water softening. In this study, the hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) with extremely large specific surface area (∼1636 m2 g-1), high mesoporosity and negative surface charges, was successfully prepared by one-step carbonization of magnesium citrate and acid etching. HPC carbonized at 800 ℃ exhibited an excellent specific capacitance (207.2 F g-1). The negative surface charge characteristic of HPC was demonstrated by potential of zero charge test. With HPC-800 as a CDI cathode, the super high adsorption capacity of hardness ions (Mg2+: 472 μmol g-1, Ca2+: 425 μmol g-1) with ultrafast adsorption rate was realized, attributed to its abundant mesoporous structure and negative surface charges. The priority order of ion adsorption on HPC in the multi-component salt solution was Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ ≈ Na+. The desalination and softening of the actual brackish water have been simultaneously achieved by three-cell CDI stack after four times of adsorption, with 63% decrease of total dissolved solids and 76% reduction of hardness. The current HPC material with outstanding adsorption performance for hardness ions shows great potential in brackish water purification.
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Hu B, Shang X, Nie P, Zhang B, Yang J, Liu J. Lithium ion sieve modified three-dimensional graphene electrode for selective extraction of lithium by capacitive deionization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 612:392-400. [PMID: 34999544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Faced with the strong demand of clean energy, development of lithium source is becoming exceedingly vital. Spinel-type manganese oxide (λ-MnO2) is a typical lithium ion sieve material. Herein, the conductive three-dimensional (3D) lithium ion sieve electrode material was fabricated by in-situ growth of λ-MnO2 on 3D reduced graphene oxide (3D-rGO) matrix for Li extraction by capacitive deionization (CDI). The λ-MnO2 modified rGO (λ-MnO2/rGO) retained the 3D network structure with uniform distribution of λ-MnO2 nanosheets on rGO. Electrochemical characterization demonstrated its high conductivity and fast lithium ion diffusion rate. By adjusting the rGO concentration, λ-MnO2 activity was improved significantly. With λ-MnO2/rGO as a positive electrode (activated carbon as negative electrode), the corresponding CDI system was successfully applied for the selective extraction of Li+. The final rGO content in the λ-MnO2/rGO was attained by thermogravity analysis. With the appropriate rGO content (15.5%), the obtained λ-MnO2/rGO electrode achieved the optimal Li+ adsorption amount. The corresponding λ-MnO2/rGO-based CDI cell showed good selectivity and high cycle stability. When applied to the extraction of lithium from synthetic salt lake brine, the electrode also obtained high Li+ adsorption amount with good selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Shang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Pengfei Nie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Boshuang Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Jianmao Yang
- Research Center for Analysis & Measurement, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Jianyun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Cai Y, Wang Y, Fang R, Wang J. Flexible structural engineering of PPy-NiCo-LDH@Mxene for improved capacitive deionization and efficient hard water softening process. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Fateminia R, Rowshanzamir S, Mehri F. Synergistically enhanced nitrate removal by capacitive deionization with activated carbon/PVDF/polyaniline/ZrO2 composite electrode. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Xu Y, Xiang S, Zhou H, Wang G, Zhang H, Zhao H. Intrinsic Pseudocapacitive Affinity in Manganese Spinel Ferrite Nanospheres for High-Performance Selective Capacitive Removal of Ca 2+ and Mg 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38886-38896. [PMID: 34374272 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudocapacitor-type hybrid capacitive deionization (PHCDI) has been developed extensively for deionization, which enables to address the worldwide freshwater shortage. However, the exploitation of selective hardness ion removal in resourceful hard water via the intrinsic pseudocapacitive effect, rather than the ion-sieving or ion-swapping effect based on the electric double layer (EDL) of porous carbon, is basically blank and urgent. Herein, manganese spinel ferrite (MFO) nanospheres were successfully fabricated by one-step solvothermal synthesis and used as the cathode for PHCDI assembled with commercial activated carbon. The MFO electrode exhibited prominent capacities of 534.6 μmol g-1 (CaCl2) and 980.4 μmol g-1 (MgCl2), outperforming those of other materials ever reported in the literature. Fascinatingly, systematic investigation of binary and ternary ion solutions showed the high electro-affinity of hardness ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) toward Na+, especially the leading affinity of Mg2+, in which the superhigh hardness selectivity of 34.76 was achieved in the ternary solution with a molar ratio of Na-Ca-Mg as 20:1:1. Unexpectedly, the ion-swapping trace in a multi-ion environment was also first detected in our pseudocapacitive-based electrode. The electrochemical response in unary and multiple electrolytes disclosed that the unique pseudocapacitive affinity based on the cation (de)intercalation-redox mechanism was from the synergistic effect of the relative redox potential, ionic radius, and valence, in which the redox potential was the dominant factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingsheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shuhong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Guozhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Haimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Centre for Environmental and Energy Nanomaterials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Sayed ET, Al Radi M, Ahmad A, Abdelkareem MA, Alawadhi H, Atieh MA, Olabi AG. Faradic capacitive deionization (FCDI) for desalination and ion removal from wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130001. [PMID: 33984902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is one of the emerging desalination technologies that attracted much attention in the last years as a low-cost, energy-efficient, and environmentally-friendly alternative to other desalination technologies, such as multi-stage flash desalination (MSF) and multiple effect distillation (MED). The implementation of faradaic electrode materials is a promising method for enhancing CDI systems' performance by achieving higher salt removal characteristics, lower energy consumption, and better ion selectivity. Therefore, a novel CDI technology named Faradaic CDI (FCDI) that implements faradaic electrode materials arose as a high-performance CDI cell design. In this work, the application of FCDI cells in desalination and wastewater treatment systems is reviewed. First, the progress done on using various FCDI systems for saline water desalination is summarized and discussed. Next, the application of FCDI in wastewater treatment applications and selective ion removal is presented. A thorough comparison between FCDI and conventional carbon-based CDI is carried out in terms of working principle, electrode material's cost, salt removal performance, energy consumption, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, future research consideration regarding FCDI technology is included to drive this technology closer towards practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Taha Sayed
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt
| | - Muaz Al Radi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aasim Ahmad
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt; Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hussain Alawadhi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Dept. of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muataz Ali Atieh
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - A G Olabi
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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